tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-20894363996042033142024-03-20T06:31:23.162-07:00Rohingya Book-Shelf ရုိဟင္ဂ်ာ စာအုပ္စင္ လာေရာက္လည္ပတ္သူမ်ားကုိၾကဳိဆုိပါ၏။ - Welcome to VisitorsRowannyahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11315383992304973275noreply@blogger.comBlogger171125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2089436399604203314.post-30250869289777898682013-12-25T20:39:00.000-08:002013-12-25T20:47:56.946-08:00၂၀၁၄-သန္းေခါင္စာရင္းေကာက္ယူမည့္ကိစၥႏွင္႔ၿမန္မာ မြတ္စလမ္ တစ္ မ်ိဳး သား လံုး ႏွင္႔ သက္ ဆိုင္ ေသာ အခ်က္ မ်ား (ၾကိဳ တင္ သတိ ေပး ေၾက ၿငာ ခ်က္) <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<br />
<h2 class="entry-title">
</h2>
<div class="byline">
<span class="sep"></span><span class="entry-categories"><br /></span> </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;">
မၾကာမီအခ်ိန္အတြင္း သန္းေခါင္စာရင္းေကာက္ယူမည့္ လုပ္ငန္း
စတင္ေတာ့မည္ျဖစ္ပါသည္ ။ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံရွိ မြတ္စလင္တစ္မ်ဳိးသားလံုးအေနျဖင့္
ယခုေကာက္ယူမည့္ သန္းေခါင္စာရင္းအား သတိျပဳျဖည့္စြက္ၾကရန္
အထူးပင္လိုအပ္ေနေပသည္ ။ လက္ရွိ အာဏာရ အစိုးရအေနျဖင့္ ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံ
အတြင္းရွိ ျမန္မာ မြတ္စလင္ အား ႏိုင္ငံေတာ္၏ သက္မွက္ထားေ<span class="text_exposed_show">သာ
လူဦးေရ အခ်ဳိးအစား တစ္ခုအတြင္း ေရာက္ရွိေနပါက အခ်ဳိးအစား အလိုက္ အစိုးရ
ဌာနဆိုင္ရာမ်ားႏွင့္ လႊတ္ေတာ္တို႔တြင္ေနရာမေပးလိုျခင္း ၊
ျမန္မာႏုိင္ငံဖြား မြတ္စလင္တို႔ အျပည့္အ၀ ရရွိမည့္ အခြင့္အေရး
မ်ားမေပးလိုျခင္း တို႔ေၾကာင့္ ျမန္မာႏုိင္ငံဖြားမြတ္စလင္ အေရအတြက္
ရာခုိင္ႏႈန္းအားေလ်ာ့ခ်ရန္ အလုိ႕ငွာ လုပ္ေဆာင္ေနၾကပါသည္။</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span class="text_exposed_show">
ကြ်ႏ္ုပ္တိို႔အေန နဲ႕ ေပါ့ေပါ တန္တန္ သေဘာမထားဘဲ၊ မိမိတို႔နီးစပ္ရာ
မြတ္စလင္အဖြဲ႕အစည္းမ်ားအား ဆက္သြယ္ၿပီးု သြားေရာက္ စုံစမ္းၾကပါရန္
တုိက္တြန္း လုိက္ရပါ သည္။ ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံ ျမိဳ႕နယ္အသီးသီးတြင္ လည္း
မြတ္စလင္ကြန္ယက္မ်ားလည္း ဖြဲ႕စည္းထားရွိျပီးျဖစ္ပါသည္ ။ ကြ်ႏု္ပ္တို႔
အေနျဖင့္ ႀကိဳတင္ၿပင္ဆင္ ထားၿခင္းမရွိပါက မိမိတို႔ေနအိမ္မ်ားသို႔
သန္းေကာင္စာရင္း ေကာက္ရန္ေရာက္ရွိလာေသာ လ.ဝ.က ႏွင္႔ သန္းေခါင္ စာရင္းေကာက္
ယူေ၇း အဖြဲ႕တုိ႕၏ လုိရာဆြဲၿပီးကာ ၎တို႔ၿဖည့္ေစခ်င္သည့္ ပုံစံမ်ားအား
လွည့္ၿဖားလုပ္ေဆာင္သြားမည္ၿဖစ္ကာ မြတ္စလမ္တို႔၏ အမွန္ တကယ္ရွိ သည့္ အရည္
အတြက္ေအာက္ နည္းပါးေအာင္ ၾကံစည္လုပ္ေဆာင္ေနၾကေၾကာင္း ခုိင္လုံသည့္
သတင္းရင္းၿမစ္မ်ားထံမွ သိရွိထား ရပါ သည္။</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span class="text_exposed_show">
သန္းေခါင္ စာရင္းေကာက္ ယူၿခင္းသည္ ကြ်ႏ္ုပ္တို႔နဲ႕
ေနာက္မ်ဳိးဆက္သစ္မ်ားအတြက္ မွတ္တုိင္ တခုပင္ၿဖစ္ သည္။ ကြ်ႏ္ုပ္တို႔
ၿမန္မာႏုိင္ငံဖြား မြတ္စ လမ္ တမ်ိဳး သားလုံးအတြက္ ဘဝထက္ပို႔၍ အေရးႀကီးေပသည္
။ ၄င္းအၿပင္ အထူးဂရုျပဳရမည့္ အခ်က္တခ်က္မွာ ယခုအခ်ိန္တြင္ ဗမာလူမ်ဳိးစု
စာရင္း ထဲသို႔ ဗမာအစၥလာမ္ အၿဖစ္ေခ်ာ့ေမာ့ ထည့္သြင္းၿပီး ေနာက္ပုိင္းတြင္
(ယေန႕ေခတ္ကဲ့သုိ႕ ယုတ္မာရုိင္းစုိင္းစြာ အႏုိင္က်င့္ သတ္ၿဖတ္လာမည့္ ) အေရး
ကုိ လည္း ထည့္သြင္းစဥ္းစားထားၾကရန္ လုိေၾကာင္းႏွင့္ ျမန္မာ မြတ္စလင္မ်ား
အုပ္စုကြဲ၊ လူမ်ဳိးကြဲမ်ားျဖစ္ကာ လူနည္းစု အုပ္စုကေလးမ်ား အျဖစ္
အင္အားခ်ည့္နဲ႕မသြားေစရန္ စည္းစည္းလံုးလံုးျဖင့္
ေခါင္းစဥ္တစ္ခုေအာက္၌ခိုလႈံသင့္ေပသည္ ။</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span class="text_exposed_show">
ယေန႕ကြ်ဳႏု္ပ္တုိ႕သည္အနာဂတ္မ်ဳိးဆက္မ်ားအတြက္ရဲရင့္ဖုိ႕လုိအပ္ေပသည္။
သုိမဟုတ္ပါက ယေန႕ေခတ္ ကြ်ဳႏု္ပ္တုိ႕သည္ သမုိင္း၏ တရားခံမ်ား အၿဖစ္
ေနာင္လာေနာင္ သားတုိ႕၏ သတ္မွတ္ၿခင္း ခံရေပလိမ့္မည္။ ထုိေၾကာင့္
ကြ်ဳႏ္ုပ္တုိ႕သည္ လုပ္သင့္ လုပ္ထုိက္သည္မ်ားကုိ ေတြေဝ၊ ေၾကာက္
ရႊံ႕ျခင္း အလ်င္းမရိွပဲ ရင္ဆုိင္ဆုံးၿဖတ္ၾကရမည္ၿဖစ္ေၾကာင္း
တင္ၿပလုိက္ရပါသည္။</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span class="text_exposed_show"><br />
<span style="color: blue;"> * ထုိ႕ေၾကာင့္ကြ်ဳႏု္ပ္တုိ႕သည္
ယခုအေၾကာင္းအရာအား အၿမန္ဆုံးေဝမွ်ၿခင္းၿဖင့္ တဖက္တလမ္းမွ ကူညီၾက ပါရန္
အေလးအနက္ တုိက္ တြန္းႏုိးေဆာ္ လုိက္ရပါသည္။</span></span></div>
<span style="color: red;"> ( အေၾကာင္းအရာေတြကုိ ေအာက္က ပုံေတြမွာ ၾကည့္ရႈဖတ္သားႏုိင္ပါတယ္၊ PDF လုပ္မအားလုိ႕ Scan ဖတ္ၿပီး တင္ေပးထားပါတယ္။ )</span><br />
<br />တင္ေပးထားပါတယ္။ )<br />
<div>
<a href="http://danyawadi.files.wordpress.com/2013/12/136e9-thk1.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" height="824" src="http://danyawadi.files.wordpress.com/2013/12/136e9-thk1.jpg?w=574&h=824" width="574" /></a></div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://danyawadi.files.wordpress.com/2013/12/2c0b1-thk2.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" height="764" src="http://danyawadi.files.wordpress.com/2013/12/2c0b1-thk2.jpg?w=572&h=764" width="572" /></a></div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://danyawadi.files.wordpress.com/2013/12/37d51-thk3.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" height="811" src="http://danyawadi.files.wordpress.com/2013/12/37d51-thk3.jpg?w=573&h=811" width="573" /></a></div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://danyawadi.files.wordpress.com/2013/12/d8d8f-thk4.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" height="927" src="http://danyawadi.files.wordpress.com/2013/12/d8d8f-thk4.jpg?w=573&h=927" width="573" /></a></div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://danyawadi.files.wordpress.com/2013/12/b0928-thk5.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" height="812" src="http://danyawadi.files.wordpress.com/2013/12/b0928-thk5.jpg?w=570&h=812" width="570" /></a></div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://danyawadi.files.wordpress.com/2013/12/be36a-thk6.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" height="845" src="http://danyawadi.files.wordpress.com/2013/12/be36a-thk6.jpg?w=570&h=845" width="570" /></a></div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://danyawadi.files.wordpress.com/2013/12/d8a03-thk7.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://danyawadi.files.wordpress.com/2013/12/d8a03-thk7.jpg?w=560" /></a></div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://danyawadi.files.wordpress.com/2013/12/0d55d-thk8.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" height="784" src="http://danyawadi.files.wordpress.com/2013/12/0d55d-thk8.jpg?w=571&h=784" width="571" /></a></div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://danyawadi.files.wordpress.com/2013/12/c28f2-thk9.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" height="884" src="http://danyawadi.files.wordpress.com/2013/12/c28f2-thk9.jpg?w=574&h=884" width="574" /></a></div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://danyawadi.files.wordpress.com/2013/12/c6991-thk10.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" height="747" src="http://danyawadi.files.wordpress.com/2013/12/c6991-thk10.jpg?w=577&h=747" width="577" /></a></div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://danyawadi.files.wordpress.com/2013/12/ea07a-thk11.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" height="726" src="http://danyawadi.files.wordpress.com/2013/12/ea07a-thk11.jpg?w=579&h=726" width="579" /></a></div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://danyawadi.files.wordpress.com/2013/12/ff4d9-thk12.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" height="766" src="http://danyawadi.files.wordpress.com/2013/12/ff4d9-thk12.jpg?w=580&h=766" width="580" /></a></div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://danyawadi.files.wordpress.com/2013/12/8cbbd-thk13.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" height="673" src="http://danyawadi.files.wordpress.com/2013/12/8cbbd-thk13.jpg?w=581&h=673" width="581" /></a></div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://danyawadi.files.wordpress.com/2013/12/9c901-thk14.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" height="850" src="http://danyawadi.files.wordpress.com/2013/12/9c901-thk14.jpg?w=585&h=850" width="585" /></a></div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://danyawadi.files.wordpress.com/2013/12/651d3-thk15.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" height="922" src="http://danyawadi.files.wordpress.com/2013/12/651d3-thk15.jpg?w=589&h=922" width="589" /></a></div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://danyawadi.files.wordpress.com/2013/12/f6aa6-thk16.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" height="902" src="http://danyawadi.files.wordpress.com/2013/12/f6aa6-thk16.jpg?w=590&h=902" width="590" /></a></div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://danyawadi.files.wordpress.com/2013/12/16478-thk17.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" height="938" src="http://danyawadi.files.wordpress.com/2013/12/16478-thk17.jpg?w=591&h=938" width="591" /></a></div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://danyawadi.files.wordpress.com/2013/12/a0178-thk18.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" height="1755" src="http://danyawadi.files.wordpress.com/2013/12/a0178-thk18.jpg?w=589&h=1755" width="589" /></a></div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<a class="wpa-about" href="http://wordpress.com/about-these-ads/" rel="nofollow">About these ads</a>
ORowannyahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11315383992304973275noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2089436399604203314.post-5165535486467441682013-12-11T23:34:00.002-08:002013-12-12T05:27:22.581-08:00First Yr. Geography Syllabus existence of Rohingya: တကၠသုိလ္ ပထမႏွစ္ ပ ထ ဝီ ဝင္ ဘာ သာ ရပ္ တြင္ “ရိုဟင္ဂ်ာ” အ ေၾကာင္း သင္ ရုိး တြင္ ျပ ဌာန္း ထား ၿခင္း
ရခုိင္ၿပည္ေၿမာက္ပုိင္း၊ဘဂၤလားေဒရွ္နယ္စပ္အနီး၊ဘူးသီးေတာင္ႏွင္႔ေမာင္ေတာၿမဳိ႕နယ္မ်ားတြင္ ရုိဟင္ဂ်ာႏွင္႔၊ ရခုိင္စစ္တေကာင္း လူမ်ဳိးမ်ားေနထုိင္ၾကသည္။ ထုိ လူမ်ဳိးမ်ား သည္။ ေရွးပေ၀သဏီကပင္ ေနထုိင္ခဲ႔ၾကေသာ တုိင္းရင္းသား မ်ဳိးႏြယ္စုမ်ား ၿဖစ္ၾကသည္ ဟု ေအာက္ပါအတုိင္း အဂၤလိပ္လုိ ေရးသား ထားသည္ကုိ ဘာသာ ၿပန္ၿခင္းၿဖစ္ သည္။
………… In northern Rakhine State close the boder with the Bangladesh at Butheetaung and Maundaw township are where the Rohinggas and chittagarean live.These minority ethnic groups had settled in the boder region since early days.
<p style=" margin: 12px auto 6px auto; font-family: Helvetica,Arial,Sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 14px; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; -x-system-font: none; display: block;"> <a title="View 1st Year Geog.pdf on Scribd" href="http://www.scribd.com/doc/191016611/1st-Year-Geog-pdf" style="text-decoration: underline;" >1st Year Geog.pdf</a></p><iframe class="scribd_iframe_embed" src="//www.scribd.com/embeds/191016611/content?start_page=1&view_mode=scroll&show_recommendations=true" data-auto-height="false" data-aspect-ratio="undefined" scrolling="no" id="doc_47909" width="100%" height="600" frameborder="0"></iframe>
Rowannyahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11315383992304973275noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2089436399604203314.post-60779929627077960202013-12-05T09:59:00.001-08:002013-12-05T10:10:09.986-08:00Rohingya Belong to Arakan and Then Burma<p style=" margin: 12px auto 6px auto; font-family: Helvetica,Arial,Sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 14px; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; -x-system-font: none; display: block;"> <a title="View Rohingya Belong to Arakan and Then Burma on Scribd" href="http://www.scribd.com/doc/187478480/Rohingya-Belong-to-Arakan-and-Then-Burma" style="text-decoration: underline;" >Rohingya Belong to Arakan and Then Burma</a></p><iframe class="scribd_iframe_embed" src="//www.scribd.com/embeds/187478480/content?start_page=1&view_mode=scroll&show_recommendations=true" data-auto-height="false" data-aspect-ratio="undefined" scrolling="no" id="doc_88045" width="100%" height="600" frameborder="0"></iframe>Rowannyahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11315383992304973275noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2089436399604203314.post-73870043633685068242012-06-17T09:36:00.003-07:002013-01-31T18:52:44.641-08:00ရုိဟင္ဂ်ာမြတ္ဆလင္အေပၚဆင္ႏြဲခဲ႔ေသာတရားမဲ႔မွဳမ်ား<h2 class="entry-title" style="text-align: center;">
<span class="sep"></span><b>Page-1</b></h2>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<a href="http://danyawadi.files.wordpress.com/2012/06/img020.jpg" target="_parent"><img alt="" height="640" src="http://danyawadi.files.wordpress.com/2012/06/img020.jpg?w=887&h=1124" title="img020" width="504" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><br /></b></div>
<h2 class="entry-title" style="text-align: center;">
<b>Page-2</b></h2>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<a href="http://danyawadi.files.wordpress.com/2012/06/img021.jpg" target="_parent"><img alt="" height="640" src="http://danyawadi.files.wordpress.com/2012/06/img021.jpg?w=881&h=1146" title="img021" width="492" /></a></div>
<h2 class="entry-title" style="text-align: center;">
<b>Page-3</b></h2>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<a href="http://danyawadi.files.wordpress.com/2012/06/img022.jpg" target="_parent"><img alt="" height="640" src="http://danyawadi.files.wordpress.com/2012/06/img022.jpg?w=893&h=1229" title="img022" width="465" /></a></div>
<h2 class="entry-title" style="text-align: center;">
<b>Page-4</b></h2>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<a href="http://danyawadi.files.wordpress.com/2012/06/img023.jpg" target="_parent"><img alt="" height="640" src="http://danyawadi.files.wordpress.com/2012/06/img023.jpg?w=895&h=1187" title="img023" width="482" /></a></div>
<h2 class="entry-title" style="text-align: center;">
<b>Page-5</b></h2>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<a href="http://danyawadi.files.wordpress.com/2012/06/img024.jpg" target="_parent"><img alt="" height="640" src="http://danyawadi.files.wordpress.com/2012/06/img024.jpg?w=870&h=1217" title="img024" width="457" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
</div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
</div>
Rowannyahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11315383992304973275noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2089436399604203314.post-86619325342499572732012-05-15T08:27:00.005-07:002012-05-15T08:27:45.863-07:00Rohingya Community Art fair held in Ireland<h3 class="post-title entry-title">
<br />
</h3>
<div class="postmeta-primary">
<span class="meta_date"></span>by <span class="meta_author">Rohingya Blogger</span></div>
<div class="postmeta-primary">
<span class="meta_author"> </span> <span class="meta_comments"></span>
</div>
<br />
Rohingya Men and Women’s Group Art Project<br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyhoaRoFGXeWyh7so8Kn4RE_s80jvqZbHflZ92yPFq6ugAArIbOy90o6Tw5-CYVaz29FL5XaypypaI7Cb-cyfEugQH-f21DirThIpGgRSeEPG6I_KGkGqkOr2ZtZaGNkXsXt5t0VePXihi/s1600/IMG_1043.JPG"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyhoaRoFGXeWyh7so8Kn4RE_s80jvqZbHflZ92yPFq6ugAArIbOy90o6Tw5-CYVaz29FL5XaypypaI7Cb-cyfEugQH-f21DirThIpGgRSeEPG6I_KGkGqkOr2ZtZaGNkXsXt5t0VePXihi/s320/IMG_1043.JPG" /></a><br />
<div>
<br />
</div>
<div>
The Rohingya community, originally from Burma, were resettled
in Carlow in June 2009 as part of the UNHCR (United Nations high
commissioner for refugees) resettlement programme. The community lived
in refugee camps in Bangladesh from the early 1990’s. <br />
<br />
The Rohingyas number approximately 1.5 million and have endured
continued persecution and ethnic cleansing in Burma. About 1.5 million
Rohingyas have been living in exile in many countries all over the
world. The Rohingyas in Burma continue to suffer from several forms of
persecution and human rights violations.<br />
<br />
25 Rohingya men and women, over a period of 6 weeks, took part in an art
project focusing primarily on their culture and their journey to
Ireland. The mean’s group, supported by St. Catherine’s community
services Center and the woman’s group supported by Carlow County
development partnership Ltd. Were offered an outlet through art to
explore their previous life with a positive focus on their future life
in Ireland. These sessions local artist Elsie Nolan facilitated the men
and women to create the beautiful pieces of work you see here on 08 May
2012.<br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzwOA2mnbczC0KIDjH8b41Cah_40KSTlFTY9aTIHqtp2XL70DvpLXLDJEI1yGgJeM-j37Jj2ro7sLaFHkVSYzXTwq4C8V6VntaaswxpP9YyaOGT5MiniTHCjw6M3-y9vb2UMfTyaCPu1s1/s1600/Rohingya+art++rafique+arakani+blog.jpg"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzwOA2mnbczC0KIDjH8b41Cah_40KSTlFTY9aTIHqtp2XL70DvpLXLDJEI1yGgJeM-j37Jj2ro7sLaFHkVSYzXTwq4C8V6VntaaswxpP9YyaOGT5MiniTHCjw6M3-y9vb2UMfTyaCPu1s1/s320/Rohingya+art++rafique+arakani+blog.jpg" /></a><br />
<br />
Match funding for the project was provided by UNUM Carlow and Carlow
county enterprise board. This project is led by St. Catherine’s
community services Center under the Carlow County development board,
co-financed by the European commission under the European refugee fund
and is supported by the office for the promotion of migrant integration
in the department of justice and equality and Pobal.<br />
<br />
They have told their story through art at a fascinating new exhibition,
which opened in Visual Centre for Contemporary Arts on the 1st of May
2012. The exhibition is running for a two weeks stint until the 14th of
May.<br />
<br />
Followings are some relevant Arts<br />
<br />
<br />
<img src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/7Yv0fF4Sy1IVuKxzgSEVLqe_AdOwLxk4KL-ck2PwhK3JCFoJtpGEeRKBQTAtgKy9U-45Q8bPpysxtaq0FC-GNM85bkJ8TC1Jk0OBygNKYRCq-B76prM" /><br />
“Plowing Machines”<br />
Art by: Sayed Alam<br />
A farmer plowing a paddy field with his cattle attached to a plow. Most of the farmers in<br />
Arakan utilize cattle in the place of plowing machines due to many social-economic reasons. <br />
<img src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/B_IMacWfw_MtURYUzf-6frHQCkFzN1x5jd4FMpzvEyrryx7ibCRiuzS5HnsSSI-1dhV14X5vTxGgT0vqMgUaVlMki2OXNRkDC0oDH8t_yxZr5YQ2vo0" /><br />
“A Lady with Water”<br />
Art by: Mohammed Rafique<br />
A Rohingya lady carrying water with jar from a pond. Rohingya community
use water from various sources such as mostly urban community use from
well and tube pipe and rural community use too but mostly from clean
ponds.<br />
<img src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/wBG4gP-OGqeL0khfrnox-mNcV6J_RqzSf-yqtilrLZLL2sINL8_M-Q3qVC1o8SzzOzocncjaxkH2MEHRb2cQD2D2eD6ZWVfdC6wOfb2d7X1fMsNekYY" /><br />
“School Girls”<br />
Art by: Gul SaherTwo girls in school uniforms; white shirt and green
sarong with traditional hanging school bags and the girls are also seen
on barefoot. There are numerous obstacles faced by the school children
while going to school due to the lack of development in the facilities
for education and transportation.<br />
<img src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/o0hUiRJNDtnRcsakz6xHCixkuQkRWakibP_TA_23nlfDWL84oiQ6OliW9IYq_eZenRXxvvFWTkLl2E7A9CTU4Cf36l6n1E193XrnwiXIVGfrzqa1Bmg" /><br />
<br />
“Human-powered Harvesting”<br />
Art by: Mohammed Rafique<br />
Rohingyas from urban areas live on business, most of the rural Rohingyas
very much depend on seasonal agriculture. Harvesting paddy in Rohingya
community<br />
mainly involves almost non-machine power; cattle and men are main source
of harvesting the paddy in replace of tractors as seen in this
painting.<br />
<img src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/cDs5IvStMvaZTJxVzxxqIG2zSw3971Lr-IiglL5CYgaS8lkdntKpbtohnmOHPBrvL9UFJAKuexIPaQOrdNx05w6xzrE4BpyIUntjHm2Rq6hFrnPaGPg" /><br />
“Sunset View”<br />
Art by: Rashid Ahmed<br />
A boy climbing up a palm tree to enjoy the beautiful sun setting toward
the Naf river. Palm and coconut trees are some of the important trees
which nuts, trunks and leaves being used for various purposes all across
the seasons.<br />
<img src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/OtRRKb80fFEmCMkOVKAtZJ679acKUIV7iKEoaWmhwPr_OEvhKgW2tGbmGB2Zi1JNsYWvX0FI-GqJdrEYV_skQMrjr5sM1NShXEoJKtTYQjdd5fnYZ4Q" /><br />
“Happy Raining Season”<br />
Art by: Osman Johar<br />
For children, raining season is the most enjoyable season. Children run
under the rain playing, fishing in shallow water, taking off shirts once
school bells rung. Unfortunately, it is also the season where many
children get sick, injured, drawn or bitten by insects and<br />
snake.<br />
<img src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/PJpoBn4OZV-AKW2MoIjctJFB5yTEYvO6X3u8DD27f7Qf9Ll8h5dFdlJ5MKLn7-GAjTBYWsUs5ti5dWHIyduBc8-RBGZjCrIqpK8aBRfJQaUv3BFSL_Q" /><br />
“Tying Harvesting Cattle”<br />
Art by: Mohammed Eliyas<br />
An elderly Rohingya farmer taking his bull to a paddy field tied on a
stick which will be firmly fixed in the ground so that the bull will not
able to destroy the growing paddy or caught by other people if the bull
enters other paddy fields.<br />
<img src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/dr0Gg-a78EvbVTRMu-2Hdnlxt724XfGFkOWy-bl3wx8WBEwzpQTKw30gf8evP2gIdm1x2JNquD5I_JW86xKFFbqEl8jv8XELqqA0tnuC0u2mXl8Fqmg" /><br />
“Collecting Water”<br />
Art by: Rafika Begum<br />
Two ladies who are collecting water from the river. The river and water
areas are very important in our lives for many different reasons. <img src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/-m0is5ap9akMyZNUoueCnIGaZdffCgXCdKygNBv6FtpxrSa5rJM0yl6yrBF1x01Gc94xkgK0pU2tdgcGDZK0h1_-WcpiJWorRtlAayoOIhhgrIdLwDw" /><br />
“Two Wonder Kids”<br />
Art by: Osman Johar<br />
Two kid sit wondering the return of their parents from harvesting, from the darkest daily<br />
days their parents faced for living.<br />
<img src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/_RVSy0N0_mRdVVoHN-GFetaU6ijOPvUcdfMKGvyLG5vKE9y_ErlcVUcprJMm_9h4RFo_uun6hE5kPQ5TtljqDVYIsNuvZPMlbT5AXdZeubqWKDmqa94" /><br />
“Chicken”<br />
Art by: Noor Khatun<br />
Chicken are used in Rohingya household for various purpose. They are
used as food, to lay egg, to fight in sport and not to forget as an
alarm clock to wake up all.<img src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/Zu8XNnkH_qVo0yTsrgjNGIC7oRkakz26KH0cBlmtcnU4g_yESD1M6DtJlpuRsIRBjlqg8dqRORH9vW6fRswmsm9mCgavRX2Jx87vKOwZLBHgMKq497k" /><br />
“Kuijja”<br />
Art by: Shah Alam<br />
Kuijja, a dry hay fodder in the form of a dome with a strong bamboo in
the middle and used for feeding cattle especially in the raining
season.<br />
<img src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/dw-qSWhjPorqRKakPgqdO0sVSNWSHYbq-4bKA5qE0mMLhc_pSEyUZNMb0sQIGe1CL41waqTaziE6rY5O_HC_X12yjPTfLR4vq2BN_gtXy32dm292j30" /><br />
“Escape Exile”<br />
Art by: Hamida Begum<br />
More than 90 of Rohingyas in exile use boats, canoes to cross Naf River
from various persecutions. Many have been vanished while escaping
although the river is not hostile and wide approximately ranging 1.5 to
3.5 km wide.<br />
<img src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/Qy0C5O06ck_En1A5JD3V0jLPoWS9TIDrZ9JJFbuFL1FBUcVbZtTc6JIlHPRB6AHu52VNgLXZx7plOeQjQwITgy43WqPfjd3B44N9vcU_ZjSBFfYamUc" /><br />
“Moóc”<br />
Art by: Hossein Ahmed<br />
The man is on a journey with his ox and cart and has stopped at a moóc (well) for a drink<br />
of water on his journey. He takes the water from the well in a ceramic bowl.<br />
<img src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/9tG1UJz5xs8s-xGEE6jOgW7dkYzAKlXM3ANSbxHz-WnYG9Dmd-DPg78VTE9JUuZ-mPnTxoFmPc41DW6x3Nut7IdAqhSEOluk17T8TjiTuYQIFSQnBmA" /><br />
“Air Journey”<br />
Art by: Robi Alam<br />
Air Journey from Bangladesh to Ireland was our first ever experience of
flying. Although there are local airline in Arakan, it is unaffordable
and hardly able to use for Rohingyas due to restrictions placed on them.<br />
<img src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/YYHLGE2Mdoaz6e-2KfAylC4UeUyaJj5nBhoHK5bvN9M3C7NL6U9p5ZWKZzcOK00RZ3S0_mbpXrlysyhcvfMQUZFC-1gsRGZ-75RYLbcPw-8bl1AlK4I" /><br />
“Afford and Pray”<br />
Art by: Noor Jahan<br />
Afford and pray go hand to hand for an ordinary Rohingya family.
