TheBadshahi Mosque(King's mosque) was built
by the Mughal emperor aAurangzeb in Lahore,PakistanA major Mughal contribution
to theIndian Subcontinentwas their uniquearchitecture. Many great monuments were built by
the Muslim emperors during the Mughal era including theTajMahal. The Muslim Mughal Dynasty built splendid
palaces, tombs, minars and forts that standtoday inDelhi,Dhaka,Agra,Jaipur, Lahore, Sheikhupuraand many other cities of India, PakistanandBangladesh.
[16]
“
Hindustanis a place of little charm. There is no
beauty in its people, no graceful socialintercourse, no poetic talent or
understanding, no etiquette, nobility or manliness. Thearts and crafts have no
harmony or symmetry. There are no good horses, meat, grapes,melons or other
fruit. There is no ice, cold water, good food or bread in the markets.There are
no baths and nomadrasas. There are no candles, torches or
candlesticks".
[17]
”
Fortunately his successors, with
fewer memories of the Central Asian homeland he pined for,took a less
prejudiced view of cultures of theSubcontinent, and became more or less naturalised,absorbing
many subcontinental traits and customs along the way. The Mughal period would
see amore fruitful blending of Indian, Iranianand Central Asian artistic, intellectual
and literary traditions than any other in India's history. The Mughals had a
taste for the fine things in life — for beautifully designed artifacts and
the enjoyment and appreciation of cultural activities. TheMughals borrowed as
much as they gave; both theHinduandMuslimtraditions of theIndian Subcontinentwere huge influences on their
interpretation of culture and court style. Nevertheless, they introduced
many notable changes to societies of the subcontinent and culture,including:
Centralised government which brought
together many smaller kingdoms
Persian art and culture amalgamated
with native Indian art and culture
TheUrdulanguage is aHindidialect with the addition of borrowings fromPersian, ArabicandTurkish.Urdudeveloped as a result of the fusion of theIndianandIslamic cultures during the Mughal period.
ModernHindiis no longer traditionalHindibut a blend of SanskritandPrakritgrammar and vocabulary along with loan
words from Persian, Arabic and Turkish which ismutually intelligiblewith and identical toUrdu. This is best exemplified by the
language used inBollywoodfilms and in the major urbansettings of
theIndian Subcontinent.
A new style of architecture
Landscape gardeningThe remarkable
flowering of art and architecture under the Mughals is due to several factors.
Theempire itself provided a secure framework within which artistic genius could
flourish, and itcommanded wealth and resources unparalleled in the history of
theSubcontinent. The Mughalrulers themselves were
extraordinary patrons of art, whose intellectual caliber and culturaloutlook
was expressed in the most refined taste.
Alternate meanings
The alternate spelling of the
empire,
Mogul
, is the source of the modern word
.In popular news jargon, this word denotes a successful
businessmagnatewho has built for himself a vast
(and oftenmonopolistic
) empire in one or more specific
industries. Theusage is a reference to the expansive and wealthy empire built
by the Mughal kings.Rupert Murdoch, for
example, is a called anews mogul.
See also
Mughal era(part
of theHistory of South Asiaseries)
References
1.
^
2.
^
John F Richards,The Mughal Empire ,Vol I.5 of the New Cambridge History of India,Cambridge
University Press, 1996
3.
^
4.
^
Bhawan Singh Rana, 'Maharana Partap'
pp.19ISBN 8128808257
5.
^
6.
^
"Bringing Order to Linguistic Diversity: Language Planning in
the British Raj". Language inIndia. Retrieved on 2008-05-20.
7.
^
"A Brief Hindi - Urdu FAQ".
sikmirza. Retrieved on 2008-05-20.
8.
^
"Urdu". Random House Unabridged Dictionary.
Retrieved on 2008-05-20.
9.
^
10.
^
Irfan Habib, The Agrarian System of
Mughal India (Revised edition, Oxford University PressIndia, 2001) 317–51.
11.
^
M. Athar Ali, The Mughal nobility
under Aurangzeb. Revised ed. (Delhi: Oxford UniversityPress. 1997) 11.
12.
^
For details, please see G.E.Hervey,
The fate of Shah Shuja 1661. Journal of the BurmaResearch Society, part 1,
1922. pp. 107-115.
13.
^
M. Siddique Khan, op, cit., p. 253.
14.
^
G. E Hervey,
History of Burma, London 1925, P. 148. Mohammad Khalilur Rahman, Tarik-i-Islam Arakan & Burma, Urdu version, Quoted by Abdul
Haque Chowdhury.
15.
^
The Crescent in Arakan. Moshe Yegar
of Hebrew University, Jerusalem. Muslim Settlement inArakan.
16.
^
Ross Marlay, Clark D. Neher.
'Patriots and Tyrants: Ten Asian Leaders' pp.269ISBN0847684423
17.
^
TheBaburnama
Further reading
Elliot, Sir H. M., Edited by Dowson,
John.The History of India, as Told by Its
OwnHistorians. The Muhammadan Period;
published by London Trubner Company 1867– 1877. (Online Copy:The History of India, as Told by Its
Own Historians. TheMuhammadan Period; by Sir H. M.
Elliot; Edited by John Dowson; London Trubner Company 1867–1877- This
online Copy has been posted by:The Packard HumanitiesInstitute; Persian Texts in Translation; Also find other
historical books: Author List andTitle List
)
Preston, Diana and Michael; Taj
Mahal: Passion and Genius at the Heart of the MoghulEmpire; Walker &
Company; ISBN-10: 0802716733.
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