Traditionally men are bread feeder earning to support family and women
as housewives taking care of children and praying for success. There are
many families in rural areas where women.</div>
<div>
<br />
<img src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/N0vH7-QWA4jsxA0zEs5ZTXk-WXbM0jiXjEyb1XvnrMDoZQS7zyGeQU4cnYLvtl3f4MzziD_sDWbioAxJRC6Sb3_tH1ejFAHDQFIzxBhp5q2hm354TN8" /><br />
“Powdered Rice”<br />
Art by: Rafika BegumDeén, a traditional seesaw like household equipment
used to grunt rice, dried chilli and many more into flour. A smooth
headed wood is attached to a long tree trunk at one end and placed on
fulcrum. One person uses force of leg to raise and head a wooden or
stone hallow chest where rice is place. Another person takes turn to mix
ingredient evenly while Deén raises.</div>
<div>
<br />
</div>
<div>
Source <a href="http://networkedblogs.com/xpKXl" target="_blank">here</a></div>Rowannyahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11315383992304973275noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2089436399604203314.post-83510374002725506062012-05-15T08:25:00.001-07:002012-05-15T08:25:57.484-07:00US-BASED ROHINGYA ORGANIZATION MEETS AMBASSADOR DEREK MITCHELL IN WASHINGTONby <span class="meta_author">Rohingya Blogger</span> <span class="meta_comments"></span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>Washington. D.C.</b> Prof.
Dr. Wakar Uddin, Director General of Arakan Rohingya Union (ARU) and
Chairman of the Burmese Rohingya Association of North America (BRANA),
accompanied by Nay San Oo, the Information Secretary of BRANA, met with
U.S. State Department’s Policy Coordinator for Burma, Ambassador Derek
Mitchell, on Friday, May 11, 2012. The meeting was part of the ongoing
coordination of ARU and BRANA with U.S. State Department for seeking a
peaceful solution for Rohingya political and human right issues in
Burma. No details of the meeting are available at this point. BRANA, a
signatory of ARU, is dedicated to resolution of Rohingya issues on the
principle of engagement with various sectors and entities in Burma
through building mutual understanding and trust following a process with
transparency. </div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;">
<br />
</div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbwRrb6QdgixrrJ0EIWNXiYfj0mzEOTD_dKVPVChYTFGv5Z0WigRlvWDEExmYui1HsRho1dfMQ1pCnubqC_wlDhyphenhyphensDWykawlOu3OlGJZcxe79I777ie2P3JGyvWiE9J2OvtGNb9Rvp46Mk/s1600/BRANA+Mitchell+1.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="462" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbwRrb6QdgixrrJ0EIWNXiYfj0mzEOTD_dKVPVChYTFGv5Z0WigRlvWDEExmYui1HsRho1dfMQ1pCnubqC_wlDhyphenhyphensDWykawlOu3OlGJZcxe79I777ie2P3JGyvWiE9J2OvtGNb9Rvp46Mk/s640/BRANA+Mitchell+1.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption"><i><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Prof. Dr. Wakar Uddin meets with Ambassador Derek Mitchell at the State Department.</span></i></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<br />
<i><br />
</i><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br />
</div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgR46_UZNJ-xwPIiVdLubu7YXmjUijvkqVZiZXj0zcYqckp7j5Y6ms67a7y0xHCvihLYPdNy60jVxHJwBpYANWAoKOUkI6hAwjBANG4V1pA1H5m87VgPkXuFA_W4NTUVZW9GglkrlusUI-k/s1600/BRANA+Mitchell+2.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgR46_UZNJ-xwPIiVdLubu7YXmjUijvkqVZiZXj0zcYqckp7j5Y6ms67a7y0xHCvihLYPdNy60jVxHJwBpYANWAoKOUkI6hAwjBANG4V1pA1H5m87VgPkXuFA_W4NTUVZW9GglkrlusUI-k/s640/BRANA+Mitchell+2.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption"><i><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Ambassador Derek Mitchell, Prof. Dr. Wakar Uddin, and BRANA Information Secretary Nay San Oo at the State Department.</span></i><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i><br />
</i></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>Rowannyahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11315383992304973275noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2089436399604203314.post-74381609429497756292012-05-15T08:22:00.000-07:002012-05-15T08:22:16.002-07:00သမုိင္းတေကြ႕မွ အၿငိမ္းစားဗိုလ္ခ်ဳပ္ႀကီးေနဝင္း<h3 class="post-title entry-title" style="text-align: left;">
<br />
</h3>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<div class="postmeta-primary" style="text-align: left;">
<span class="meta_date"></span> <span class="meta_author"></span><span class="meta_comments"></span>သန္းဝင္းလႈိင္</div>
<div class="postmeta-primary" style="text-align: left;">
ေမ ၁၃၊ ၂၀၁၂</div>
<div class="postmeta-primary" style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivze66SgbIgt0WwMsnCfKLa9mrQPWrj-94-MkUSYw8UG43uWgG2Zlqu23RgBwLkg08ZZHcGVGSDOXLHgfx9aPgR5-MFhyphenhyphenjPqD2-EUv5iED7VYMgFUYBX5FZ19tBYCUcUz2huXhgSpUD8fJ/s1600/U-Ne-Win.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivze66SgbIgt0WwMsnCfKLa9mrQPWrj-94-MkUSYw8UG43uWgG2Zlqu23RgBwLkg08ZZHcGVGSDOXLHgfx9aPgR5-MFhyphenhyphenjPqD2-EUv5iED7VYMgFUYBX5FZ19tBYCUcUz2huXhgSpUD8fJ/s400/U-Ne-Win.jpg" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
ျမန္မာျပည္တြင္ နာမည္ဆိုးႏွင့္ေက်ာ္ၾကားခဲ့သည့္ ကြယ္လြန္သူ
ေတာ္လွန္ေရးေကာင္စီ ဥကၠ႒၊ ျမန္မာ့ဆို ရွယ္ လစ္ လမ္းစဥ္ပါတီဥကၠ႒၊ သမၼ
တေဟာင္းႏွင့္စစ္အာဏာရွင္ အၿငိမ္းစားဗိုလ္ ခ်ဳပ္ႀကီးေနဝင္း သည္ သခင္ဗစိန္၊
သခင္ထြန္းအုပ္တို႔ဦးစီးေသာ တို႔ဗမာအစည္းအ႐ုံးမွ အဖြဲ႕ဝင္ ျဖစ္ၿပီး၊
ဂ်ပန္စစ္ပညာသင္ စတုတၳအသုတ္အဖြဲ႕ဝင္လည္း ျဖစ္သည္။<br />
<br />
အၿငိမ္းစားဗိုလ္္ခ်ဳပ္ႀကီးေနဝင္း၏ အမည္အရင္းမွာ ကို႐ႈေမာင္ျဖစ္သည္။
သခင္ဗစိန္၊ သခင္ထြန္းအုပ္ တို႔ဦးစီးေသာ တို႔ဗမာအစည္းအ႐ုံးသို႔
ဝင္ေရာက္လာေသာအခါ သခင္႐ႈေမာင္ျဖစ္လာသည္။ ဂ်ပန္စစ္ပညာ သင္တန္းတက္စဥ္က
ဂ်ပန္အမည္မွာ တကာစုဂိစုစုမု (Takasugi Susumu) ျဖစ္သည္။
ထိုင္းႏိုင္ငံ ဘန္ေကာက္ၿမိဳ႕တြင္ ၁၉၄၁ ခုႏွစ္၊ ဒီဇင္ဘာလ၂၆ ရက္ေန႔၌
ဗိုလ္အမည္ခံယူရာတြင္ ဗိုလ္ေနဝင္းျဖစ္ လာခဲ့သည္။ ၁၉၇၄ ခုႏွစ္၊ မတ္လ ၂
ရက္ေန႔တြင္ ေတာ္လွန္ေရးေကာင္စီကိုဖ်က္သိမ္း၍
ႏိုင္ငံေတာ္ေကာင္ စီစတင္ဖြဲ႕စည္းခ်ိန္တြင္ ဦးေနဝင္းျဖစ္လာသည္။<br />
<br />
ဦးေနဝင္းကို ၁၉၁၀ ျပည့္ႏွစ္ ဇူလိုင္လ ၆ ရက္ ဗုဒၶဟူးေန႔တြင္ ျပည္ ခ႐ိုင္၊
ေပါင္းတလည္ၿမိဳ႕ နယ္ ေခ်ာင္ေးဂါင္းရြာ၌ ဖြားျမင္ခဲ့သည္။ ဦးေနဝင္း
၏ေမြးသကၠရာဇ္ကို Who’s Who in Burma စာအုပ္ႏွင့္
ေဒါက္တာေမာင္ေမာင္ေရးသားေသာ ‘ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံေရးခရီးႏွင့္
ဗိုလ္ခ်ဳပ္ႀကီးေနဝင္း’ စာအုပ္ စာမ်က္ႏွာ ၆၉ ၌ - ၁၉၁၁ ခုႏွစ္ ေမလ ၂၄
ရက္ဟူ၍ေဖာ္ျပထားသလို၊ ဦးေနဝင္းကြယ္လြန္ၿပီး သံုးရက္ အၾကာ ၂၀၀၂ ခုႏွစ္ ဒီဇင္
ဘာလ ၇ ရက္ေန႔၌ အစိုးရပိုင္သတင္းစာမ်ား နာေရးေၾကာ္ျငာတြင္လည္း
ယင္းအတုိင္းပင္ေဖာ္ျပထားသည္။ အခ်ဳိ႕စာအုပ္မ်ား၌ ဦးေနဝင္း၏ ေမြးသကၠရာဇ္ကို
၁၉၁၁ ခုႏွစ္ ေမလ ၁၄ ရက္ တနဂၤေႏြ ေန႔ဟူ၍ ေဖာ္ျပထားသည္။ သို႔ေသာ္
ဦးေနဝင္း၏ဇာတာကို အၿမဲတမ္း စစ္ေဆးေပးေသာ ေဝဒပညာ႐ွင္ ေဒါက္တာေဖဉာဏ္က
အဆိုပါခုႏွစ္မ်ားမွာ မမွန္ဟုဆိုၿပီး၊ ၁၉၁၀ ျပည့္ႏွစ္ ဇူလိုင္လ ၆ ရက္
ဗုဒၶဟူးေန႔သာ အမွန္ျဖစ္သည္ဟု ေျပာၾကားခဲ့သည္။<br />
<br />
ထုိ႔အျပင္ ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံစစ္အစိုးရလက္ထက္ အဆက္ဆက္ထုတ္ေဝေသာစာအုပ္မ်ား၌
ဦးေနဝင္း၏ မိဘ အမည္ ကို အဖဦးဖိုးခ၊ အမိ ေဒၚမိ ေလး ဗမာလူမ်ဳိး
ဗုဒၶဘာသာဝင္ဟုေဖာ္ျပေနေသာလည္း ဦးဖိုးခမွာ တ႐ုတ္ျပည္ ကြမ္ တုံေ ဒသမွ
ဟပ္ကလူမ်ိဳးျဖစ္ၿပီး ဝက္ကုန္သည္ဟု ဝါ ရင့္ႏိုင္ငံေရးသမားႀကီးႏွင့္
ဗဟိုတရား႐ုံး ခ်ဳပ္ေရွ႕ေနႀကီး မြန္ဦးဖိုးခ်ိဳက စာေရးသူအားေျပာျပဖူးသည္။
ဦးေနဝင္း၏ မိခင္ ေဒၚမိေလး မွာ ေပါင္း တလည္ႏွင့္မလွမ္းမကမ္းမွ
ေပါက္ေခါင္းသူျဖစ္သည္။<b> ေဒါက္တာေမာင္ေမာင္၏
‘ျမန္မာ့ႏိုင္ငံေရး ခရီးႏွင့္ဗိုလ္ခ်ဳပ္ႀကီးေနဝင္း’ စာအုပ္ စာမ်က္ ႏွာ ၇၀ ၌
...</b>
<br />
“အိမ္ေထာင္က်ၿပီးေသာအခါ ဦးဖိုးခက ဇနီးကို ေပါင္းတလည္အစြန္ ‘ေအာင္သြယ္မရွာ’
ရြာတြင္ အိုးအိမ္ထူေပးသည္။ သားဦးကိုေမြးဖြား ခဲ့ေသာအိမ္သည္ ယခုမရွိေတာ့ၿပီ။
အိမ္ေနရာ၊ ပႏၷက္ႏွင့္ ဆူးျခံဳ ဖံုးေသာ ေပပင္ငုတ္တိုတို႔သာ က်န္သည္။
ေအာင္သြယ္မရွာရြာမွ အိမ္ေထာင္ မ်ားသည္ ေမာင္႐ႈေမာင္ တို႔ ခပ္ငယ္ငယ္ကပင္
ေပါင္းတလည္သို႔ေရႊ႕ၾကသည္။ ဦးဖိုးခ ေဒၚမိေလး တို႔လည္း
ေရႊ႕ေျပာင္းရာတြင္ပါသည္” ဟူ ၍ေဖာ္ျပထားသည္။ ဦးေနဝင္း၏ငယ္မည္ “႐ႈေမာင္”
ကိုလည္း ေဒါက္တာေမာင္ေမာင္စာအုပ္၌ သားဦးကိုခ်စ္၍လည္းမဆံုး၊ ေမာ္၍လည္း မဆံုး
ဖခင္မိခင္တို႔၏ မ်က္႐ႈဟူေသာအဓိပၸါယ္ျဖင့္ ‘႐ႈေမာင္’ ဟုေခၚျခင္း”ဟု
ေရးသားထားေသာ္လည္း ဦးဖိုးခက ၎၏႐ုပ္ရည္သန္႔ျပန္႔သည္ဟူ ေသာ တ႐ုတ္ေဝါဟာ ရျဖင့္
“႐ႈ”ထည့္ကာ ႐ႈေမာင္ဟုမွည့္ေခၚခဲ့ျခငး္ျဖစ္သည္ဟုဆိုသည္။<br />
<br />
ထို႔ေနာက္ ေမာင္႐ႈေမာင္သည္ ေပါင္းတလည္ၿမိဳ႕ ျမန္မာစာသင္ေက်ာင္း၊
ျပည္အမ်ိဳးသားအထက္တန္းေက်ာင္း၊ ျပည္အစိုးရ အထက္တန္း ေက်ာင္းတို႔တြင္
ပညာသင္ခဲ့သည္။ ၁၉၂၉ ခုႏွစ္တြင္ ဆယ္တန္းေအာင္ခဲ့သည္။ ၁၉၂၉-၃၁ တြင္
ရန္ကုန္ တကၠသိုလ္၌ ဆက္လက္ပညာ သင္ၾကားခဲ့ရာ ၁၉၃၁ ခုႏွစ္တြင္ ဥပစာသိပၸံ (ခ)
တန္းစာေမးပြဲ၌ ပါဏေဗဒ (ယခင္ေခတ္ ဇီဝေဗဒ) ဘာသာရပ္တြင္ က်႐ႈံးခဲ့သျဖင့္
ေက်ာင္း ထြက္ခဲ့ရသည္။<br />
<br />
ယင္းေနာက္ ၁၉၃၁ ခုႏွစ္တြင္ ကို႐ႈေမာင္သည္ ရန္ကုန္ၿမိဳ႕ ၃၅ လမ္းတြင္
သူငယ္ခ်င္းမ်ားႏွင့္အခန္းငွား၍ ရန္ကုန္မီးရထား စာတုိက္႒ာန၌ စာေရးအျဖစ္
တစ္ႏွစ္ခန္႔ဝင္ေရာက္လုပ္ကိုင္ခဲ့သည္။ ၁၉၃၄ ခုႏွစ္တြင္
စာတုိက္ႏွင့္ေၾကးနန္း႒ာနစာေရးအျဖစ္ ၁၉၃၆ ခုႏွစ္အထိ အမႈထမ္း ခဲ့သည္။ ၁၉၃၅
ခုႏွစ္တြင္ ဦးေလးသခင္ညီကိုအေၾကာင္းျပဳ၍ တို႔ဗမာအစည္းအ႐ုံးဝင္ သခင္ဗစိန္၊
သခင္ထြန္းအုပ္၊ သခင္ေအာင္သန္း (ဗိုလ္စၾကာ) တို႔ႏွင့္ ရင္းႏွီးရာမွ
တို႔ဗမာအစည္းအ႐ုံးဝင္ခဲ့ရာ သခင္႐ႈေမာင္ျဖစ္လာသည္။ ၁၉၃၈ ခုႏွစ္
ႏိုဝင္ဘာလတြင္ တို႔ဗမာအစည္းအ႐ုံး ႏွစ္ျခမ္းကြဲေသာအခါ သခင္ဗစိန္၊
သခင္ထြန္းအုပ္ အုပ္စု တို႔ဗမာအစည္း အ႐ုံး၌္ ပါဝင္ခဲ့သည္။<br />
<br />
ဂ်ပန္ႏိုင္ငံသို႔ စစ္ပညာသင္ရန္အတြက္ ၁၉၄၁ ခုႏွစ္ ဇူလိုင္လ၈ရက္ေန႔တြင္
ကိုရိယုမာ႐ူး (Koriyu Maru) သေဘာၤျဖင့္ ဂ်ပန္သို႔ ေစလႊတ္ ေသာ
ျမန္မာမ်ိဳးခ်စ္လူငယ္စတုတၳအသုတ္တြင္ သခင္႐ႈေမာင္ သည္ပါဝင္ခဲ့သည္။
ယင္းအသုတ္သည္ ရဲေဘာ္ သံုးက်ိပ္၏ ေနာက္ဆံုးအသုတ္ ျဖစ္သည္။ ယင္းအဖြဲ႕၌
သခင္ထြန္းအုပ္သည္ အဖြဲ႕ေခါင္းေဆာင္ျဖစ္ၿပီး၊ သခင္ေက်ာ္စိန္ (ဗိုလ္မိုးညိဳ)၊
သခင္ေငြ (ဗိုလ္ေစာေအာင္)၊ သခင္ သစ္ (ဗိုလ္ေစာေနာင္)၊ သခင္စံလႈိင္
(ဗိုလ္ေအာင္)၊ သခင္ထြန္းခင္ (ဗိုလ္ျမင့္ေဆြ)၊ သခင္ထြန္းလြင္ (ဗိုလ္ဗလ)၊
သခင္ေမာင္ေမာင္ (ဗိုလ္ဉာဏ)၊ သခင္လွ (ဗိုလ္မင္းေရာင္)၊ သခင္သန္းၫြန္႔
(ဗိုလ္ဇင္ေယာ္) တို႔ပါဝင္သည္။<br />
<br />
ဂ်ပန္စစ္ပညာသင္ရဲေဘာ္သံုးက်ိပ္အဖြဲ႕တြင္ အဓိကသခင္အဖြဲ႕ႀကီးႏွစ္ဖြဲ႕
ပါဝင္သည္။ က်န္ပုဂၢိဳလ္မ်ား မွာ ေက်ာင္း သားအဖြဲ႕မွျဖစ္ၿပီး၊ တသီး ပုဂၢလတစ္ဦး
ပါဝင္သည္။<br />
<br />
• သခင္ကိုယ္ေတာ္မႈိင္း တို႔ဗမာအစည္းအ႐ုံးဝင္ ရဲေဘာ္သံုးက်ိပ္ဝင္မ်ား<br />
(၁) သခင္ေအာင္ဆန္း - ဗိုလ္ေတဇ(ဗိုလ္ခ်ဳပ္ေအာင္ဆန္း)<br />
(၂) သခင္လွၿမိဳင္ - ဗိုလ္ရန္ေအာင္<br />
(၃) သခင္လွေဖ - ဗိုလ္လက္်ာ<br />
(၄) သခင္ေအးေမာင္ - ဗိုလ္မိုး<br />
(၅) သခင္ေစာလြင္ - ဗိုလ္မင္းေခါင္<br />
(၆) သခင္စိုး - ဗိုလ္ျမင့္ေအာင္<br />
(၇) သခင္တင္ေအး - ဗိုလ္ဘုန္းျမင့္<br />
(၈) သခင္ထြန္းေရႊ - ဗိုလ္လင္းယုန္<br />
(၉) သခင္သန္းတင္(၂) - ဗိုလ္ျမဒင္<br />
(၁၀) သခင္ခင္ေမာင္ဦး - ဗိုလ္တာရာ<br />
(၁၁) သခင္စံျမ - ဗိုလ္ေတာက္ထိန္<br />
(၁၂) သခင္ထြန္းလြင္ - ဗိုလ္ဗလ<br />
(၁၃) သခင္စံလႈိင္ - ဗိုလ္ေအာင္<br />
(၁၄) သခင္ေမာင္ေမာင္ - ဗိုလ္ဉာဏ<br />
(၁၅) သခင္လွ - ဗိုလ္မင္းေရာင္<br />
(၁၆) သခင္သန္းၫႊန္႔ - ဗိုလ္ဇင္ေယာ္<br />
(၁၇) သခင္ဘဂ်မ္း - ဗိုလ္လေရာင္<br />
<br />
• သခင္ဗစိန္၊ သခင္ထြန္းအုပ္ တို႔ဗမာအစည္းအ႐ုံးဝင္ ရဲေဘာ္သံုးက်ိပ္ဝင္မ်ား<br />
(၁၈) သခင္ထြန္းအုပ္ - အုပ္ခ်ဳပ္ေရးပညာသင္ၾကား၍ ဗိုလ္ဘြဲ႕မခံ<br />
(၁၉) သခင္ေအာင္သန္း - ဗိုလ္စၾကာ<br />
(၂၀) သခင္႐ႈေမာင္ - ဗိုလ္ေနဝင္း<br />
(၂၁) သခင္ထြန္းခင္ - ဗိုလ္ျမင့္ေဆြ<br />
(၂၂) သခင္ေငြ - ဗိုလ္ေစာေအာင္<br />
(၂၃) သခင္သစ္ - ဗိုလ္ေစာေနာင္<br />
(၂၄) သခင္ေက်ာ္စိန္ - ဗိုလ္မုိးညိဳ<br />
(၂၅) သခင္သန္းတင္ (၁) - ဗိုလ္ဘြဲ႕မရမီတုိင္ေပေဆး႐ုံတြင္ကြယ္လြန္<br />
<br />
• ေက်ာင္းသားအဖြဲ႕<br />
(၂၆) ကိုလွေမာင္ - ဗိုလ္ေဇယ်<br />
(၂၇) ကိုေရႊ- ဗိုလ္ေက်ာ္ေဇာ<br />
(၂၈) ကိုထြန္းရွိန္ - ဗိုလ္ရန္ႏိုင္<br />
(၂၉) ကိုေအာင္သိန္း - ဗိုလ္ရဲထြဋ္<br />
<br />
• တသီးပုဂၢလအဖြဲ႕<br />
(၃၀) ကိုေဆာင္း - ဗိုလ္ထိန္ဝင္း (တိုက်ိဳၿမိဳ႕လက္မႈပညာအတတ္သင္တကၠသိုလ္တြင္ ပညာသင္ၾကားေနသူ)<br />
<br />
သခင္႐ႈေမာင္တို႔ပါဝင္ေသာ စတုတၳအသုတ္သည္ ရွန္ဟိုင္းသို႔ ၁၉၄၁ခုႏွစ္
ဇူလိုင္လ၂၂ရက္ေန႔ တြင္ေရာက္ ရွိၿပီး ရွန္ဟိုင္းမွ ေလယာဥ္ျဖင့္ ဂ် ပန္သို႔
ဆက္လက္ထြက္ခြာရာ ဇူလိုင္လ ၂၄ ရက္ေန႔တြင္ ဂ်ပန္ႏိုင္ငံ က်ဴး႐ွဴးကြၽန္း
နာဂါဆာကီၿမိဳ႕အနီးရွိ ေရတပ္စခန္းသို႔ ေရာက္ခဲ့သည္။ ၾသဂုတ္လ ၁၁ ရက္ေန႔တြင္
ဟိုင္းနန္ကြၽန္းသို႔ ေရာက္ရွိခဲ့သည္။ ယင္းေနာက္ ဟိုင္နန္ကြၽန္းႏွင့္
ထိုင္ဝမ္ကြၽန္းတြင္ စစ္ပညာရပ္မ်ား သင္ၾကား ခဲ့သည္။<br />
<br />
ရဲေဘာ္သံုးက်ိပ္မ်ားကို တပ္ဖြဲ႕(၃) ဖြဲ႕ခြဲ၍ ၁၉၄၁ ခုႏွစ္ ဧၿပီလ ၂၅
ရက္ေန႔မွစ၍ ဟိုင္နန္ကြၽန္းရွိ ခန္းယ စစ္ပညာသင္တန္းေက်ာင္းတြင္ သင္
ၾကားေပးခဲ့သည္။ သခင္႐ႈေမာင္ကို တပ္မေတာ္သမိုင္းစာအုပ္တြင္
ဗိုလ္ခ်ဳပ္ေအာင္ဆန္းတို႔၏တပ္ဖြဲ႕ (၃) တြင္ ထည့္သြင္းထားေသာ္လည္း
ဗိုလ္မွဴးခ်ဳပ္ေက်ာ္ေဇာက ၎၏ကိုယ္ တုိင္ေရး အတၳဳပၸတၱိစာအုပ္၌ တပ္ဖြဲ႕ (၂)၊
ျပည္တြင္းသူပုန္အဖြဲ႕၌ သာ ပါရွိသည္ ဟူ၍ ေဖာ္ျပထားပါသည္။<br />
<br />
တပ္ဖြဲ႕(၂)တြင္ပါဝင္ခဲ့ေသာ အေရွ႕ရန္ကင္းဂ်ဴပလက္ အမွတ္၁၄၀(က)ေန
ဗိုလ္တာရာကလည္း သူတို႔ တပ္ဖြဲ႕တြင္ သခင္ေက်ာ္စိန္ (ဗိုလ္မိုး ညိဳ)၊ သခင္ေငြ
(ဗိုလ္ေစာေအာင္)၊ သခင္ေစာလြင္ (ဗိုလ္မင္းေခါင္)၊ ကိုထြန္းရွိန္
(ဗိုလ္ရန္ႏိုင္)၊ သခင္သစ္ (ဗိုလ္ေစာေနာင္)၊ သခင္သန္းတင္ (၂) (ဗိုလ္ျမဒင္)၊
သခင္႐ႈေမာင္ (ဗိုလ္ေနဝင္း) ႏွင့္ သူ (ဗိုလ္တာရာ) ပါဝင္ေၾကာင္း၊
အေျခခံစစ္ပညာ၊ ေဖာက္ခြဲဖ်က္ ဆီးေရးနည္း ပညာမ်ား ေထာက္လွမ္းေရးႏွင့္
ဆက္သြယ္ေရးပညာရပ္မ်ား အေလးထားသင္ယူရၿပီး သင္တန္းဆရာမွာ
ဗိုလ္တာရာျဖစ္သည္ဟုဆိုသည္။ ဗိုလ္ေန ဝင္းသည္ ေမြးရာပါ
ဖ်က္ဆီးေရးသမားျဖစ္သည္။ ကေလးဘဝ ကပင္ အၾကမ္းဖက္မႈႏွင့္ဖ်က္ဆီးေရးတို႔တြင္
သူ႔အစြမ္းအစကိုျပသခဲ့သည္။ ေပါက္ေခါင္းတြင္ သူတက္ေနေသာ မူလတန္းေက်ာင္းကို
မီး႐ႈိ႕ဖ်က္ဆီးရန္ႀကိဳးစားခဲ့ဖူးသည္။ အဘယ္ေၾကာင့္ဆိုေသာ္ သူသည္ ေက်ာင္း
ပညာကိုမသင္လိုေသာေၾကာင့္ဟု ဆိုသည္။ ဟိုင္နန္ကြၽန္းတြင္လည္း
အဖ်က္အေမွာင့္ လုပ္ငန္း (Sabotage)၊ ဖ်က္လိုဖ်က္ဆီးအေႏွာင့္အယွက္ေပးရန္
ေသြးေဆာင္ႏိုင္စြမ္း (Subversion) ကို ျပသခဲ့သည္။<br />
<br />
ယင္းေနာက္ ရဲေဘာ္သံုးက်ိပ္ဝင္မ်ားအားလံုး စန္းယစစ္ပညာသင္တန္းေက်ာင္းမွ
တ႐ုတ္တိုင္ေပကြၽန္း တာမာဆာတိုၿမိဳ႕ (Tamasato) ဗိုလ္ သင္တန္းေက်ာင္းသို႔
ေျပာင္းေရႊ႕၍ တပ္စု၊ တပ္ခြဲတိုက္ပြဲမ်ား၊ ညတုိက္ပြဲမ်ား၊
စစ္ေျမပံုတုိက္ပြဲမ်ား၊ တပ္ရင္း၊ တပ္မဟာ၊ တပ္မတုိက္ ပြဲမ်ား၊ လက္နက္ငယ္၊
လက္နက္ႀကီး (စိန္ေျပာင္း၊ အလတ္အႀကီး၊ တင့္ကားပစ္အေျမာက္) ပစ္ခတ္နည္းမ်ား၊
အင္ဂ်င္နီယာလုပ္ငန္း (တံ တားေဆာက္မိုင္းမ်ားခြဲျခင္း) မ်ားႏွင့္
ေရကူးသင္ျခင္း၊ ကင္ဒို (ဓားသိုင္း)၊ ဂ်ဴဒို၊ လွံစြပ္ထိုးစ သည့္
ေလ့က်င့္ ခန္းမ်ား ကို အေျခခံမွစ၍ သင္ ၾကားခဲ့ရသည္။<br />
<br />
ထို႔ေနာက္ ၁၉၄၁ ခုႏွစ္ ဒီဇင္ဘာလ ၂၆ ရက္ေန႔တြင္
ရဲေဘာ္သံုးက်ိပ္ဝင္မ်ားအားလံုး မီနာမီကန္၏ အစီအစဥ္ျဖင့္ အသုတ္လိုက္
ထိုင္းႏိုင္ငံ ဘန္ေကာက္ၿမိဳ႕ရွိ အဂၤလိပ္ပိုင္ ေဘာ္နီယိုကုမၸဏီကိုသိမ္းယူကာ
႒ာနခ်ဳပ္ျပဳ လုပ္၍ ျမန္မာလူမ်ဳိးမ်ား မ်က္စိအထူးကုဆရာဝန္ႀကီး ဦးထြန္း
ေဖအိမ္တြင္ ဗိုလ္ဘြဲ႕ခံယူရာ သခင္႐ႈေမာင္သည္ ဗိုလ္ေနဝင္းျဖစ္လာသည္။<br />
<br />
ဗိုလ္ေတဇေခၚ ဗိုလ္ခ်ဳပ္ေအာင္ဆန္းဦးေဆာင္ေသာ ျမန္မာ့လြတ္လပ္ေရးတပ္မေတာ္
(ဘီအိုင္ေအ) ျမန္ မာျပည္ အတြင္းသို႔မဝင္မီ ဗိုလ္ေန ဝင္းအား
ျပည္တြင္းသူပုန္တပ္ဖြဲ႕ ကိုဦးေဆာင္ ကာ ျမန္မာျပည္ တြင္းသို႔ဝင္ေရာက္၍
ေတာ္လွန္ေရးလုပ္ငန္းမ်ားေဆာင္ရြက္ရန္ အမိန္႔ထုတ္ျပန္ ခဲ့သည္။ ၁၉၄၂ ခုႏွစ္
ဇန္နဝါရီလ ၁၅ ရက္ေန႔တြင္ ဗိုလ္ေနဝင္းေခါင္းေဆာင္သည့္
ျပည္တြင္းသူပုန္တပ္ဖြဲ႕သည္ ရဟိုင္းမွတဆင့္ ထိုင္း-ျမန္ မာနယ္စပ္ရွိ
သာေဆာင္ရမ္းကိုျဖတ္၍ ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံအတြင္းသို႔ ဝင္ေရာက္ခဲ့သည္။ ေဖေဖာ္ဝါရီလ ၂
ရက္ေန႔ တြင္ ၎တို႔အဖြဲ႕ ရန္ကုန္ၿမိဳ႕သို႔ ေရာက္ရွိခဲ့သည္။ ရန္ကုန္တြင္
ျပည္သူ႔အေရးေတာ္ပံုပါတီမွ ကိုေက်ာ္ၿငိမ္း (ဆိုရွယ္လစ္ပါတီ
အေထြေထြအတြင္းေရးမွဴး) ႏွင့္ေတြ႕ဆံု၍ ပဲခူး ဘက္၌ စစ္ပညာသင္ တန္းေပးျခင္း၊စစ္လက္နက္ငယ္ပစ္ခတ္နည္းအပါအဝင္ ေၿမေအာက္ေတာ္လွန္ေရးလုပ္ငန္းမ်ားကို
စီစဥ္ေဆာင္ ရြက္ ခဲ့ သည္။<br />
<br />
ဗမာ့လြတ္လပ္ေရးတပ္မေတာ္ႏွင့္ ဂ်ပန္တပ္မ ၅၅ တို႔ ၁၉၄၂ ခုႏွစ္၊ မတ္လ ၈
ရက္ေန႔တြင္ ရန္ကုန္ၿမိဳ႕ကိုသိမ္းပိုက္ၿပီးေနာက္ ဗိုလ္ေနဝင္းသည္
ဘီအိုင္ေအတပ္မႀကီး (၂) ၏တပ္မမွဴးအျဖစ္ တာဝန္ထမ္းေဆာင္သည္။ ၁၉၄၂ ခုႏွစ္၊
ဇူလိုင္လ ၂၇ ရက္ေန႔ တြင္ ဘီအိုင္ေအကိုဖ်က္သိမ္း၍ ဗမာ့ကာကြယ္ေရးတပ္မေတာ္
(ဘီဒီေအ) ဖြဲ႕စည္းေသာအခါ ဗိုလ္မွဴးအဆင့္ျဖင့္ ဘီဒီေအ တပ္ရင္း ၁ ၏
တပ္ရင္းမွဴးအျဖစ္ ေဆာင္ရြက္သည္။ ယင္းေနာက္ ဗိုလ္မွဴးႀကီးအဆင့္ျဖင့္
ဗမာအမ်ိဳးသားတပ္မေတာ္ (Burma National Army) ၌ စစ္ေသနာပတိအျဖစ္
ေဆာင္ရြက္ခဲ့သည္။<br />
<br />
၁၉၄၃ ခုႏွစ္ ၾသဂုတ္လ ၁ ရက္ေန႔တြင္ ဂ်ပန္တို႔ထံမွ လြတ္လပ္ေရးရၿပီးေနာက္
ဗိုလ္ခ်ဳပ္ေအာင္ဆန္းသည္ အစိုးရအဖြဲ႕တြင္ စစ္ဝန္ႀကီး (ကာကြယ္ေရးဝန္ႀကီး)
ျဖစ္လာၿပီး ဗမာ့တပ္မေတာ္အုပ္ခ်ဳပ္ေရးတြက္ စစ္ဝန္ႀကီး႐ုံးေပၚလာသည္။
၎၏လက္ေအာက္တြင္ စစ္ဦးစီးခ်ဳပ္႐ုံး လည္း ေပၚလာသည္။ သခင္ဗစိန္၊
သခင္ထြန္းအုပ္တို႔ေတာင္းဆိုခ်က္အရ ညီၫြတ္ေရးအတြက္ ထိုစဥ္က ၎တို႔၏
သခင္ဂိုဏ္းမွ ဗိုလ္မွဴး ႀကီးေနဝင္းကို စစ္ဦးစီးခ်ဳပ္႐ုံးတြင္
စစ္ဦးစီး႒ာနခ်ဳပ္မွဴးအျဖစ္ ဗိုလ္ခ်ဳပ္ေအာင္ဆန္းက ခန္႔အပ္ခဲ့သည္။<br />
<br />
သို႔ေသာ္ ဗိုလ္ေနဝင္းသည္ တာဝန္ႏွင့္ဝတၱရားကိုေကာင္းစြာမလုပ္ဘဲ
အေပ်ာ္အပါးလုိက္စား ကာ ေလာင္း ကစားဝိုင္း မ်ား၌သာ အခ်ိန္ျဖဳန္းေန သျဖင့္
စစ္ဦးစီး႒ာနခ်ဳပ္မွဴးရာ ထူးမွျဖဳတ္ခ်ၿပီး စစ္ဝန္ႀကီး႐ုံး လက္ေအာက္ရွိ
ရိကၡာႏွင့္ေထာက္ပံ့ေရး႒ာန ႀကီးမွဴးေနရာသို႔ အဆင့္ခ်၍ ေျပာင္း ေရႊ႕လုိက္သည္။
၎၏မူလ ရာထူးေနရာကိုမူ ဗိုလ္မွဴးႀကီးေဇယ်သို႔ လႊဲေျပာင္းခဲ့သည္။<br />
<br />
၁၉၄၄ ခုႏွစ္ ၾသဂုတ္လ ၂၃ ရက္ေန႔တြင္ ရန္ကုန္ၿမိဳ႕ ကန္ေတာ္ႀကီးပတ္လမ္း
(ယခုနတ္ေမာက္လမ္း) ႏွင့္ ဗိုလ္ျမတ္ထြန္းလမ္းေထာင့္ရွိ ဗိုလ္
ခ်ဳပ္ေအာင္ဆန္းေနအိမ္တြင္ ဗမာ့တပ္ မေတာ္၊ ျပည္သူ႔အေရးေတာ္ ပံုပါတီ၊
ကြန္ျမဴနစ္ပါတီေခါင္းေဆာင္မ်ား ဖက္ဆစ္တုိက္ဖ်က္ ေရးျပည္သူ႔ အဖြဲ႕ခ်ဳပ္
(A.F.O) ဖြဲ႕စည္းေရး အစည္းအေဝးျပဳလုပ္ရာ ဗိုလ္မွဴးႀကီးေနဝင္းသည္
တပ္မေတာ္ကိုယ္စားလွယ္အဖြဲ႕ဝင္အျဖစ္ တက္ေရာက္ခဲ့ သည္။<br />
<br />
၁၉၄၄ခုႏွစ္စက္တင္ဘာလ၁၄ရက္ေန႔တြင္ ဗိုလ္ခ်ဳပ္ေအာင္ဆန္း၏ဆႏၵအရ
ဗိုလ္မွဴးႀကီးေနဝင္းအား ဗိုလ္မွဴး ရဲထြဋ္ ျပည္သူ႔အေရးေတာ္ပံုပါ တီမွ ဦးဗေဆြ၊
ဦးေက်ာ္ၿငိမ္းတို႔ႏွင့္အတူ ေဒးဒရဲရွိ သခင္စိုးထံ လွ်ိဳ႕ဝွက္ သြားေရာက္၍
ဖြဲ႕စည္းၿပီးျဖစ္ေသာ ဖက္ဆစ္တုိက္ဖ်က္ေရးျပည္သူ႔အဖြဲ႕ခ်ဳပ္ကို
တိုးခ်ဲ႕ဖြဲ႕စည္းေရး၊ တပ္မေတာ္အတြင္းရွိလက္ဝဲအင္အားစုမ်ား၊
ျပည္သူ႔အေရးေတာ္ပံုပါတီႏွင့္ ကြန္ျမဴနစ္ပါတီတို႔ကို တစ္ပါတီ တည္းအျဖစ္
ပူးေပါင္းဖြဲ႕စည္းေရးႏွင့္ ဖက္ဆစ္ဂ်ပန္ေတာ္လွန္ေရး အတြက္
ျပင္ဆင္စည္း႐ုံးမႈလုပ္ငန္း မ်ားေဆြးေႏြးရန္ ေစခိုင္းခဲ့သည္။<br />
<br />
၁၉၄၅ ခုႏွစ္၊ မတ္လ၂၇ ရက္ ဖက္ဆစ္ေတာ္လွန္ေရးတြင္ ဗိုလ္ေနဝင္းအား တုိင္း (၂)
ျမစ္ဝကြၽန္းေပၚ အေရွ႕ပိုင္း (ဟံသာဝတီ၊ ဖ်ာပံု၊ မအူပင္)တုိင္းမွဴး၊
စစ္ေရးေခါင္းေဆာင္အျဖစ္ တာဝန္ယူေစခဲ့သည္။ သို႔ေသာ္
ဖက္ဆစ္ဂ်ပန္ေတာ္လွန္ေရးအတြင္း ေတာ္လွန္ေရးအတြက္ ေပးထား ေသာတာဝန္ကို
လံုးဝမလုပ္ဘဲ အေပ်ာ္အပါးလုိက္မႈ၊ စာရိတၱပ်က္ျပားမႈ၊
တပ္တြင္းဂိုဏ္းခြဲလုပ္ေဆာင္မႈ၊ ၎တာဝန္ က်ရာေဒသ၌ ေဒသခံ
ႏုိင္ငံေရးေကဒါမ်ားႏွင့္ မေျပလည္မႈ၊ ျပႆနာအႀကိမ္ႀကိမ္တက္မႈတို႔ေၾကာင့္
ဗိုလ္ခ်ဳပ္ေအာင္ဆန္း ကိုယ္တုိင္ အေတာ္ပင္မေက်မနပ္ျဖစ္ကာ စစ္တပ္မွထုတ္ပယ္ရန္
အျခားေခါင္းေဆာင္မ်ားႏွင့္တုိင္ပင္ခဲ့သည္။ ေတာ္လွန္ေရးကာလမၿပီးဆံုးမီ
ဗိုလ္ေနဝင္းအားထုတ္ ပယ္ပစ္ပါက နယ္ ခ်ဲ႕တို႔ႏွင့္ပူးေပါင္း၍
အာဏာရွင္စနစ္ဂိုဏ္းခြဲေရးႏွင့္ အျခားမလိုလား အပ္ေသာ
ျပႆနာ မ်ား႐ႈပ္ေထြး လာႏိုင္သျဖင့္ ေခတၱသည္းခံရန္ ဗိုလ္
ခ်ဳပ္ေျဖာင္းဖ်ခဲ့မႈေၾကာင့္ မထုတ္ပစ္ခဲ့ေခ်။<br />
<br />
ယင္းႏွင့္ပတ္သက္၍ ဗိုလ္မွဴးခ်ဳပ္ေဟာင္းေက်ာ္ေဇာက ေနာင္တြင္ သူ၏ကိုယ္ေရးအတၳဳပၸတၱိစာ အုပ္၌ ေအာက္ပါအတုိင္းေရးသားေဖာ္ျပ ထားေလသည္။<br />
<br />
“က်ေနာ္ ဗမာျပည္ကြန္ျမဴနစ္ပါတီ၏ ေတာ္လွန္ေရးနယ္ေရာက္ၿပီး
ႏွစ္အေတာ္ၾကာၿပီးေနာက္ပိုင္း ပါတီဥကၠ႒ သခင္ဗသိန္းတင္ကလည္း စကားစပ္မိၿပီး
က်ေနာ့္ကိုေျပာတာက ဖက္ဆစ္ေတာ္လွန္ေရးၿပီးခါစ ဗိုလ္ခ်ဳပ္ေအာင္ဆန္းက
ဗိုလ္ေနဝင္းအေပၚ အေတာ္တူးတူးခါးခါးမေက် နပ္မႈေတြျဖစ္ၿပီး စစ္တပ္က
အၿပီးအပိုင္ဖယ္႐ွားထုတ္ပယ္ခ်င္ေနတာကို ႏိုင္ငံေရးေခါင္းေဆာင္အခ်ိဳ႕ႏွင့္
တိုင္ပင္ေၾကာင္းကို သခင္သန္းထြန္း က ဗဟိုေကာ္မတီဝင္အခ်ဳိ႕ကို
ေျပာခဲ့ေၾကာင္းေျပာျပသည္ကို က်ေနာ္မွတ္မိေနပါသည္။<br />
<br />
ဒီလိုထုတ္ပစ္လုိက္ဖို႔ စိုင္းျပင္းေနရင္းေနာက္ပိုင္း မထုတ္ပစ္ႏိုင္ခဲ့ေခ်။
ယင္းတြင္ အေၾကာင္းအရင္း (၂) ခုရွိသည္ဟု ထင္ရသည္။ ပထမအ ေၾကာင္းက
ဗိုလ္ေနဝင္းရဲ႕အကင္းပါၿပီး ေကာက္က်စ္ လွည့္စားႏိုင္ မႈျဖစ္သည္။ ဘယ္အခ်ိန္
ဘယ္သူေတြႏွင့္ေပါင္းၿပီး ဘယ္သူေတြကို ခြာရ မည္။ ဘယ္သူေတြကို
ကန္ထုတ္ နင္းေခ်ရမည္တို႔ကို နားလည္က်င့္သံုးတတ္သူျဖစ္
ျခင္းတို႔ေၾကာင့္ျဖစ္သည္။<br />
<br />
ဗိုလ္ေနဝင္းကိုမထုတ္ပစ္ႏိုင္သည့္အေၾကာင္းႏွစ္ခုအနက္ အျခားအေၾကာင္းတစ္ခု
က်ေနာ့္အထင္ ထိုအခ်ိန္ ဗိုလ္ခ်ဳပ္ေအာင္ဆန္းမွာ ေတာ္ လွန္ေရးအၿပီး
ရန္ကုန္ျပန္ေရာက္ေတာ့ ေနစရာအိုးအိမ္မရွိဘဲ အိမ္ေထာင္ႏွင့္ ကေလးေတြႏွင့္
မ်ားစြာအခက္အခဲျဖစ္ေနသည္။ ထိုအခ်ိန္က ဗိုလ္ေနဝင္းမွာ သူစစ္ဦးစီးခ်ဳပ္ဘဝက
တုိက္အိမ္ႀကီးႏွစ္လံုးကို ဘယ္လိုနည္းႏွင့္ ပိုင္ဆိုင္ထားသည္မသိ။ တစ္လံုးမွာ
ဗိုလ္ခ်ဳပ္ေအာင္ ဆန္း ေနထိုင္ခဲ့၍ ယခု ဗိုလ္ခ်ဳပ္ျပတိုက္လုပ္ထားေသာ
တာဝါလိန္းလမ္း (ယခုဗိုလ္ခ်ဳပ္ေအာင္ ဆန္းျပတိုက္လမ္း) က
တုိက္အိမ္ႀကီးျဖစ္ၿပီး၊ ဖက္ဆစ္ေတာ္လွန္ေရးၿပီးခါစက သူ တက္ေန သည္။
ေနာက္တစ္လံုးမွာ ထိုတာဝါလိန္းကုန္းအိမ္ႀကီး၏ေျခရင္း ကားလမ္းေဘးရွိ
တုိက္ အိမ္ ျဖစ္ သည္။ ၎အိမ္မွာ အေပၚအိမ္ႀကီးေလာက္ မေကာင္းေပ။ ဗိုလ္ေနဝင္းက
ဗိုလ္ခ်ဳပ္ေအာင္ဆန္း ကိုဆြဲေခၚလာၿပီး တာဝါလိန္းကုန္းေပၚရွိ
တိုက္အိမ္ႀကီးကိုအတင္းထိုးေပးၿပီး သူကိုယ္တိုင္က ထိုအိမ္ေလာက္မေကာင္းေသာ
ကုန္းေအာက္ေျခကတုိက္အိမ္တြင္ဆင္းေနသည္။<br />
<br />
ဤတြင္ ႐ိုးသားေသာဗိုလ္ခ်ဳပ္ေအာင္ဆန္းအဖို႔ ဗိုလ္ေနဝင္းသည္ စိတ္ရင္းမဆိုး
မေကာင္းသည့္အက်င့္စ႐ိုက္အခ်ဳိ႕ေၾကာင့္ တခ်ိဳ႕အားနည္းခ်က္ေတြရွိေနတာျဖစ္သည္။
ျပဳျပင္သြားရင္ ရနုိင္သည္။ အထူးသျဖင့္ သူ႔အေပၚ ဒီေလာက္ေလးစားသျဖင့္
သူႀကိဳးကိုင္သြားလို႔ ရႏုိင္သည္။ စြန္႔ပစ္လုိက္ရေအာင္အထိမဆိုးဟု
တြက္ခ်က္ပံုရသြားသည္ဟု ထင္ရသည္။<br />
<br />
ထိုအေၾကာင္းႏွစ္ခုေၾကာင့္ ဗိုလ္ေနဝင္းကို ထိုစဥ္က တပ္ကထုတ္ပစ္ေရးကိုမလုပ္ျဖစ္ၾကတာဟု ယူဆပါသ ည္။”<br />
<br />
ထို႔ေနာက္ ၁၉၄၅ ခုႏွစ္ ေမလ ၁ ရက္ေန႔တြင္ ဗမာ့မ်ိဳးခ်စ္တပ္မေတာ္ (ဘီအင္န္ေအ)
သည္ ရန္ကုန္ၿမိဳ႕ကိုသိမ္းယူခဲ့သည္။ ေမ ၇ ရက္တြင္ ေရဒီယိုမွတဆင့္
ရန္ကုန္ၿမိဳ႕ကိုသိမ္းယူခဲ့ေၾကာင္း ဗိုလ္ေနဝင္း စစ္ဦးစီးခ်ဳပ္ရာထူးျဖင့္
အသံလႊင့္ေၾကညာခဲ့သည္။ ယင္းအသံလႊင့္ေၾကညာ ခ်က္မွာ
ဗိုလ္ေအာင္ႀကီးႏွင့္ဦးေက်ာ္ၿငိမ္းတို႔တိုင္ပင္စီစဥ္၍ ဦးခင္ေမာင္လတ္
(ေတာ္လွန္ေရးေကာင္စီအစိုးရ လက္ထက္ လုပ္သားျပည္သူ႔ေန႔ စဥ္အဂၤလိပ္သတင္းစာ
အယ္ဒီတာခ်ဳပ္) က အဂၤလိပ္လိုေရး သားျခင္းျဖစ္သည္။ မိန္႔ခြန္းပါရာထူးအဆင့္ကို
အေၾကာင္းျပဳ၍ တာဝန္မဲ့လုပ္ရပ္ ဟု ဗိုလ္ခ်ဳပ္ေအာင္ဆန္း ကိုယ္တိုင္
ၿဗိတိသွ်စစ္တပ္အား ဝန္ခံခဲ့ရသည္။<br />
<br />
၁၉၄၅ ခုႏွစ္ ၾသဂုတ္လ ၁၉ ရက္ေန႔တြင္က်င္းပေသာ ေနသူရိန္လူထုအစည္းအေဝးတြင္
ဗိုလ္ေနဝင္းသည္ ဖဆပလအဖြဲ႕ခ်ဳပ္ ဗဟိုဦးစီးအဖြဲ႕ဝင္အျဖစ္လည္းေကာင္း၊ ၁၉၄၅
ခုႏွစ္ စက္တင္ဘာလ ၁ ရက္ေန႔တြင္စတင္တည္ေထာင္ေသာ ျပည္သူ႔လြတ္လပ္ေရးပါတီ
(ဆိုရွယ္လစ္ပါ တီ၊ျမန္မာျပည္) တြင္လည္းေကာင္း ပါဝင္ခဲ့သည္။<br />
<br />
၁၉၄၅ ခုႏွစ္ စက္တင္ဘာလ ၄ ရက္ေန႔တြင္ တပ္မေတာ္ေရးရာေဆြးေႏြးရန္
သီဟိုဠ္ကြၽန္း (သီရိလကၤာႏိုင္ငံ) ကႏၵီၿမိဳ႕သို႔ သြားေရာက္ခဲ့ေသာ
ျမန္မာကိုယ္စားလွယ္အဖြဲ႕တြင္ ပါဝင္ခဲ့သည္။<br />
<br />
ကႏၵီစာခ်ဳပ္သေဘာတူညီခ်က္အရ ျပန္လည္ဖြဲ႕စည္းသည့္ ဗမာ့တပ္မေတာ္တြင္
ဗိုလ္မွဴးအဆင့္ျဖင့္ ဗမာ့ေသနတ္ ကိုင္ တပ္ရင္း (၄) ဒုတိယ တပ္ရင္းမွဴး၊ ၁၉၄၆
ခုႏွစ္၊ ႏိုဝင္ဘာလ ၁၆ ရက္ေန႔တြင္ ဒုတိယဗိုလ္မွဴးႀကီး၊ ၁၉၄၇ ခုႏွစ္
ေအာက္တိုဘာလ ၈ ရက္ေန႔တြင္ ဗိုလ္မွဴးခ်ဳပ္၊ ၁၉၄၇ ခုႏွစ္ ဒီဇင္ဘာလ ၂၀
ရက္ေန႔ တြင္ ေျမာက္ပိုင္းစစ္႒ာနခ်ဳပ္တိုင္းမွဴး ျဖစ္လာခဲ့သည္။<br />
<br />
၁၉၄၈ ခုႏွစ္ ဇူလိုင္လ ၁၆ ရက္၌ စတင္ဖြဲ႕စည္းသည့္ လက္ဝဲညီၫြတ္ေရးေကာင္စီတြင္
ဗိုလ္မွဴးခ်ဳပ္ေနဝင္းသည္ ဥကၠ႒အျဖစ္ ေဆာင္ရြက္ခဲ့ သည္။ အတြင္းေရးမွဴးမွာ
ဦးသိန္းေဖျမင့္ျဖစ္သည္။ သို႔ေသာ္ လက္ဝဲညီၫြတ္ေရးေကာင္စီ၏
အာဏာသိမ္းေရးအစီအစဥ္ကို ျငင္းပယ္ခဲ့သည္။ ထို႔ေနာက္ ၁၉၄၈ ခုႏွစ္ ၾသဂုတ္လ ၁
ရက္ေန႔တြင္ ဗမာ့တပ္မေတာ္ဒုတိယစစ္ဦးခ်ဳပ္၊ ဒုတိယစစ္ေသနာပတိ၊ ၾသဂုတ္လ ၁၃
ရက္ေန႔တြင္ ဗိုလ္ခ်ဳပ္ျဖစ္လာသည္။
ကရင္အမ်ိဳးသားကာကြယ္ေရးတပ္ဖြဲ႕(ေကအင္ဒီအို) အေရးအခင္းေၾကာင့္ အစိုးရက
တပ္မေတာ္စစ္ဦးစီးခ်ဳပ္ ဗိုလ္ ခ်ဳပ္စမစ္ဒြန္းအား ရာထူးမွဖယ္ရွား၍
ဗိုလ္ခ်ဳပ္ေနဝင္းအား ၁၉၄၉ ခုႏွစ္ ေဖေဖာ္ဝါရီလ ၁ ရက္ေန႔တြင္
ဗမာ့တပ္မေတာ္စစ္ဦးစီးခ်ဳပ္၊ စစ္ေသ နာပတိ ခန္႔အပ္ခံရသည္။<br />
<br />
လြတ္လပ္ေရးရၿပီးစ ျပည္ေထာင္စုျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံတြင္ ေရာင္စံုသူပုန္မ်ား၏
ဆူပူေသာင္းက်န္းမႈ မ်ားေၾကာင့္ ျမန္မာအစိုးရသည္ ရန္ကုန္အစိုး
ရဟုေခၚရေလာက္ေအာင္ အေျခအေနဆိုးရြားလာခဲ့သည္။ ထိုသို႔ႏိုင္ငံေရးအေျခအေန
ဆိုးရြားေနသည့္အတြက္ ဖဆပလအစိုးရက ဗိုလ္ခ်ဳပ္ ေနဝင္းအား
တုိင္းျပည္အေျခအေနကို ဝင္ေရာက္ထိန္းသိမ္းေပးရန္အတြက္ အစိုးရအဖြဲ႕သို႔ဝင္ရန္
ဖိတ္ေခၚခဲ့သည္။ ဗိုလ္ခ်ဳပ္ေနဝင္းသည္ ၁၉၄၉ ခုႏွစ္ ဧၿပီလ ၅ ရက္ေန႔တြင္
ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံေတာ္အစိုးရအဖြဲ႕ ၌ ဒုတိယဝန္ႀကီးခ်ဳပ္၊ ကာကြယ္ေရးႏွင့္
ျပည္ထဲေရးဝန္ႀကီးျဖစ္လာခဲ့သည္။ ၁၉၄၉ ခုႏွစ္ မတ္လ ၃ ရက္ေန႔တြင္
ဗိုလ္ခ်ဳပ္ေနဝင္းအား အစိုးရက ဒုတိယဗိုလ္ခ်ဳပ္ႀကီးအဆင့္သို႔
တိုးျမႇင့္ေပးခဲ့သည္။ ယင္းေနာက္ ၁၉၅၀ ျပည့္ႏွစ္ စက္တင္ဘာလ ၉ ရက္ေန႔တြင္
အစိုးရအဖြဲ႕မွ ျပန္လည္ႏႈတ္ထြက္၍ စစ္တပ္သို႔ ျပန္သြားခဲ့သည္။<br />
<br />
၁၉၅၆ ခုႏွစ္ ဇန္နဝါရီလ ၁ ရက္ေန႔တြင္ ဗိုလ္ခ်ဳပ္ႀကီးရာထူး တိုးျမႇင့္ခံရသည္။
၁၉၅၈ ခုႏွစ္ ေမလ ၆ ရက္ေန႔တြင္ ဖဆပလအဖြဲ႕ခ်ဳပ္သည္ သန္႔ရွင္းဖဆပလႏွင့္
တည္ၿမဲဖဆပလဟူ ၍ ႏွစ္ျခမ္းအတိ အလင္းကြဲခဲ့သည္။ ၁၉၅၈ ခုႏွစ္ ဇြန္လ ၉ ရက္
ေန႔တြင္ ျပည္ေထာင္စုျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံ ပါလီမန္ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္အထူးအစည္းအေဝးတြင္
တည္ၿမဲဖဆပလမွ ဦးဗေဆြက ဦးႏုေခါင္းေဆာင္ေသာအစိုးရအေပၚ အယံုအၾကည္မရွိ
အဆိုတင္သြင္းခဲ့ရာ အဆိုကို ေထာက္ခံသူ ၁၁၉ မဲ၊ ကန္႔ကြက္သူ ၁၂၇ မဲရရွိၿပီး
ကန္႔ကြက္သည့္ဘက္က ၈ မဲအသာျဖင့္ ႐ႈံးနိမ့္သြားသည့္ အတြက္ ဦးႏုအစိုးရသည္
ဆက္လက္အာဏာတည္ၿမဲခဲ့ေသာ္လည္း သန္႔ရွင္း တည္ၿမဲဖဆပလ
ႏွစ္ဖက္အုပ္စုကြဲျပားမႈဂယက္ေၾကာင့္ ႏိုင္ငံ ေရးအေျခအေနမ်ား တေန႔တျခား
တင္းမာလာခဲ့သည္။ ထိုအေျခအေနကိုအခြင့္ေကာင္းယူ၍ ဗိုလ္ခ်ဳပ္ႀကီးေနဝင္းက
ဝန္ႀကီးခ်ဳပ္ဦးႏုအား အာဏာလႊဲေျပာင္းေပးရန္ ဗိုလ္မွဴးခ်ဳပ္ေအာင္ႀကီးႏွင့္
ဗိုလ္မွဴးခ်ဳပ္ေမာင္ေမာင္တို႔မွတဆင့္ေတာင္းဆိုခိုင္းရာ ဦးႏုက စစ္တပ္မွ
အာဏာသိမ္း ေရးအစီအစဥ္ကိုလက္မခံဘဲ လႊတ္ေတာ္မွတဆင့္ အာဏာလႊဲေျပာင္းေပးမႈအျဖစ္
ႏိုင္ငံေရးကုလားဖန္ထိုးကာ ၁၉၅၈ ခုႏွစ္ စက္တင္ဘာလ ၂၆ ရက္ေန႔တြင္
ဗိုလ္ခ်ဳပ္ႀကီးေနဝင္းကိုယ္တုိင္ ဝန္ႀကီးခ်ဳပ္အျဖစ္
အစိုးရအဖြဲ႕သစ္တစ္ဖြဲ႕ကိုဖြဲ႕စည္းၿပီးလွ်င္ ၁၉၅၉ ခုႏွစ္ ဧၿပီလမကုန္မီအ
တြင္း လြတ္လပ္၍တရားမွ်တေသာ အေထြေထြေ႐ြးေကာက္ပြဲႀကီးကိုက်င္းပႏိုင္ေအာင္
လိုအပ္သည့္အစီအစဥ္မ်ားကို ေဆာင္ရြက္ေပးရန္
ပန္ၾကားထားသည့္စာကိုေပးပို႔ခဲ့သည္။ ယင္းေန႔မွာပင္ ဗိုလ္ခ်ဳပ္ႀကီးေနဝင္းက
ႏိုင္ငံေတာ္ဝန္ႀကီးခ်ဳပ္ဦးႏုထံ အစီအစဥ္ကိုလက္ခံသည့္ ျပန္ ၾကားစာကို
ေပးပို႔ခဲ့သည္။ သို႔ေသာ္ အဆိုပါေပးစာႏွစ္ေစာင္စလံုးကို ဝန္ႀကီးခ်ဳပ္ဦးႏုပင္
ေရးသားခဲ့ေၾကာင္း သိရွိရေပသည္။<br />
<br />
ယင္းေနာက္ ျပည္ေထာင္စုျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံအမ်ိဳးသားညီၫြတ္ေရးတပ္ေပါင္းစု (ပမညတ)
အပါအဝင္ အတုိက္အခံႏိုင္ငံေရးသမားမ်ားက ကန္႔ ကြက္ေနသည့္ၾကားမွပင္ ၁၉၅၈
ခုႏွစ္ ေအာက္တိုဘာလ ၂၈ ရက္ေန႔တြင္ ႏိုင္ငံေတာ္ဝန္ႀကီးခ်ဳပ္ဦးႏုက
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္အစည္းအေဝး၌ တပ္မေတာ္ကာကြယ္ေရးဦးစီးခ်ဳပ္
ဗိုလ္ခ်ဳပ္ႀကီးေနဝင္းကို ဝန္ႀကီးခ်ဳပ္အျဖစ္ အဆိုတင္သြင္းခဲ့သည္။
ေအာက္တိုဘာလ ၂၉ ရက္ေန႔တြင္ ဗိုလ္ ခ်ဳပ္ႀကီးေနဝင္းေခါင္းေဆာင္ေသာ
အစိုးရအဖြဲ႕သစ္ က်မ္းသစၥာက်ိန္ဆို၍ ႏိုင္ငံေတာ္သမၼတဦးဝင္းေမာင္သည္
ဖြဲ႕စည္းအုပ္ခ်ဳပ္ပံုအေျခ ခံဥပေဒပုဒ္မ ၅၆ (၂) အရ ျပည္ေထာင္စုအစိုးရအဖြဲ႕ဝင္
ဝန္ႀကီးမ်ားကို ခန္႔အပ္သည္။<br />
<br />
အစိုးရအဖြဲ႕ယင္ဝန္ႀကီးမ်ားမွာ ..<br />
(၁) ဗိုလ္ခ်ဳပ္ႀကီးေနဝင္း - ႏိုင္ငံေတာ္ဝန္ႀကီးခ်ဳပ္၊ ကာကြယ္ေရးဌာန၊ အမ်ဳိးသားစီမံကိန္းဌာန။<br />
(၂) အဂၢမဟာသေရစည္သူသတိုးသီရိသုဓမၼ ဦးသိမ္းေမာင္ -
ဒုတိယဝန္ႀကီးခ်ဳပ္၊ႏိုင္ငံျခားေရးဌာန၊ သာသနာေရးဌာန၊ က်န္းမာေရးဌာန၊
ျပည္သူ႔ဝန္ထမ္းဌာန။<br />
(၃) စဝ္ဝဏၰ - ကယားျပည္နယ္ဌာန။<br />
(၄) မဟာသေရစည္သူဦးခင္ေမာင္ျဖဴ - ပည္ထဲေရးဝန္ႀကီးဌာန၊ ျပန္ၾကားေရးဌာန၊
ဒီမိုကေရစီေဒသႏၱရအဖြဲ႕မ်ား ဝန္ႀကီးဌာန၊ လူဝင္မႈႀကီး ၾကပ္ေရးႏွင့္
အမ်ိဳးသားမွတ္ပံုတင္ေရးဝန္ႀကီးဌာန။<br />
(၅) သတိုးမဟာသေရစည္သူ ဦးခ်န္ထြန္းေအာင္ - တရားေရးဝန္ႀကီးဌာန။<br />
(၆) ဦးေက်ာ္ၿငိမ္း - ဘ႑ာေရးႏွင့္အခြန္ေတာ္ဝန္ႀကီးဌာန။<br />
(၇) စည္သူဦးဘၾကား - ကုန္သြယ္မႈတိုးတက္ေရးဝန္ႀကီးဌာန၊ သမဝါယမႏွင့္ကုန္စည္ျဖန္႔ျဖဴးေရးဝန္ႀကီးဌာန၊ ပစၥည္းေထာက္ပံ့ေရး ဝန္ႀကီး ဌာန။<br />
(၈) သေရစည္သူ ဦးစံၫြန္႔ - သယ္ယူပို႔ေဆာင္ေရး၊
စာတိုက္ႏွင့္ေၾကးနန္းဝန္ႀကီးဌာန၊ ေရေၾကာင္းႏွင့္
ၿမိဳ႕ျပေလေၾကာင္းဝန္ႀကီးဌာန၊ ျပည္သူ႔လုပ္ငန္း၊ အိမ္ယာေဆာက္လုပ္ေရး
ႏွင့္ျပန္လည္ထူေထာင္ေရးဝန္ႀကီးဌာန။<br />
(၉) ဦးကာ - ပညာေရးဝန္ႀကီးဌာန၊ လယ္ယာစိုက္ပ်ဳိးေရးႏွင့္ သစ္ေတာေရးရာဝန္ႀကီးဌာန၊ လယ္ယာေျမႏိုင္ငံပိုင္ျပဳလုပ္ေရးဝန္ႀကီးဌာန။<br />
(၁၀) သီရိပ်ံခ်ီ ဦးခ်စ္ေသာင္ - စက္မႈလက္မႈဝန္ႀကီးဌာန၊ သတၱဳတြင္းႏွင့္
အလုပ္သမားဝန္ႀကီးဌာန၊ ျပည္ေထာင္စုယဥ္ေက်းမႈဝန္ႀကီးဌာန တို႔ျဖစ္သည္။<br />
<br />
သို႔ေသာ္ ဗိုလ္ခ်ဳပ္ႀကီးေနဝင္းဦးေဆာင္ေသာ အိမ္ေစာင့္အစိုးရသည္ (၆)
လျပည့္သည့္တုိင္ေအာင္ ေရြးေကာက္ပြဲက်င္းပမေပးႏိုင္၍ ပါလီ
မန္အမတ္မဟုတ္သူတစ္ေယာက္ (၆) လထက္ေက်ာ္လြန္ၿပီး ဝန္ႀကီး (သို႔မဟုတ္)
ဝန္ႀကီးခ်ဳပ္လုပ္ခြင့္မျပဳဆိုသည့္ ဖြဲ႕စည္းပံုအေျခခံဥပ ေဒပုဒ္မ (၁၁၆)
ကိုျပင္ဆင္၍ ေနာက္ထပ္ (၆) လတိုးေပးရန္ေတာင္းဆိုခဲ့ရာ ပါလီမန္၌
အတုိက္အခံမ်ား၏ အျပင္းအထန္ကန္႔ကြက္ျခင္း ခံရသည္။ ယင္းေနာက္ ၁၉၅၉ ခုႏွစ္၊
ေဖေဖာ္ဝါရီလ ၃ ရက္ေန႔တြင္ ဝန္ႀကီးခ်ဳပ္ဗိုလ္ခ်ဳပ္ႀကီးေနဝင္းက
ႏိုင္ငံေတာ္သမၼတထံ ဝန္ႀကီးခ်ဳပ္ရာ ထူးမွ ႏႈတ္ထြက္လႊာတင္သြင္းသည္။<br />
<br />
၁၉၅၉ ခုႏွစ္၊ ေဖေဖာ္ဝါရီလ ၂၆ ရက္ေန႔တြင္က်င္းပေသာ
ပါလီမန္ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ႏွင့္ လူမ်ိဳးစုလႊတ္ေတာ္ လႊတ္ေတာ္ ၂ ရပ္ တြဲဖက္ညီ
လာခံတြင္ သိမ္ျဖဴေတာင္ပိုင္းအမတ္ ဦးေက်ာ္ၿငိမ္းက အေျခခံဥပေဒပုဒ္မ (၁၁၆)
ကိုျပင္ဆင္ရန္ အဂၤလိပ္ျမန္မာ ႏွစ္ဘာသာျဖင့္ေရးဆြဲထား သည့္ ၁၉၅၉ ခုႏွစ္
ဖြဲ႕စည္းအုပ္ခ်ဳပ္ပံုအေျခခံဥပေဒျပင္ဆင္ခ်က္ဥပေဒၾကမ္းကို တင္သြင္းခဲ့သည္။
ဥပေဒၾကမ္းကို သေဘာတူသူ ၃၀၄မဲ၊ ကန္႔ကြက္မဲ ၂၉ မဲျဖင့္ အဆိုကိုအတည္ျပဳခဲ့သည္။<br />
<br />
ဤသို႔ျဖင့္ ၁၉၅၉ ခုႏွစ္ ေဖေဖာ္ဝါရီလ၂၇ ရက္ေန႔တြင္ ဗိုလ္ခ်ဳပ္ႀကီးေနဝင္းသည္
ပါလီမန္တြင္ ဝန္ႀကီးခ်ဳပ္အျဖစ္ ျပန္လည္ေရြးေကာက္ခံရၿပီး ညေန ၅ နာရီတြင္
ဗိုလ္ခ်ဳပ္ႀကီးေနဝင္းႏွင့္ အစိုးရသစ္ဝန္ႀကီးမ်ား က်မ္းသစၥာက်ိန္ဆိုခဲ့သည္။
ဤသို႔ျဖင့္ ဗိုလ္ခ်ဳပ္ႀကီးေနဝင္းသည္ ၁၉၆၀ ျပည့္ႏွစ္ ဧၿပီလအထိ ဝန္ႀကီးခ်ဳပ္၊
ကာကြယ္ေရးဝန္ႀကီးႏွင့္ အမ်ဳိးသားစီမံကိန္းဝန္ႀကီး တာဝန္မ်ားကို
ထမ္းေဆာင္ခဲ့သည္။ ၁၉၆၀ ျပည့္ႏွစ္ ဇန္နဝါရီလ ၂၈ ရက္ေန႔တြင္
တ႐ုတ္-ျမန္မာႏွစ္ႏိုင္ငံနယ္နိမိတ္ျပႆနာဆိုင္ရာ သေဘာတူစာခ်ဳပ္ကို
ခ်ဳပ္ဆိုခဲ့သည္။ ထို႔ေနာက္ ၁၉၆၀ ျပည့္ႏွစ္ ေဖေဖာ္ဝါရီလ ၆ ရက္ေန႔တြင္
ပါလီမန္ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ အေထြေထြေရြးေကာက္ပြဲကိုက်င္းပၿပီးေနာက္
အႏိုင္ရရွိေသာ သန္႔႐ွင္းဖဆပလအဖြဲ႕(ေနာင္ပထစပါတီ) အား
အာဏာလႊဲေျပာင္းေပးခဲ့သည္။<br />
<br />
အာဏာလႊဲအပ္ၿပီး ၁ ႏွစ္ ၁၀ လ ၂ ရက္အၾကာ ၁၉၆၂ ခု ႏွစ္မတ္လ ၂ ရက္ေန႔တြင္
ဗိုလ္ခ်ဳပ္ႀကီးေနဝင္းဦးေဆာင္ေသာ ေတာ္လွန္ေရး ေကာင္စီက
ပထစအစိုးရကိုျဖဳတ္ခ်ဖယ္ရွားကာ ႏိုင္ငံေတာ္အာဏာကို
ဒုတိယအႀကိမ္သိမ္းယူခဲ့သည္။ ေတာ္လွန္ေရးေကာင္စီသည္ ႏိုင္ငံ
ေတာ္အာဏာသိမ္းယူၿပီးေနာက္ ပါလီမန္ဒီမိုကေရစီစနစ္ကိုဖ်က္သိမ္း၍ ၁၉၆၂ ခုႏွစ္
ဇူလိုင္လ ၄ ရက္ေန႔တြင္ ျမန္မာ့ဆိုရွယ္လစ္လမ္းစဥ္ ပါတီကို စတင္တည္ေထာင္၍
ပါတီဥကၠ႒အျဖစ္တာဝန္ယူခဲ့သည္။ ၁၉၇၂ ခုႏွစ္ ဧၿပီလ ၂၀ ရက္ေန႔တြင္
ကာကြယ္ေရးဦးစီးခ်ဳပ္ရာထူးမွ အၿငိမ္းစားယူ၍ ၁၉၇၄ ခုႏွစ္တြင္
ႏိုင္ငံေတာ္ဖြဲ႕စည္းပံုအေျခခံဥပေဒသစ္ကို ေရးဆြဲအတည္ျပဳျပ႒ာန္း၍
တစ္ပါတီအာဏာရွင္စနစ္ျဖင့္ ဆို ရွယ္လစ္စီးပြားေရးစနစ္ကိုက်င့္သံုးခဲ့ရာ
ေတာ္လွန္ေရးေကာင္စီဥကၠ႒အျဖစ္ ၁၉၆၂ ခုႏွစ္မွ ၁၉၇၄ ခုႏွစ္အထိလည္းေကာင္း၊
မဆလပါတီ ဥကၠ႒အျဖစ္ ၁၉၆၂ ခုႏွစ္မွ ၁၉၈၈ ခုႏွစ္အထိလည္းေကာင္း၊
ႏိုင္ငံေတာ္ေကာင္စီဥကၠ႒အျဖစ္ ၁၉၇၄ ခုႏွစ္မွ ၁၉၈၁ ခုႏွစ္အထိလည္းေကာင္း၊
ႏိုင္ငံေတာ္သမၼတအျဖစ္ ၁၉၇၄ ခုႏွစ္မွ ၁၉၈၁ ခုႏွစ္အထိလည္းေကာင္း
ေဆာင္ရြက္ခဲ့သည္။<br />
<br />
ဦးေနဝင္းဦးေဆာင္ေသာ ျမန္မာ့ဆို႐ွယ္လစ္လမ္းစဥ္ပါတီေခၚ
တစ္ပါတီအာဏာ႐ွင္ေခတ္အတြင္း ေလးႏွစ္စီမံကိန္းမ်ားျဖင့္ အေကာင္အ
ထည္ေဖာ္ခဲ့ေသာ္လည္း ေအာင္ျမင္မႈမရရွိျခင္း၊ ျပည္ပေစ်းကြက္သို႔
ပို႔ကုန္မ်ားတိုးခ်ဲ႕မတင္ပို႔ႏိုင္ျခင္း၊
ရင္းႏွီးျမႇဳပ္ႏွံမႈခြဲေဝပံုမွားယြင္းျခင္း၊ အုပ္ခ်ဳပ္ေရးညံ့ဖ်င္းျခင္း၊
ႏိုင္ငံျခားေငြသံုးစြဲမႈလိုေငြႀကီးမားလာျခင္း၊ ျပည္ပေႂကြးၿမီမ်ား အဆမတန္
ျမင့္မားလာျခင္း၊ ျပည္သူလူထုစားဝတ္ေနေရးတျဖည္းျဖည္းက်ပ္တည္းလာျခင္း၊
အက်င့္ပ်က္ျခစားမႈမ်ားမသမာမႈမ်ား၊ ကိုယ္က်ဳိးရွာမႈမ်ားတုိးပြားလာကာ
ျပည္သူလူထုသည္ ႏိုင္ငံ ေရး၊ စီးပြားေရး၊ လူမႈေရးက႑ေပါင္းစံု
ဒုကၡဆင္းရဲမႈမ်ိဳးစံု ႀကံဳေတြ႕လာခဲ့ရသည္။ ဤသို႔ျဖင့္ သယံဇာတေပါႂကြယ္ဝလွေသာ
ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံသည္ မဆလ၂၆ ႏွစ္တာကာလအတြင္း ဒုကၡဆင္းရဲတြင္း နက္သည္ထက္နက္ကာ
ေနာက္ဆံုးတြင္ ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံသည္ ၁၉၈၇ ခုႏွစ္ ဒီဇင္ဘာ
လ၁၁ရက္ေန႔တြင္က်င္းပခဲ့ေသာ အေထြေထြညီလာခံတြင္ (၉၆) ႀကိမ္ေျမာက္
အစည္းအေဝးဆံုးျဖတ္ခ်က္ (၄၂/၄၈) အရ ကမၻာ့ဖြံ႕ၿဖိဳးမႈ အနည္းဆံုးႏိုင္ငံအျဖစ္
စာရင္းဝင္သြားခဲ့ရေပသည္။<br />
<br />
ဤသို႔ လူထုတရပ္လံုးဆင္းရဲတြင္းနက္ေနစဥ္အတြင္း ‘ဗူးေလးရာဖ႐ုံဆင့္ပမာ’ ၁၉၈၅
ခုႏွစ္ ႏိုဝင္ဘာလ ၃ ရက္ေန႔တြင္ တႏိုင္ငံလံုး၌ လွည့္ ပတ္သံုးစြဲလ်က္ရွိေသာ
က်ပ္ ၁၀၀ တန္၊ ၂၅ က်ပ္တန္၊ ၂၀ တန္တို႔ကိုလည္းေကာင္း၊ ျပည္ေထာင္စုဘဏ္မွ ၁၉၈၅
ခုႏွစ္ ႏုိဝင္ဘာလ ၁၀ ရက္ေန႔တြင္ထုတ္ေဝထားေသာ ၇၅ က်ပ္တန္၊ ၂၅ က်ပ္တန္၊ ၃၅
က်ပ္တန္၊ ေငြစကၠဴမ်ားကို ၁၉၈၇ ခုႏွစ္ စက္တင္ဘာလ ၅ ရက္ေန႔တြင္
တရားဝင္ေငြအျဖစ္မွ ရပ္စဲလုိက္မႈေၾကာင့္လည္းေကာင္း လူထုတရပ္လံုး
ေခြၽးနဲစာျဖင့္ စုေဆာင္းသိမ္းဆည္းထားေသာေငြစကၠဴမ်ားသည္ စကၠဴစုတ္ျဖစ္ကာ
မေက်နပ္မႈမ်ား ေပါက္ကြဲအံုႂကြလာေတာ့သည္။<br />
<br />
ထို႔ေနာက္ ျမန္မာ့ဆို႐ွယ္လစ္လမ္းစဥ္ပါတီဥကၠ႒အျဖစ္ တာဝန္ယူေနစဥ္အတြင္း ၁၉၈၈
ခုႏွစ္ မတ္လ ၁၂ ၇က္ေန႔တြင္ ရန္ကုန္ၿမိဳ႕ ႀကိဳ႕ကုန္း ဘူတာအနီး
စႏၵာဝင္းလၻက္ရည္ဆိုင္၌ ရန္ကုန္စက္မႈတကၠသိုလ္ေက်ာင္းသားႏွင့္
ရပ္ကြက္ေကာင္စီဥကၠ႒၏သားတို႔ ခိုက္ရန္ျဖစ္ပြားရာမွစ၍
အေထြေထြမေက်နပ္မႈစတင္ေပါက္ကြဲကာ လူထုအံုႂကြေသာ
ရွစ္ဆယ့္ရွွစ္ဒီမိုကေရစီအေရးေတာ္ပံုႀကီး ေပၚေပါက္လာခဲ့သည္။
ရွစ္ဆယ့္ရွစ္ဒီမိုကေရစီအေရးေတာ္ပံုျဖစ္ပြားေနစဥ္၊ ၁၉၈၈ ခုႏွစ္ ဇူလိုင္လ ၂၃
ရက္ေန႔တြင္ အေရးေပၚပါတီညီလာခံက်င္းပ၍ တစ္ပါတီစနစ္မွ ပါတီစံု
စနစ္အျဖစ္ေျပာင္းလဲရန္ေၾကညာၿပီး ပါတီဥကၠ႒ရာထူးမွ ႏႈတ္ထြက္ခဲ့သည္။
ႏႈတ္ထြက္သည့္ေန႔၌ ပါတီညီလာခံတြင္ ဦးေနဝင္းက “ေနာက္ ကို
လူစုလူေဝးနဲ႔ဆူဆူပူပူလုပ္လို႔ရွိရင္ေတာ့ စစ္တပ္ဆိုတာ ပစ္ရင္
မွန္ေအာင္ပစ္တယ္။ မိုးေပၚေထာင္ၿပီး ေျခာက္တာမပါဘူး။ အဲဒီေတာ့ ေနာင္ကို
ဆူဆူပူပူလုပ္မယ္ဆိုရင္ေတာ့ တပ္ကိုသံုးလို႔ရွိရင္ေတာ့ အဲဒါဆူတဲ့လူေတြ
မသက္သာဘူးသာမွတ္ေပေတာ့လို႔ ကြၽန္ေတာ္ ဒီကေန႔ ေျပာပါတယ္”ဟူ၍ေျပာၾကားကာ
တပ္ႏွင့္ျပည္သူကို ေသြးခြဲခဲ့ေလသည္။<br />
<br />
ဦးေနဝင္းသည္ ၎၏ဘဝတေလွ်ာက္ တရားဝင္အိမ္ေထာင္ေပါင္း (၇) ႀကိမ္ခန္႔က်ခဲ့ၿပီး
ပထမဆံုးအိမ္ေထာင္အျဖစ္ ေဒၚသိန္းၫြန္႔ႏွင့္လက္ ထပ္၍ သားေက်ာ္သိန္း (တာတီး)
ထြန္းကားခဲ့သည္။ ထို႔ေနာက္ ေဒၚတင္တင္ႏွင့္ ၁၉၃၅ ခုႏွစ္တြင္
ဒုတိယအိမ္ေထာင္ျပဳကာ သားေငြစိုးႏွင့္ ေအးေအာင္တို႔ ထြန္းကားသည္။ ယင္းေနာက္
ခြဲစိတ္ကုသမားေတာ္ႀကီးေဒါက္တာဘသန္း၏သမီး ကစ္ကီဘသန္းေခၚ ေဒၚခင္ေမသန္းႏွင့္
၁၉၅၀ ခုႏွစ္တြင္ထိမ္းျမားလက္ထပ္၍ သမီးစႏၵာဝင္း၊ ေၾကးမံုဝင္း၊
ၿဖိဳးေနဝင္းတို႔ထြန္းကားခဲ့သည္။ ေဒၚခင္ေမသန္း၏ ပထမအိမ္ေထာင္မွာ
ေဒါက္တာေတာင္ႀကီး (ဝန္ႀကီးခ်ဳပ္ဦးႏုသမီး ေဒၚစန္းစန္းႏု၏ခင္ပြန္း
ဗိုလ္မွဴးသက္တင္၏အစ္ကို) ျဖစ္ၿပီး ၎ႏွင့္ သမီးလီလီဝင္းႏွင့္ အႁမႊာ
သမီးမ်ားျဖစ္ၾကေသာ သီတာဝင္း၊ ေသာ္တာဝင္းတို႔ ထြန္းကားခဲ့သည္။
ေဒါက္တာေတာင္ႀကီးႏွင့္ တရားဝင္ျပတ္စဲျခင္းမရွိဘဲ ေဒၚခင္ေမ
သန္းအားလက္ထပ္ခဲ့မႈေၾကာင့္ တပ္မေတာ္ဥပေဒျဖင့္ ဝန္ႀကီးခ်ဳပ္ဦးႏုက
ဦးေနဝင္းအား ကာကြယ္ေရးဦးစီးခ်ဳပ္ရာထူးမွဖယ္ရွားရန္ စီစဥ္ေန စဥ္အတြင္း
ဝိဓူရသခင္ခ်စ္ေမာင္အပါအဝင္ အျခားႏိုင္ငံေရးေခါင္းေဆာင္မ်ား
ဝိုင္းဝန္းတာျမစ္ခဲ့သျဖင့္ မျဖဳတ္ပစ္ခဲ့ရေပ။ ၁၉၇၂ ခုႏွစ္တြင္
ေဒၚခင္ေမသန္းကြယ္လြန္ၿပီးေနာက္ ေဒၚနီနီျမင့္ႏွင့္ လက္ထပ္ခဲ့သည္။
ေဒၚနီနီျမင့္ႏွင့္ သားသမီးမထြန္းကားခဲ့ေပ။ ယင္းေနာက္ ေဒၚနီနီျမင့္ႏွင့္
ကြာရွင္းၿပီးေနာက္ June Rose Bellamy ေခၚ အိမ္ေရွ႕စံ
ကေနာင္မင္းသားႀကီး၏ျမစ္ ရတနာနတ္မယ္ႏွင့္ ၁၉၇၅ ခုႏွစ္ မတ္လ ၂၅ ရက္ေန႔ တြင္
ထိမ္းျမားလက္ထပ္ခဲ့သည္။ ရတနာနတ္မယ္၏မိခင္မွာ လင္းပင္မင္းသားႀကီး၏ သမီးေတာ္
ထိပ္တင္မလတ္ျဖစ္ၿပီး ဖခင္မွာ ၾသစေၾတးလ်ႏိုင္ငံသား အဂၤလိပ္လူမ်ိဳး
ဘြတ္ကီျမင္းပြဲဒိုင္ Mr. Herbert Bellamy ျဖစ္သည္။ ရတနာနတ္မယ္ႏွင့္
ဦးေနဝင္းသည္ သားသမီး မထြန္းကားခဲ့ေသာ္လည္း ရတနာနတ္မယ္၏ပထမအိမ္ေထာင္မွာ
အီတာလ်ံလူမ်ိဳးျဖစ္ၿပီး ကမၻာ့က်န္းမာေရးအဖြဲ႕မွ ျမန္မာျပည္တြင္တာဝန္က်
ေနေသာဆရာဝန္ျဖစ္ၿပီး ယင္းႏွင့္သားႏွစ္ေယာက္ရခဲ့သည္။ ရတနာနတ္မယ္ႏွင့္
တစ္ႏွစ္အၾကာတြင္ အိမ္ေထာင္ေရးၿပိဳကြဲကာ ေဒၚနီနီျမင့္
(ရန္ကုန္တကၠသိုလ္သမိုင္းသုေတသန ၫႊန္ၾကားေရးမွဴးခ်ဳပ္ေဟာင္း) ႏွင့္
ျပန္လည္ေပါင္းသင္းခဲ့သည္။ ယခုအခါ ရတနာနတ္မယ္သည္ အီ တလီႏိုင္ငံ၌
ျပန္လည္ေနထိုင္လ်က္ရွိသည္။ ထို႔ေနာက္ ၎အသက္ ၇၇ ႏွစ္တြင္ အသက္ ၂၅ ႏွစ္အရြယ္
ရခိုင္အမ်ိဳးသမီး ေဒၚၾကာဆန္အား လက္ထပ္ခဲ့ျပန္သည္။<br />
<br />
ဦးေနဝင္းသည္ ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံတြင္ အာဏာ႐ွင္စနစ္ကို ထူေထာင္ကာ (၂၆) ႏွစ္တုိင္
လူထုအား နည္းမ်ိဳးစံုျဖင့္ ႏွိပ္ကြပ္ဖိႏွိပ္ စိုးမိုးအုပ္ခ်ဳပ္ကာ
သံယံဇာတေပါႂကြယ္ဝ၍ လူသားအရင္းအျမစ္ဖြ႕ံၿဖိဳးေနေသာႏိုင္ငံေတာ္အား
ကမၻာ့အဆင္းရဲဆံုႏိုင္ငံ စာရင္းဝင္ျဖစ္ေအာင္ ထူးခြၽန္ေျပာင္ ေျမာက္စြာ
ေဆာင္ရြက္သြားခဲ့သည္။ သူ၏အာဏာသက္တမ္းတေလွ်ာက္
မည္ကဲ့သို႔ေသာစိန္ေခၚမႈမ်ိဳးႏွင့္ သူ႔အားဆန္႔က်င္သူမွန္သမွ်ကို လက္ဦးမႈယူကာ
အကြက္က်က်ၿဖိဳခြင္းသြားႏုိင္ခဲ့သျဖင့္ ကမၻာ့အာဏာရွင္မ်ားကပင္
အံ့ၾသခဲ့ရေပသည္။<br />
<br />
ဦးေနဝင္းသည္ ၈၈ အေရးေတာ္ပံုႀကီးေၾကာင့္ မဆလပါတီမွႏႈတ္ထြက္သြားရၿပီးေနာက္
ေခတၱတိမ္ျမႇဳပ္ေနခဲ့သည္။ ယင္းေနာက္ ၁၉၈၉ ခု ႏွစ္ မတ္လ ၂၇ ရက္ (၄၄)
ႏွစ္ေျမာက္ေတာ္လွန္ေရးေန႔တြင္ စစ္ဝတ္စံုအျပည့္ဝတ္၍ တပ္မေတာ္ညစာစားပြဲတြင္
တပည့္လက္သားသြား ေလသူ ဗိုလ္ခ်ဳပ္မွဴးႀကီးေစာေမာင္၊
ဗိုလ္ခ်ဳပ္ႀကီးသန္းေရႊႏွင့္ အျခားၾကည္းေရေလ တပ္မေတာ္ေခါင္းေဆာင္အခ်ိဳ႕ႏွင့္
စားပြဲဝိုင္းတြင္အတူ ထိုင္ကာ လူထုအားရယ္သြမ္းျပေနပံုကို
ပထမဆံုးေတြ႕ျမင္ခဲ့ရသည္။ တဖန္ ၁၉၉၇ ခုႏွစ္ စက္တင္ဘလတြင္
အင္ဒိုနီးရွားသမၼတဆူဟာတိုထံ ေခတၱအလည္သြားၿပီးေနာက္ ေပ်ာက္ခ်င္းမလွ
ေပ်ာက္သြားခဲ့ျပန္သည္။ ထို႔ေနာက္ ေဆးစစ္မႈခံယူရန္အေၾကာင္းျပခ်က္ျဖင့္
စကၤာပူသို႔သြား ေရာက္ခဲ့သည္။ သူ၏ေနာက္ဆံုးျပည္ပခရီးစဥ္အျဖစ္
ထိုခရီးစဥ္၏သတင္းဓာတ္ပံုတြင္ ဇရာေထာင္း၍ ဖြတ္ဖြတ္ေၾကေနသည့္ သူ၏႐ုပ္သြင္၌
အတၱ၊ မာနတို႔ လံုးဝမက်ေသးေၾကာင္း ေပၚလြင္ေနသည္။<br />
<br />
သူသည္ ပညာဉာဏ္နည္းၿပီး ေလာဘသကၠယႀကီးသူျဖစ္သည္ႏွင့္အညီ သခၤါရတရားႏွင့္
ဆင္ျခင္တံုတရားကင္းမဲ့စြာျဖင့္ ဂမၻီရဆန္ဆန္ အယူသီးမႈမ်ားႏွင့္
လံုးေထြးရစ္ပတ္ေနျပန္သည္။ သူသည္ ဂဏန္းေဗဒင္အရ ‘၆’ဂဏန္းသမားျဖစ္ရာ ‘၉’
ဂဏန္းကို သူ႔ဘဝ၏ အေရးပါအရာ ေရာက္ေသာ က်ိဳးေပးဂဏန္းဟု မွတ္ယူထားထားပံုရသည္။
ဗိုလ္ခ်ဳပ္ေစာေမာင္ကို အာဏာသိမ္းခိုင္းစဥ္မွာပင္ ‘၉’ဂဏန္းသက္ေရာက္ေစရန္
‘နဝတ’ ဟု အမည္ေပးခဲ့သည္။ (န=၇ + ဝ=၄ + တ=၇) ထို႔အျပင္
ဒီမိုကေရစီအေရးေတာ္ပုံႀကီးအား စက္တင္ဘာလ ၁၈ ရက္ေန႔တြင္ သူ
ကိုယ္တုိင္တြက္ခ်က္၍ အာဏာသိမ္းခုိင္းသည္။ သူ႔အသက္ ၇၇ ႏွစ္တြင္ အသက္ ၉၉
ႏွစ္အထိ ဆြဲဆန္႔လိုသျဖင့္ ၁၉၈၇ ခုႏွစ္ စက္ တင္ဘာလ ၂၂ ရက္ေန႔တြင္
မည္သည့္ႏိုင္ငံမွမထုတ္ေဝဘူးေသာ ၄၅ က်ပ္တန္ႏွင့္ ၉၀ က်ပ္တန္ ေငြစကၠဴကို
ထုတ္ေဝခိုင္းခဲ့သည္။ တဖန္ သူ႔အသက္ ၉၀ တြင္ အသက္ ၉၉ ႏွစ္အထိဆြဲဆန္႔လိုသျဖင့္
အားလံုးေပါင္းလွ်င္ ‘၉’ ဂဏန္းက်ေရာက္ေသာ ၂၀၀၁ ခုႏွစ္ မတ္လ ၂၁ ရက္ ေန႔တြင္
ဆီဒိုးနားဟိုတယ္ႀကီး၌ သိကၡာရင့္ဝါႀကီးဆရာေတာ္ႀကီး (၉၉) ပါးကိုပင့္ေဆာင္ၿပီး
ေဆြမ်ိဳးမ်ားႏွင့္ မဆလေခတ္တပည့္ တပန္းမ်ား အပါအဝင္ ဧည့္သည္ေတာ္ (၅၀၄)
ေယာက္ကိုဖိတ္ေခၚ၍ ဆြမ္းကပ္ခဲ့ျပန္သည္။ ေလာကီအစီအမံမ်ားျဖင့္ သူ႔အသက္ကို ၉၉
ႏွစ္ဆြဲဆန္႔ခဲ့ ေသာ္လည္း သူ႕ဆႏၵမျပည့္ဝဘဲ ၉၂ ႏွစ္သာ အသက္ရွည္ခဲ့ရသည္။
မည္သုိ႔ဆိုေစ ဓမၼပဒလာ “ပညာလည္းမရွိ၊ တည္ၾကည္ျခင္းလည္း မရွိေသာသူ၏
အႏွစ္တစ္ရာပတ္လံုး အသက္႐ွည္ျခင္းထက္ ပညာရွိ၍ ကမၼ႒ာန္း႐ႈေသာသူ၏ ၁ ရက္တာမွ်
အသက္႐ွည္ျခင္းသည္ သာ၍ ျမတ္၏” ဟူေသာတရားစကားကို သူသည္ သိပံုမေပၚေခ်။<br />
<br />
ယင္းေနာက္ ၂၀၀၁ ခုႏွစ္ ဒီဇင္ဘာလ ၂၆ ရက္ေန႔တြင္က်င္းပျပဳလုပ္ေသာ
သူ႔သမီးခင္စႏၵာဝင္း၏လက္ထပ္မဂၤလာ (၂၆) ႏွစ္ေျမာက္ အ ခမ္းအနားတြင္ သူ႔ကို
မျမင္ခ်င္အဆံုး တဖန္ေတြ႕ရျပန္သည္။ သူတို႔၏ အလွ်ံပယ္ေကြၽးေမြးဧည့္ခံမႈႏွင့္
ေပ်ာ္ရႊင္ျမဴးတူးကခုန္မႈမ်ားက ျမန္ မာျပည္တဝွမ္းတြင္ ငတ္မြတ္ေခါင္းပါးကာ
ဆင္းရဲတြင္းနက္ေနေသာ ျပည္သူလူထု၏ ခံစားမႈေဝဒနာအေပါင္းကို
ျပက္ရယ္မႈျပဳသကဲ့သို႔ ျဖစ္ ေနခဲ့ျပန္သည္။<br />
<br />
ထို႔ေနာက္ ျမန္မာစစ္အာဏာ႐ွင္တို႔၏ ေခါင္းေဆာင္ႀကီးဦးေနဝင္းသည္
သူ႔ထက္လက္ေစာင္းထက္ခဲ့ေသာ စစ္အာဏာရွင္လက္သစ္ ဗိုလ္
ခ်ဳပ္မွဴးႀကီးသန္းေရႊလက္ထက္၌ ၂၀၀၁ ခုႏွစ္ မတ္လ ၇ ရက္ေန႔တြင္ မေအာင္ျမင္ေသာ
အာဏာသိမ္းရန္ၾကံစည္မႈျဖင့္ ဦးေနဝင္းအပါအဝင္ သူ၏အခ်စ္ဆံုးသမီးခင္စႏၵာဝင္း၊
၎၏သားမက္ေအးေဇာ္ဝင္းႏွင့္ သူ၏ေျမးခ်စ္မ်ားျဖစ္သည့္ ေအးေနဝင္း၊ ေက်ာ္ေနဝင္း၊
ဇြဲေနဝင္းတို႔သည္ ဖမ္းဆီးအေရးယူခံရသည္။ ယင္းအမႈတြင္ ခင္စႏၵာဝင္းသည္
အတြင္းက်က်ပါဝင္ပတ္သက္ခဲ့သည္ဆိုေသာ္လည္း အစြပ္အစြဲခံ သူ႔ေယာက္်ား ႏွင့္
သားမ်ားေထာင္က်ခဲ့ရေသာ္လည္း ခင္စႏၵာဝင္းႏွင့္သူ႔ဖခင္ ဦးေနဝင္းတို႔မွာ
အိမ္တြင္းအက်ယ္ခ်ဳပ္ခ်ခံရသည္။ တန္ခိုးအာဏာ တခ်ိန္က
မည္မွ်ပင္ႀကီးထြားေစခဲ့ပါမူ တေန႔တြင္ တန္ျပန္ခံရၿပီး၊ မေကာင္းမႈစိတ္ျဖင့္
ျပဳလုပ္ခဲ့မႈအစုစုသည္ လွည္းဘီးသည္ ဝန္ကိုေဆာင္ေသာ ႏြား၏ ေျခရာသို႔
အစဥ္လိုက္သကဲ့သို႔ မေကာင္းမႈသည္ အစဥ္လုိက္သည္ကို သူသိရွိသြားမည္ထင္ပါသည္။<br />
<br />
ဤသို႔ျဖင့္ စိတ္ဆင္းရဲ ကိုယ္ဆင္းရဲဘဝျဖင့္ ဦးေနဝင္းသည္ ၂၀၀၂ ခုႏွစ္
ဒီဇင္ဘာလ ၅ ရက္ေန႔ သူ႔အသက ္၉၂ ႏွစ္တြင္ ေနာက္ဆံုးဇီဝိန္ခ်ဳပ္
သြားခဲ့ရေလသည္။ သြားေလသူ ဆရာ့ဆရာႀကီးဦးေနဝင္း၏အသုဘကို
ႏိုင္ငံေတာ္စ်ာပနလုပ္ဖို႔ေဝးစြ နဝတစစ္ေခါင္းေဆာင္မ်ား မည္သူမွ်
လာေရာက္ေမးျမန္မႈပင္ မျပဳခဲ့ၾကေခ်။ သူ၏နာေရးသတင္းကို အစိုးရက
တရားဝင္ထုတ္ျပန္ေၾကညာမႈမျပဳခဲ့သည့္အျပင္ သူ၏နာေရးသ တင္းကို
အစိုးရထုတ္သတင္းစာမ်ား၌ သူကြယ္လြန္ၿပီး (၃) ရက္အၾကာ ၂၀၀၂ ခုႏွစ္
ဒီဇင္ဘာလ၇ရက္ေန႔က်မွ စာေပစိစစ္ေရး၏ ျဖတ္ ေတာက္မႈျဖင့္ မိသားစုက
ထုတ္ျပန္ခြင့္ရခဲ့သည္။<br />
<br />
နာေရးသတင္းမွာ-<br />
<br />
ဦးေနဝင္း (အသက္၉၃ႏွစ္) [၁၉၁၁ ခု၊ ေမလ၂၄ ရက္ေန႔ဖြား] အမွတ္ (၁၉) ေမခလမ္း၊
မရမ္းကုန္းၿမိဳ႕နယ္၊ ရန္ကုန္တုိင္းေန ေဒၚခင္ေမသန္း (ကြယ္လြန္) ၏ခင္ပြန္း၊
ဦးသိန္းၫႊန္႔၊ ဦးေငြစိုး၊ ဦးေအးေအာင္၊ လီလီဝင္း၊ သီတာဝင္း၊
ေဒါက္တာေသာ္တာဝင္း၊ ခင္စႏၵာဝင္း၊ ေၾကးမံုဝင္း၊ ၿဖိဳးေနဝင္းတို႔၏ဖခင္။
ေအးေနဝင္း၊ ေက်ာ္ေနဝင္း၊ ဇြဲေနဝင္းတို႔၏အဖိုးသည္ ၂၀၀၂ ခုႏွစ္ ဒီဇင္ဘာလ ၅
ရက္ေန႔ နံနက္ ၇ နာရီ ၃၀ မိနစ္တြင္ ကြယ္လြန္ခဲ့ၿပီး ကြယ္လြန္သူ၏ဆႏၵအရ
သူ၏႐ုပ္အေလာင္းကို ေရေဝးသုႆန္၌ ေန႔လည္ ၁ နာရီ ၃၀ မိနစ္တြင္
မီးသၿဂႋဟ္ခဲ့ၿပီးျဖစ္ေၾကာင္း။ လုိက္ပါပို႔ေဆာင္သူမ်ား၊
သူ႔မက်န္းမမာစဥ္ႏွင့္ ေက်းဇူးရွင္ဖခင္၏ အသုဘအစီအစဥ္တြင္
ကူညီမႈေပးခဲ့ၾကသူမ်ားကို ေက်းဇူးတင္ရွိပါေၾကာင္း ေဖာ္ျပအပ္ပါသည္။<br />
က်န္ရစ္သူမိသားစု။<br />
<br />
မည္သုိ႔ဆိုေစ… ၉ ဂဏန္းကို ျမတ္ႏိုးစံုမက္လွေသာ သူ၏ေနာက္ဆံုးခရီး၌ ကား ‘၉’
စီး၊ မိသားစုဝင္ ‘၉’ ဦးျဖင့္ မလွမပပို႔ေဆာင္ခဲ့သည္ကို ေတြ႕ရ၍
တိုက္ဆိုင္မႈပင္ေလာ။ သို႔တည္းမဟုတ္ အာဏာရွင္တို႔၏
ေနာက္ဆံုးဇာတ္သိမ္းပိုင္းသည္ ဤသို႔ပင္ျဖစ္ခဲ့ရသည္ပါတကားဟု သံ
ေဝဂရရွိေနမိပါေတာ့သည္။</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span class="meta_author">Credit : Rohingya Blogger</span> </div>Rowannyahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11315383992304973275noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2089436399604203314.post-60897518428105493522012-05-09T08:43:00.000-07:002013-01-31T19:09:32.512-08:00 Venus News ဂ်ာနယ္တြင္(လဝကဝန္ၾကီး)၏ ရုိဟင္ဂ်ာကိစၥတင္္ၿပခ်က္ကုိ ၿပန္လည္သုံးသပ္ၿခင္း<div style="text-align: justify;">
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>ZH-CN</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/>
<w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/>
<w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/>
<w:Word11KerningPairs/>
<w:CachedColBalance/>
<w:UseFELayout/>
</w:Compatibility>
<w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="267">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin-top:0in;
mso-para-margin-right:0in;
mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;
mso-para-margin-left:0in;
line-height:115%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;}
</style>
<![endif]-->
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt;">Venus
News ဂ်ာနယ္ လဝက ဝန္ၾကီး၏ တင္ၿပခ်က္ သမုိင္းအေထာက္အထား ႏွင္႔လုံ႔
ကြဲလြဲေနသည္ ကုိ ေအာက္ ပါေဆာင္းပါးၿဖင္႔သုံးသပ္တင္ၿပပါသည္။Venus News ဂ်ာနယ္
စာမ်က္ႏွာကုိ ေအာက္ဆုံးတြင္ (စကင္)ဖတ္၍တင္ၿပထာယးပါသည္။</span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt;">ရုိဟင္ဂ်ာလူမ်ဳိးမဟုတ္ဘဲ
ဘဂၤါလီလူမ်ဳိးသာ ရွိေၾကာင္း ၿပည္ေထာင္စု<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>လ၀က ၀န္ၾကီးက ေၿပာၾကား ခဲ႔ေသာ္ လည္း NDPD ပါတီမွ ကုိယ္စားလွယ္က ရုိဟင္ဂ်ာဆုိသည္မွာ
မူဂ်ာဟစ္မတူဘဲ လြန္ခဲ႔ေသာ ႏွစ္ေပါင္း (၁၅၀၀) ေက်ာ္ ကတည္းက တည္ရွီခဲ႔ေသာ AD <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>၈ ရာစုတြင္ ဟႏၵဴဘာသာ မွ အစၥလာမ္ ဘာသာသုိ႔
ကူးေၿပာင္း ခဲ႔သူမ်ားၿဖစ္သည္ ဟုဆုိသည္။</span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt;">သုိ႔ၿဖင္႔ေအာက္ပါေဆာင္းပါးကုိသုံးသပ္တင္ၿပပါသည္။</span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt;">၁၁-ရာစု မတိုင္မီက
အာရ္ကာန္(ရခိုင္)သမိုင္းအက်ဥ္း </span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt;">ဆက္လက္ျပီး ပုိမုိ ေလ့လာလုိပါက <a href="http://www.kaladanpress.org/burmese/images/stories/document/arakanbefore%2011%20centuray.pdf">ဤေနရာတြင္
ကလိပ္လုိက္ပါ</a></span></b><span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt;"></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (၁) </span></b><span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ရခိုင္ျပည္သည္ ႏွစ္ေပါင္း ေထာင္ေက်ာ္
ကိုယ့္ထီးကိုယ့္နန္းျဖင့္ သီးျခားလြတ္လပ္စြာ တင့္တင့္ တယ္တယ္ ရပ္တည္လာခဲ့ေသာ
ႏိုင္ငံျဖစ္သည္။ ရခိုင္ျပည္၏ တုိးတက္မႈ၊ ဆုတ္ယုတ္မႈတို႔မွာ ရခိုင္ျပည္သူတို႔
အေပၚသာ မူတည္ခဲ့ သည္။ ႏွစ္ေပါင္း ေထာင္ေက်ာ္ေသာ ကာလအတြင္း ရခုိင္ျပည္၏ အဓိက
လူမ်ိဳးႀကီး ႏွစ္ရပ္ျဖစ္ေသာ ရခိုင္ ဗုဒၶဘာသာ၀င္မ်ား ႏွင့္ ရိုဟင္ဂ်ာ
အစၥလာမ္ဘာသာ၀င္ တို႔သည္ ၿမိဳ၊ သက္၊ ဒိုင္းနက္၊ ခ်င္း၊ ခမိ စသည့္
လူမ်ိဳးစုတို႔ႏွင့္ အတူ မရွိအတူ၊ ရွိအတူ၊ ေအးအတူ၊ ပူအမွ်၊ တေရတည္းေသာက္ကာ
တေလွတည္းစီးၿပီး တေျမတည္း၌ ပင္ ေနထိုင္လာခဲ့သည္။ ႏိုင္ငံ့ဦးေဆာင္ မင္းတို႔သည္
ျပည္သူ တစ္ရပ္လံုး၏ ခိုင္မာေသာ ညီညြတ္မႈကို စုစည္းႏိုင္ခဲ့ တိုင္း
ႏိုင္ငံ၏အရွိန္အ၀ါ ထြန္းေျပာင္ႏိုင္ေစခဲ့ၿပီး၊ ညီညြတ္မႈ ၿဖိဳခြဲေလတိုင္း ႏိုင္ငံ၏
ဂုဏ္ရည္ ေမွးမွိန္ခဲ့သည္။ ၁၅ – ရာစုမွ ၁၇ – ရာစုႏွစ္မ်ားသည္ ရခိုင္ႏိုင္ငံ၏
ႏိုင္ငံေရး၊ စီးပြါးေရး၊ လူမႈေရး၊ စစ္ေရး စသည့္နယ္ပယ္အားလံုးတြင္
တိုးတက္ခိုင္မာခဲ့ဘူးေသာ္လည္း ၁၇ – ရာစုေနာက္ပိုင္းတြင္ ႏိုင္ငံတြင္ ညီညြတ္မႈ
ၿဖိဳခြဲခဲ့ေသာေၾကာင့္ ႏိုင္ငံ့အင္အား တစတစ ယုတ္ေလ်ာ့လာကာ ဖရိုဖရဲ ျဖစ္ရရွာသည္။
၁၆၆၆-ခုႏွစ္တြင္ စစ္တေကာင္းကို လက္လႊတ္ျခင္းခံရၿပီး ၁၇၈၄- ခုႏွစ္ အမရပူရဘုရင္
ဗဒံုမင္း၏ တိုက္ခိုက္မႈ ကို ခုခံႏိုင္စြမ္း မရွိရကာ၊ ရခိုင္လြတ္လပ္ေရး
ဆံုးရံႈးရေလသည္။ လူေပါင္းႏွစ္သိန္းခန္႔ ေသဆံုးေလသည္။ ႏိုင္ ငံ့လူဦးေရ
တ၀က္ေက်ာ္တို႔မွာ ျပည္တြင္းလံုၿခံဳမႈ မရွိသျဖင့္ စစ္တေကာင္း နယ္ ထဲသို႔
အလံုးအရင္းျဖင့္ ထြက္ ေျပး ခိုလံႈၾကသည္။</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ဘုရင္ မဟာသမၼတႏွင့္ မိဖုရားမ်ား၊
မင္းညီမင္းသား၊ မင္းေဆြမင္းမ်ိဳး၊ မွဴးမတ္ဗိုလ္ပါႏွင့္ တကြ အေျမာက္စိန္ေျပာင္း
လက္နက္ တစ္ေသာင္းေက်ာ္၊ ေသနတ္လက္နက္ တစ္ေသာင္းေက်ာ္၊ ေၾကးရုပ္ သံုးဆယ္ေက်ာ္၊
မိန္းမစိုး သံုးဆယ္ေက်ာ္၊ ပုဏၰားမ်ိဳးသန္႔ အိမ္ေထာင္စု ငါးရာေက်ာ္၊ တတ္သိပညာရွင္
ဟူသ ေရြ႕ကအစ ဆင္ျမင္း သံုးပန္႔ သံုးေသာင္းေက်ာ္ႏွင့္ မဟာမုနိ ရုပ္ပြါးေတာ္ကို
သိမ္းယူသြားေလ သည္။ လက္ရဖမ္းယူသြားေသာ လူေပါင္း ႏွစ္သိန္းေက်ာ္ေလသည္။၁ အႏွစ္ ၃၅၀
ေက်ာ္ ျပဳစု ပ်ိဳးေထာင္ လာခဲ့ေသာ ေျမာက္ဦးၿမိဳ႕ေတာ္သည္လည္း တစျပင္ ျဖစ္သြားေလသည္။
အႏွစ္ (၄၀) မွ်သာ အုပ္ခ်ဳပ္ႏိုင္ခဲ့ေသာ ျမန္မာ ေလးၿမိဳ႕၀န္
အုပ္ခ်ဳပ္ေရးလက္ေအာက္တြင္ ရခိုင့္ယဥ္ေက်းမႈ အေဆာက္အအံုႀကီး တစ္ခုလံုးသည္ ထြားထြား
ညက္ ပ်က္စီးခဲ့ေလသည္။ ၁၈၂၅-ခုႏွစ္မွ ၁၉၄၈- ခုႏွစ္ထိ ၿဗိတိသွ်တို႔လက္ေအာက္တြင္
ကၽြန္ျပဳခံရၿပီး၊ ၁၉၄၈ ခုႏွစ္ ျမန္မာျပည္ လြတ္လပ္ေရးရ ေသာအခါ ရခိုင္ျပည္သည္
ျမန္မာျပည္၏ အစိတ္အပိုင္း ျဖစ္ေနရျပန္သည္။</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ေလးၿမိဳ႕၀န္ေခတ္ အုပ္ခ်ဳပ္ေရးကာလႏွင့္
ၿဗိတိသွ် ေခတ္ဦးကာလတို႔တြင္ ပုန္ကန္မႈအခ်ိဳ႕ ေပၚေပါက္ ခဲ့ေသာ္ လည္း ၿပည္သူတစ္ရပ္လံုး၏ က်စ္လစ္ခိုင္မွာေသာ ညီညြတ္မႈအားျဖင့္ စနစ္တက် ေတာ္လွန္ မႈမ်ိဳး
မဟုတ္ခဲ့ သျဖင့္ ေအာင္ျမင္မႈ မရရွိခဲ့ေခ်။ ၁၉၄၈-ခုေနာက္ပိုင္းတြင္လည္း
ျပည္သူတစ္ရပ္လံုး၏ ညီညြတ္မႈကို စုစည္း ရန္ ေဆာင္ရြက္ရမည့္အစား၊ ပညာတတ္အမည္ခံ
ရခုိင္အမ်ိဳးသား အခ်ိဳ႕သည္ လူမ်ိဳးၾကီး၀ါဒ၊ လူမ်ိဳးစြဲ၀ါဒ၊ အစြန္းေရာက္ အယူသည္း၀ါဒ
တို႔ကိုသာ က်င့္သံုးလာခဲ့သည္။</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(၂) </span></b><span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">လူမ်ိဳးတစ္မ်ိဳး၊ လူစုတစ္စု၏
သမိုင္းကို ေဖ်ာက္ဖ်က္၍ မရစေကာင္းပါ။ အင္အားနည္းေသာ လူစု တစ္ခုကို အင္အား မ်ား ေသာ
လူစုတစ္ခုက စစ္ႏိုင္၍ေသာ္လည္းေကာင္း၊ အျခားနည္း အမ်ိုဳးမ်ိဳးျဖင့္ ေသာ္လည္းေကာင္း၊
ယဥ္ေက်း မႈ အယူ၀ါဒ မ်ား စိမ့္၀င္ေပ်ာက္ကြယ္ သြားေစႏိုင္ေသာ္ လည္း အဆို ပါျဖစ္စဥ္
သမိုင္းေၾကာင္းကို ဖံုးကြယ္ေဖ်ာက္ဖ်က္၍ မရႏုိင္ ေၾကာင္း ကမၻာ့ႏိုင္ငံေရး
သမိုင္းမ်ားက သက္ေသထူထားၾကသည္။</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံ လြတ္လပ္ေရးရၿပီး
ခ်ိန္မွစ၍ သုေတသီအမည္ခံ၊ ပညာတတ္အမည္ခံ ရခိုင္အမ်ိဳးသား အခ်ိဳ႕သည္ ရိုဟင္ ဂ်ာတို႔၏
သမိုင္းမွန္ကို ဖံုးကြယ္ေဖ်ာက္ဖ်က္ရန္ အလို႕ငွာ- စာတမ္းအသြယ္သြယ္၊
ေဆာင္းပါးအမ်ိဳးမ်ိဳး၊ စာေစာင္ အဖံုဖံု ေရးသားထုတ္ေ၀ၾကသည္။
လုပ္ႀကံဇာတ္လမ္းမ်ိဳးစံုကို ျပည္သူ တို႔ထံ ၀ါဒျဖန္႔ၾကသည္၊ အစိုးရ အဆက္ဆက္သို႔
တင္ျပ လာခဲ့သည္။ ရိုဟင္ဂ်ာတို႔၏ သမိုင္းမွန္ကို ျငင္းဆိုကာ -</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(၁) ရခိုင္လူမ်ိဳးမွန္လွ်င္
ဗုဒၶဘာသာ၀င္ ျဖစ္ရမည္။</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(၂) အစၥလာမ္ဘာသာ၀င္ ရခုိင္ျပည္တြင္
မရွိခဲ့။</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(၃) ယခုရွိေသာ အစၥလာမ္ဘာသာ၀င္မ်ားသည္-</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(က) ၁၈၅၀ -ခုႏွစ္ လမ္းေဖာက္လုပ္ရန္
အေရွ႕အိႏၵိယ ကုမၸဏီမွ ေခၚသြင္းလာသူမ်ား၊</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(ခ) ၁၈၅၆ -ခုႏွစ္
နယ္ခ်ဲ႕ၿဗိတိသွ်တို႔က လယ္ကူလီအျဖစ္ အသံုးျပဳရန္ ေခၚသြင္းလာသူမ်ား၊</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(ဂ) ၁၈၈၀ -ခုေနာက္ပိုင္း ရာသီအလိုက္
စပါးရိတ္သိမ္းရန္လာၿပီး၊ မျပန္ဘဲ ေနထိုင္သူမ်ား၊</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(ဃ) ၿဗိတိသွ် အုပ္ခ်ဳပ္ေရးလက္ထက္
ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံသို႔ တံခါးမရွိ၊ ဓါးမရွိ ခိုး၀င္လာသူမ်ား၊</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(င) ၁၉၄၂ -ခုႏွစ္ေနာက္ပိုင္း
ခိုး၀င္လာသူမ်ား၊</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(စ) ဖဆပလ အစိုးရက မဲရယူလို၍
ေခၚသြင္းလာသူမ်ား၊</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(ဆ) ၁၉၇၁ -ခုႏွစ္ ဘဂၤလားေဒ့ရွ္ႏိုင္ငံ
ေပၚေပါက္လာၿပီး၊ ျပည္တြင္းစီးပြါး ပ်က္ျပားသျဖင့္ အငတ္ေဘးမွ ေျပး ၀င္လာသူမ်ား။</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(ဇ) ဟသာၤစီမံခ်က္ျဖင့္ ၀င္လာသူမ်ား၊</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(စ်) ၈၈ -ခု ဒီမိုကေရစီ
လႈပ္ရွားမႈတြင္ ၀င္ေရာက္လာသူမ်ား – သာျဖစ္ၾကသည္။</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ထို႕ေၾကာင့္ ယင္းတို႔သည္
ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံ တိုင္းရင္းသားမ်ားမဟုတ္၊ ဧည့္ႏိုင္ငံသားမ်ားသာ ျဖစ္တန္ရာသည္။</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ဤကဲ့သို႔ အေျခအျမစ္မရွိ ေျပာဆိုေရးသား
၀ါဒျဖန္႔မႈမ်ားသည္ ရိုဟင္ဂ်ာ သမိုင္းမွန္ကို ေဖ်ာက္ဖ်က္ရန္ ႀကိဳးပမ္းမႈမ်ား
သာျဖစ္သည္။ မဟာဗမာ လူမ်ိဳးႀကီး၀ါဒေအာက္တြင္ ျပားျပာ၀ပ္ခံေနရကာ ခရုဆံ ကၽြတ္ ဘ၀
ေရာက္ေနရလည္း ကိုေရႊ ရခုိင္ အမ်ိဳးသား သုေတသီ အမည္ခံ၊ ပညာတတ္ အမည္ခံတို႕က ရခိုင္
လူမ်ိဳးႀကီး၀ါဒ၊ လူမ်ိဳးစြဲ၀ါဒကို အသက္သြင္း လာျခင္းပင္ ျဖစ္ေပသည္။</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(၃) </span></b><span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ယခု ရိုဟင္ဂ်ာဟု ေခၚေသာ ရခိုင္ျပည္ရွိ
မူဆလင္တို႔၏ သမိုင္းမွန္ကို ျပည္တြင္းျပည္ပ သမိုင္း သုေတသီ မ်ား၏ ေတြ႔ရွိ
ခ်က္မ်ား၊ ခရီးသြားမွတ္တမ္း၊ ကိုယ္ေတြ႕မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား၊ သမုိင္းအေထာက္ အထားမ်ားကို
ေလ့လာၾကည္ရႈပါက ကိုေရႊရ ခိုင္ အမ်ိဳးသားတို႔ ေရးသားေဖၚျပ၊ ၀ါဒျဖန္႔ခ်က္မ်ားႏွင့္
လားလားမွ်မတူေၾကာင္း ေတြ႔ရွိႏိုင္ေပသည္။ အစၥလာမ္ဘာသာ သည္ ၁၈၅၀ -ျပည့္ႏွစ္ထက္
ႏွစ္ေပါင္း ၁၀၀၀ ေက်ာ္ ေစာစြာကပင္ ရခိုင္ျပည္သို႔ ေရာက္ရွိခဲ့ေၾကာင္း ေအာက္ပါခိုင္
မာေသာ သမိုင္းမွတ္တမ္း အေထာက္အထားမ်ားအရ ေလ့လာသိရွိရပါမည္။</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">အစၥလာမ္ဘာသာသည္ ရခိုင္ျပည္ အပါအ၀င္
ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံသို႔ ႏွစ္ေပါင္း ၁၀၀၀ ေက်ာ္၊ ၁၂၀၀ ခန္႔က စ၍ အုပ္စုလိုက္ လည္းေကာင္း၊
တစ္ဦးခ်င္းအားျဖင့္လည္းေကာင္း ျပန္႔ႏွံ႕၀င္ေရာက္ခဲ့ပါသည္။ အေစာ ဦးေရာက္လာသူမ်ားမွာ
အာရပ္ လူမ်ိဳးမ်ား ျဖစ္ၾကသည္။</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ေအဒီ ၇၀၀ ႏွင့္ ၁၅၀၀ ၾကားတြင္
အေနာက္တိုင္းမွ အာရပ္ကုန္သည္၊ ပါရွင္းကုန္သည္ ႏွင့္ ေရာမကုန္ သည္ တို႔သည္
မိမိတို႔ပင္ရင္းတိုင္း ျပည္မ်ားမွ ရြက္သေဘာၤျဖင့္ ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံ
ပင္လယ္ကမ္းရိုးတမ္း ကိုလည္းေကာင္း၊ ယင္းကိုေက်ာ္ လြန္ကာ အေရွ႕ဖက္
တရုတ္ကမ္းေျခသို႔လည္းေကာင္း ကူးသန္း ေရာင္း ၀ယ္ေရးအတြက္ ေရာက္ရွိခဲ့ၾကသည္။၂ အာရပ္
တို႔သည္ ပင္လယ္ ကူးသန္းသြားလာရာ၌ အေရးႀကီးေသာ ပင္လယ္ဆိပ္ကမ္းၿမိဳ႕မ်ား၊
ကုန္သည္ေရာင္း၀ယ္ေရး စခန္း မ်ား၊ အခ်က္အခ်ာ က်ေသာ<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ေနရာ၏တည္ေနပံု၊
မ်က္ႏွာျပင္အေနအထား၊ ေနထိုင္သည့္လူမ်ိဳးမ်ား၊ ထြက္ကုန္မ်ား အစရွိ သည္တို႔ကို စနစ္
တက် ေလ့လာသုေတသန ျပဳေလ့ရွိရာ- (၉) ရာစု အာရပ္ပထ၀ီ၀င္ ဆရာမ်ား၊ ခရီးသည္ မ်ား၊
သုေတသီမ်ား၏ မွတ္ တမ္းမ်ားတြင္ ရခိုင္ျပည္ႏွင့္ ျမန္မာျပည္ေအာက္ပိုင္း မြန္တို႔ နယ္ျဖစ္ေသာ
ရာမည ေဒသမ်ားအေၾကာင္းကို ေတြ႕ရွိႏိုင္ ေပသည္။၃ ရာခိုင္ရာဇ၀င္ မ်ားအရလည္း
အာရပ္တို႔သည္ ေအဒီ (၈) ရာစုမွစ၍ ရခိုင္ျပည္သို႔ ေရာက္ရွိအေျခခ်ေနၿပီ ျဖစ္ေၾကာင္း
ပါရွိပါသည္။ ရခိုင္ရာဇ၀င္ အေထာက္အထားမ်ားကို ကိုးကား၍ ၁၈၄၄ – ခုထုတ္ ဘဂၤလား
ေအးရွာတိခ္ ဆုိဆိုင္ေအတီ ဂ်ာနယ္ ( Journel of the Asiatic Society of Bengal) တြင္
ေအာက္ပါ အတိုင္း ေရးသားေဖာ္ျပထားပါသည္။</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“ရခိုင္ဘုရင္ မဟာတိုင္း စျႏၵမင္း
(ေအဒီ ၇၈၈ – ၈၁၀) လက္ထက္တြင္ ရမ္းၿဗဲကၽြန္းအနီး အာရပ္ သေဘၤာ မ်ားစြာ ပ်က္
စီးခဲ့ေၾကာင္း၊ သေဘၤာသားမ်ားက ေသေဘးမွလြတ္ကာ နီးရာကမ္း ေျခ ေဒသျဖစ ေသာ
ရမ္းၿဗဲကၽြန္းသို႔ ၀င္ေရာက္ခိုလံွဳခဲ့ ေၾကာင္း၊ ရခိုင္ဘုရင္ ၾကားသိေသာအခါ ယင္း တို႔အား
ေကာင္းမြန္စြာ ျပဳစုဧည့္ခံၿပီး လယ္ယာေျမမ်ားေပး ကာ အေျခတ က်ေနထိုင္ခြင့္ ေပးခဲ့ ေၾကာင္း”
ပါရွိသည္။၄ ေအဒီ ၁၈၇၉ ခုထုတ္ ၿဗိတိသွ်ဘားမားေဂဇက္ (British Burma Gazetters) ကို
ကိုးကား၍ အာရ္ဘီ စမတ္ (R. B. Smart) ကလည္း “ေအဒီ ၇၈၈ – ခုႏွစ္တြင္ မဟာတိုင္း
စျႏၵမင္း သည္ ရခိုင္ထီးနန္းကို ဆက္ခံခဲ့ေၾကာင္း၊ ၄င္းသည္ ယခင္ ရာမ၀တီ
ၿမိဳ႕ေဟာင္းကို ၿမိဳ႕သစ္တည္ ေထာင္ကာ ႏွစ္ေပါင္း ၂၂ ႏွစ္တိုင္ စိုးစံခဲ့ေၾကာင္း၊
ယင္းမင္းလက္ထက္တြင္ ရမ္းၿဗဲကၽြန္းအနီးတြင္ သေဘၤာမ်ားစြာ ပ်က္ခဲ့ေၾကာင္း၊
သေဘၤာသားမ်ားမွာ မဟာေမဒင္ ဘာသာ၀င္မ်ားျဖစ္ၾက ေၾကာင္း၊ ယင္းတို႔ကို ရခိုင္ျပည္မသို႔
ပို႔ကာ ေက်းရြာမ်ားတြင္ အတည္တက် ေနရာခ်ထားေပးေၾကာင္း” စစ္ေတြေဂးဇတ္ (Akyab Gazette)
တြင္ ေရးသားထားသည္။၅ ျမန္မာႏုိင္ငံ သမိုင္းေကာ္မရွင္ ဥကၠ႒ ျဖစ္ခဲ့ေသာ
ဗိုလ္မွဴးဘရွင္ကလည္း- ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံ ပင္လယ္ဆိပ္ခံၿမိ္ဳ႕မ်ားျဖစ္ေသာ ေက်ာက္ျဖဴ၊
ပုသိမ္၊ သန္လ်င္၊ မုတၱမ၊ ၿမိတ္ စသည္တို႔တြင္ အလားတူ သေဘၤာမ်ား
ပ်က္ျပားျခင္းဆိုင္ရာ အၾကာင္းအရာ မ်ား အခ်ိန္ကာလ ေစာစြာကပင္ ရွိခဲ့ေၾကာင္း၊
မြန္-ျမန္မာ ရာဇ၀င္မ်ားႏွင့္ အခ်ိဳ႕ ေသာ ဘုရားသမိုင္း မ်ားတြင္ သေဘၤာပ်က္ စစ္သား
မ်ားအၾကာင္း ေရးသားထားသည္ကို ေတြ႔ရွိရေၾကာင္း – ၁၉၆၁ -ခု ႏွစ္တြင္ အိႏိၵယႏိုင္ငံ၊
နယူးေဒလီၿမိဳ႕၌ က်င္းပခဲ့ ေသာ အာရွသမိုင္း ႏွီးေႏွာဖလွယ္ပြဲတြင္ တင္ျပေသာ “ျမန္မာႏုိင္ငံ
သို႔ အစၥလာမ္သာသနာ၀င္မ်ား ၀င္ေရာက္ လာပံု (ေအဒီ ၁ရ၀၀)” စာတမ္းတြင္ ေရးသားထားပါသည္။</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ရခိုင့္သမိုင္းမ်ားအရ –
တိုင္းစျႏၵမင္းလက္ထက္ ေ၀သာလီသည္ အထူးစည္းကားခဲ့ေၾကာင္း၊ ႏွစ္စဥ္ သေဘၤာအစီး တစ္
ေသာင္းေက်ာ္ ေ၀သာလီသို႔လာေရာက္ ကုန္သြယ္မႈျပဳခဲ့ေၾကာင္း၊ ေ၀သာလီသည္
ဘဂၤလားပင္လယ္ေအာ္ ကမ္းေျခ တြင္ အေရးပါေသာ ကုန္သြယ္စခန္းတစ္ခု ျဖစ္ခဲ့ေၾကာင္း
သိရွိရ ပါသည္။၆ ဂ – ရာစုတြင္း တရုတ္ခရီးသည္တို႔၏ မွတ္ တမ္းမ်ားအရလည္း –
ဘဂၤလားႏွင့္ ေ၀သာလီ တြင္ အာရပ္ႏွင့္ မိုးလူမ်ိဳးပိုင္ သေဘၤာမ်ားစြာ ေတြ႕ရွိေၾကာင္း
ပါရွိသည္။ အာရပ္ႏွင့္ ပါရွန္းသမိုင္း အေထာက္အထားမ်ားအရလည္း အိႏိၵယသမုဒၵရာကို
“အာရပ္ေရကန္” ဟုေခၚဆို ရေလာက္ ေအာင္ အိႏိၵယသမုဒၵရာတြင္ အာရပ္သေဘၤာမ်ား ဥဒဟို
သြားလာခဲ့ေၾကာင္း ပါရွိသည္။၇ ဆရာဦးၾကည္က လည္း ၈ -ရာ စုအတြင္းက ပုဂံဘုရင္
ပိတ္သံုမင္းလက္ထက္ သထံု၊ မုတၱမ ေဒသမ်ားသို႔ အာရပ္ကုန္ သည္မ်ားေရာက္ရွိ ၀င္ထြက္
သြားလာေလ့ရွိခဲ့သည္ကို သကၠရာဇ္ ၈၀၀ ေက်ာ္ေလာက္က ေရးသားထား ေသာ အာရပ္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ားမွ
သိရေၾကာင္း၊ အာရပ္သေဘၤာမ်ားသည္ အေနာက္ဖက္ ဒမတ္စကတ္ကၽြန္းမွ အေရွ႕အိႏိၵယ
ကၽြန္းစုမ်ားႏွင့္ တရုတ္ျပည္ မႀကီးအထိ ခရီးေပါက္ေရာက္ေနၿပီျဖစ္ေၾကာင္း
ေဖၚျပထားသည္။၈</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">သို႔ျဖစ္ရာ ထိုေခတ္ထိုအခါက ပင္လယ္
ကူးသန္းသြားလာခဲ့ေသာ ရြက္သေဘၤာမ်ားမွာ ယခုေခတ္ကဲ့သို႔ ေခတ္မီ စက္ ကရိယာ မ်ားျဖင့္
ခုတ္ေမာင္းႏိုင္ခဲ့သည္ မဟုတ္ေခ်။ မိုးေလ၀သ အခ်က္ျပ ေရဒါစက္မ်ားလည္း မရွိခဲ့ေခ်။
သာမန္ ရြက္သေဘၤာမ်ားသာ ျဖစ္ခဲ့ရာ – ရာသီဥတု အေျခအေန ဆိုးလွ်င္ဆိုးတိုင္း
ခံခဲ့ရသည္။ အထူးသျဖင့္ ဘဂၤလား ပင္လယ္ေအာ္သည္ မိုးတြင္းအခ်ိန္ကာလမ်ား၌ ရာသီဥတု
အေျခအေနသည္ အလြန္ဆိုးရြားေလ့ရွိရာ ဘဂၤလား ပင္လယ္ ကမ္းေျခတြင္ ပင္လယ္ကူးသေဘၤာမ်ား
ေျမာက္ ျမားစြာတို႔မွာ ကံဆိုးမိုးေမွာင္ က်ႏိုင္ၿပီး၊ သေဘၤာသား မ်ားစြာတို႔မွာ
သက္ဆံုးရွာေပမည္။ ႏွစ္စဥ္ သေဘၤာအစီး ေသာင္း ေက်ာ္ ၀င္ထြက္ေလ့ရွိေသာ ေ၀သာလီ
အနီးတ၀ိုက္ တြင္ ႏွစ္စဥ္ သေဘၤာပ်က္ ကိစၥမွာ နည္းလွမည္ မဟုတ္ေပ။
တိုင္စျႏၵားမင္းလက္ထက္၌သာ မွတ္တမ္းတင္ခဲ့ေသာ္ လည္း ၄င္းထက္ေစာစြာ မရွိခဲ့ဟူလည္း
မဆိုႏိုင္ေပ။ ၄င္းေနာက္ ပိုင္းတြင္လည္း မရွိခဲ့ဟု အတတ္မေျပာႏိုင္ေပ။</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">မည္သို႔ပင္ဆိုေစကာမူ
အေရအတြက္မ်ားျပားေသာ သေဘၤာပ်က္မႈမ်ား ျဖစ္ေပၚခဲ့ၿပီး ေျမာက္ျမားစြာေသာ သေဘၤာသား
မ်ား၊ ကုန္သည္မ်ား၊ ခရီးသည္မ်ား၊ စစ္သားမ်ားသည္ နီးရာကမ္းေဘး သက္ေဘးလြတ္ေအာင္
ခိုလံွဳခဲ့ရသည္။ ယင္းတို႔ အား မင္းႏွင့္တကြ ျပည္သူတို႔က လိုေလးေသးမရွိေအာင္ ျပဳစု
ေစာင့္ေရွာက္ ကူညီခဲ့သည္ သာမက၊ အေျခခ်ေနႏိုင္ ေအာင္ လယ္ေျမေပးကာ
ေဆာင္ရြက္ေပးခဲ့သည္။</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ဤ သို႔ျဖင့္ ေအ ဒီ ၇၀၀ ေက်ာ္မွစ၍
အေရအတြက္ မနည္းလွေသာ သဘာ၀ ေဘးအႏၱရာယ္ေၾကာင့္ ေရာက္ရွိလာသူ သေဘၤာသား
အာရပ္မူဆလင္မ်ားသည္ ရခိုင္ျပည္၌ အေျခစိုက္ေနထိုင္ရင္း – ေဒသခံ အမ်ိဳးသမီးမ်ားႏွင့္
အိမ္ေထာင္ သားေမြး ျပဳလာၾကသည္။ ယင္းတို႔၏ ဇနီးမယားမ်ားအား အစၥလာမ္ဘာသာသို႔
သြတ္သြင္းၿပီး ယင္းတို႔၏ သားသမီး၊ ေျမးျမစ္တီကၽြတ္ တို႔မွာ အစၥလာမ္ဘာသာ၀င္
မူဆလင္မ်ား ျဖစ္လာၾကသည္။ တနည္းအားျဖင့္ ေနာင္တြင္ ရိုဟင္ဂ်ာ ဟု ေခၚထြင္မည့္
လူမ်ိဳးမ်ား၏ မ်ိဳးဆက္စသည္ ရခိုင္ျပည္ လူ႔အဖြဲ႕အစည္းတြင္ ေအဒီ ၇၀၀ ေက်ာ္မွစ၍
စတင္ေပၚ ေပါက္ အေျခစိုက္ လာခဲ့ေလသည္။</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ပါရွန္ႏွင့္ အာရပ္ကုန္သည္တို႔မွာ
ပင္လယ္ေရေၾကာင္း ကူးလူးသြားလာရင္း အခ်က္အခ်ာက်ေသာေဒသမ်ားႏွင့္ ကမ္း
သာယာအရပ္မ်ားတြင္ ေရာင္း၀ယ္ေရးစခန္းမ်ားျပဳလုပ္ကာ အေျခခ်ေနထိုင္လာခဲ့သည္။ အလားတူ
ရခိုင္ျပည္အပါအ ၀င္ ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံ၏ ေရာင္း၀ယ္ေရးစခန္းမ်ား၌လည္း ပါရွန္ႏွင့္
အာရပ္ကုန္သည္တို႔သည္ အေျခခ်ေနထိုင္ခဲ့သည္။၉ ထို႔ ျပင္ ရခိုင္ကမ္းရိုးတန္းႏွင့္
ျမန္မာ့ပင္လယ္ကမ္းရိုးတန္းတေလွ်ာက္ အစၥလာမ္ဘာသာ ဒါရ္ဂါ (ေခၚ) သူေတာ္စင္မ်ား၏
ဂူဗိမာန္မ်ားက သေဘၤာသားမ်ား၊ ကုန္သည္မ်ား အျပင္ သူေတာ္စင္တို႔ကလည္း
ေရာေႏွာ၀င္ေရာက္ ေနထိုင္ လာခဲ့ ေၾကာင္း သက္ေသခံေနသည္။၁၀</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ဥေရာပလူမ်ိဳးမ်ားျဖစ္ၾကေသာ ဗဲေတမာ
(Varthema)၊ ဘာဘ႔ို(စ) (Barbose)၊ ဆီဇာ ဖဲဒရိဒ္ (Caesar Frederide)၊ ရဲလ(ဖ)
ဖီတ္(ရွ) (Ralph Fitch) ႏွင့္ ေပၚတူဂီလူမ်ိဳးမ်ား၏ ေရးသားခ်က္မ်ားအရ ဘဂၤလားကမ္းေျခေဒသမ်ားတြင္
မူဆလင္ကုန္သည္ အေျမာက္အျမား အေျခစိုက္ေနထိုင္လ်က္ရွိခဲ့ေၾကာင္း၊ အမ်ားအားျဖင့္
အာရပ္လူမ်ိဳး မ်ားျဖစ္ၾက ေၾကာင္း၊ မူဆလင္မ်ားက စစ္တေကာင္းကို သိမ္းသြင္းႏိုင္ခဲ့ေသာ
ေအဒီ ၁၃၃၈ – ခု မတိုင္မီကပင္ မူဆလင္ေျမာက္ ျမားစြာတို႔သည္ စစ္တေကာင္းႏွင့္
ရခိုင္ကမ္းရိုးတန္းအထိ ပ်ံ႕ႏွံ႕ေနထိုင္ခဲ့ေၾကာင္း ေရးသားေဖာ္ျပ ထား သည္ကို ေတြ႔ရွိ
ရပါသည္။၁၁</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">သို႔ျဖစ္ရာ သမိုင္းသုေတသီပညာရွင္မ်ား၏
ေရးသားျပဳစုထားေသာ မွတ္တမ္းမ်ားအရ အစၥလာမ္ဘာသာသည္ ရခိုင္ ျပည္အပါအ၀င္
ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံသို႔ လြန္ခဲ့ေသာႏွစ္ေပါင္း ၁၀၀၀ ေက်ာ္ ၁၂၀၀ ခန္႔မွစ၍ ေရာက္ရွိ အေျခခ်ေန ထိုင္ခဲ့ၾက
ေၾကာင္း သိရွိရပါသည္။ အေစာဦးေရာက္လာသူမ်ားမွာ အာရပ္၊ မိုးႏွင့္
ပါရွန္လူမ်ိဳးျဖစ္ၾကသည္။ ယင္းတို႔သည္ မိမိတို႔ ၏ ကိုယ္ပိုင္ယဥ္ေက်းမႈထံုးစံ၊
အစၥလာမ္ဘာသာအယူ၀ါဒ၊ က်င့္စဥ္တို႔ႏွင့္အတူ ေဒသခံ မ်ားႏွင့္ေရာေႏွာေပါင္း သင္း
အေျခစိုက္ေနထိုင္လာခဲ့ေသာ ေအဒီ ၇၀၀ ေက်ာ္မွစ၍ ႏွစ္ေပါင္း ၇၀၀ ေက်ာ္အတြင္း
ေဒသခံအယူအဆ အေလ့အထ တို႔ပါ ေရာေႏွာပါ၀င္ေသာ ယဥ္ေက်းမႈသစ္တစ္ရပ္ကို
ျပဳစုပ်ိဳးေထာင္လာခဲ့သည္။ ယင္းသို႔ျဖင့္ ေအဒီ ၁၄ – ရာစု မတိုင္ မီကစ၍
ရခိုင္ဗုဒၶဘာသာ လူ႕အဖြဲ႕အစည္းၾကားတြင္ ဦးေရမနည္းလွေသာ ခိုင္မာေတာင့္တင္းသည့္
လူ႔အဖြဲ႕အစည္း တစ္ရပ္သည္ ရခိုင္ျပည္၌ ေပၚထြန္းလာခဲ့သည္။</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(၄)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ေအဒီ ၁၅ – ရာစုသို႔ ေရာက္ေသာအခါ
အစၥလာမ္ဘာသာ၀င္မ်ား အလံုးအရင္းျဖင့္ ၀င္ေရာက္လာရန္ အေၾကာင္းတရား က ဖန္တီးလာသည္။
ယင္းမွာ အင္း၀ မင္းေခါင္၏ တိုက္ခိုက္မႈေၾကာင့္ ရခိုင္ဘုရင္ နရမိတ္လွသည္ ဘဂၤလား
ေဂါ့ဘု ရင္ထံ ခိုလံွဳခဲ့သည္။ ၄င္းသည္ ေဂ့ါတြင္ ႏွစ္ေပါင္း ၂၄ – ႏွစ္
ေနထိုင္ခဲ့ရၿပီး၊ ေဂါ့ ဆုလ္တန္၏ စစ္သည္ အကူအညီျဖင့္ ရခိုင္ထီးနန္းကို ျပန္လည္
ဆက္ခံႏိုင္ခဲ့သည္။ ေဂါ့ဘုရင္ မူဟာမတ္ ရွားသည္ ၁၄၂၉ – ခုႏွစ္တြင္ စစ္သူႀကီး ၀လီခန္
ဦး စီးေသာ စစ္သည္အင္အား ေသာင္းေက်ာ္ကိုလည္းေကာင္း၊ ၁၄၃၀ – ခုႏွစ္တြင္ စစ္သူႀကီး
စန္ဒီခန္ ဦးစီးေသာ ထိုထက္ မ်ားျပားေသာ စစ္သည္အင္အားရွိသည့္ စစ္တပ္ကိုလည္းေကာင္း
ေစလႊတ္ခဲ့သည္။ ဤစစ္သည္မ်ားသည္ နရမိတ္လွ အား ရခိုင္ထီးနန္းကို ျပန္လည္ရယူေစခဲ့ၿပီး
– ဘဂၤလားသို႔ ျပန္သြားျခင္းမျပဳဘဲ၊ ေျမာက္ဦးတ၀ိုက္တြင္ အေျခစိုက္ ေန
ထိုင္လာခဲ့ၾကသည္။ ယင္းတို႔အား ရခိုင္ဘုရင္ ရာထူးႀကီးငယ္ေပးကာ
မင္းမွဴးထမ္းေစခဲ့သည္။ ဤစစ္သည္မ်ားမွာ အမ်ားအားျဖင့္ တူရကီမ်ိဳးႏြယ္မ်ား၊
ပါရွန္မ်ားႏွင့္ အာဖဂန္ ပထန္လူမ်ိဳး မူဆလင္ဘာသာ၀င္မ်ား ျဖစ္ၾကသည္။</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(၅) </span></b><span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ရခိုင္ဘုရင္ နရမိတ္လွသည္ ေဂ့ါဘုရင္
ဆုလ္တန္၏ စစ္သည္အကူအညီျဖင့္ ဘုရင္ျပန္ျဖစ္လာၿပီး ၁၄၃၀ – ခုႏွစ္တြင္
ေျမာက္ဦးၿမိဳ႕ကို တည္ေထာင္သည္။ “ပါရွန္ဘာသာစကားကို ရံုးသံုးဘာသာအျဖစ္
ျပ႒ာန္းလိုက္သည္။” ကလီမာ ပါေသာ ဒဂၤါးမ်ားကိုသြန္လုပ္ အသံုးျပဳလာရသည္။ ၄င္းအပါအ၀င္
ေနာင္ဆက္ခံေသာ မင္းအမ်ားအျပားမွာ မူလ သကၠတ၊ ပါဠိ အမည္မ်ားအျပင္ မူဆလင္
ဘြဲ႕အမည္မ်ားကို ခံယူခဲ့သည္။ နန္းတြင္းစီရင္အုပ္ခ်ဳပ္မႈစနစ္ႏွင့္ နန္းခန္းနန္း နား
တို႔မွာ ေဒလီႏွင့္ ေဂ့ါရွိ မူဆလင္ ပံုစံအတိုင္း ေျပာင္းလဲလိုက္သည္။ သို႔ျဖစ္ရာ
ရခိုင္ဘုရင္အေနျဖင့္ အဆိုပါအ တြက္ အတတ္ပညာရွင္မ်ား၊ အသိပညာရွင္မ်ား၊
တရားသူႀကီးမ်ား၊ ပညာရွိအမတ္မ်ား၊ အႏုဗိသုကာ ပညာရွင္မ်ား၊ လက္မႈပညာရွင္မ်ား
လိုအပ္လာသည္။ သို႔ေၾကာင့္ ဘဂၤလားမွ ေျမာက္မ်ားစြာေသာ မူဆလင္ တတ္သိပညာရွင္မ်ား
ႏွင့္ လက္မႈပညာရွင္တို႔မွာ ေတာ္ရာတန္ရာ ရာထူးရာခံမ်ားျဖင့္ ခ်ီျမွင့္ျခင္းခံရကာ
အေျခခ်ေနထုိင္ လာၾကသည္။</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">သမိုင္းပါရဂူ ေဒါက္တာ
ေအနာမုလ္ေဟာက္ႏွင့္ သုေတသီ အဗၺဒူလ္ေကာ္ရိမ္ တို႔၏ အဆိုအရ – မင္းေစာမြန္ (နရမိတ္
လွ) ရခိုင္ထီးနန္း ျပန္လည္ရရွိသည္ေန႔မွစ၍ ၀န္ႀကီးမ်ား၊ မွဴးမတ္ဗိုလ္ပါမ်ား၊
သမားေတာ္မ်ား၊ တရားသူႀကီးမ်ား၊ စစ္သည္မ်ား၊ ကုန္သည္မ်ား၊ ေစ်းသည္မ်ား၊
အလုပ္သမားမ်ား စသည္ျဖင့္ ေျမာက္ျမားစြာေသာ မူဆလင္ မင္းမွဴးထမ္း တို႔သည္
ရခိုင္ျပည္သို႔ ၀င္ေရာက္လာၿပီး ကာလၾကာေသာအခါ သာမန္အရပ္သားမ်ားၾကား
စိမ့္၀င္သြားေလေၾကာင္း ဆိုထားပါသည္။၁၂</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">စစ္တေကာင္းကို မူဆလင္တို႔က ၁၃၃၈ –
ခုႏွစ္မွ ၁၅၃၈ – ခုႏွစ္ထိ ထိန္းသိမ္းႏိုင္ခဲ့ၿပီး၊ ၁၅၃၈ – ခုႏွစ္မွ ၁၆၆၆ – ခုႏွစ္
ထိ စစ္တေကာင္းသည္ ရခိုင္ပိုင္နက္ျဖစ္ခဲ့ျပန္သည္။ ဤႏွစ္ေပါင္း ၃၀၀ ေက်ာ္ ကာလအတြင္း
စစ္ တေကာင္းႏွင့္ ေျမာက္ဦးေနျပည္ေတာ္သည္ အိမ္ဦးႏွင့္ ၾကမ္းျပင္အလား ျဖစ္ခဲ့ရေလသည္။
စီးပြါးကုန္သြယ္မႈမွအစ တစ္ ဖက္ႏွင့္ တစ္ဖက္၊ တစ္နယ္ႏွင့္တစ္နယ္ ဥဒဟို
သြားလာမႈမ်ားရွိခဲ့သည္။ ဤအေတာ္အတြင္း မူဆလင္ ေျမာက္မ်ားစြာတို႔သည္ စစ္တ ေကာင္းမွ
ရခိုင္ေဒသအႏွံ႔သို႔ ျပန္႔ႏွံ႕ေနထိုင္လာၾကသည္။ အထူးသျဖင့္ မင္းေနျပည္ေတာ္ျဖစ္ေသာ
ေျမာက္ဦးသို႔ လာေရာက္ အေျခစိုက္လာသည္။ နန္းတြင္းနန္းျပင္တြင္ မူဆလင္တို႕ၾသဇာ
တိုးပြားလာသည္။၁၃</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ရခိုင္ျပည္ရွိ အာရပ္၊ ပါရွန္၊
ပထန္တို႔ျဖင့္ ဖြဲ႕စည္းလာခဲ့ေသာ မူဆလင္ လူ႕အဖြဲ႕အစည္းတြင္ စစ္တေကာင္းမူဆလင္ တို႔၏
ယဥ္ေက်းမႈမ်ား ထိုးေဖာက္၀င္ေရာက္လာသည္။</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ေအဒီ ၁၆ – ရာစုေႏွာင္းပိုင္းမွ ၁၇ –
ရာစု အလယ္ပိုင္းကာလသည္ ဘဂၤလားတြင္ ႏိုင္ငံေရးမတည္မၿငိမ္ ျဖစ္ခဲ့ေသာ ကာလျဖစ္သည္။
အာဖဂန္ ပထန္တို႔၏ၾသဇာ တစတစ ယုတ္ေလ်ာ့လာၿပီး၊ မဂိုတို႔၏ၾသဇာ တျဖည္းျဖည္း ႀကီးထြားလာ
သည္။ ယင္းေၾကာင့္ ဘဂၤလားရွိ ပထန္ တတ္သိပညာရွင္မ်ားႏွင့္ မင္းမွဴးထမ္း
ေျမာက္ျမားစြာတို႔မွာ အေရွ႕ဖက္သို႔ ထိမ္းေရွာင္လာေလသည္။ ယင္းတို႔အနက္မွ အခ်ိဳ႕မွာ
ေျမာက္ဦးေနျပည္ေတာ္သို႔ လာေရာက္ခိုလွံဳကာ အေရးႀကီး ေသာ ရာထူးမ်ားတြင္ ၀င္ေရာက္
ခစားလာသည္။၁၄ ထို႔ျပင္ ဘဂၤလားအား မဂိုအင္ပါယာသို႔ သိမ္းသြင္းလိုက္ေသာ အခါ
ေဂ့ါစစ္သည္မ်ားႏွင့္ တိုင္းသူျပည္သားမ်ားစြာတို႔မွာ စစ္ေဘးဒဏ္ေၾကာင့္
ထြက္ေျပးထိမ္းေရွာင္လာရင္း ရခိုင္ပိုင္နယ္ ေျမမ်ားသို႔ ၀င္ေရာက္ခိုလံွဳ
ေနထိုင္လာခဲ့ၾကသည္။ ယင္းေၾကာင့္ ၁၇ – ရာစု အေစာပိုင္းတြင္ ရခိုင္ျပည္ မူဆလင္ဦးေရ
ပိုမိုတိုးပြါးလာကာ အစၥလာမ္ဘာသာႏွင့္ မူဆလင္ယဥ္ေက်းမႈသည္လည္း
ပိုမိုထြန္းကားလာခဲ့သည္။</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(၆) </span></b><span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ရခုိင္ျပည္တြင္ မူဆလင္အင္အား
တိုးပြါးလာေစေသာ အျခားအေၾကာင္းတစ္ရပ္မွာ ၁၇ – ရာစုတြင္ ဘဂၤလားပင္လယ္ ေအာ္
အေရွ႕ပိုင္းသို႔ ေပၚတူဂီမ်ား ၀င္ေရာက္လာျခင္းပင္ ျဖစ္ပါသည္။ ၁၇ – ရာစု
အေစာပိုင္းကာလ မွစ၍ ေပၚတူဂီ တို႔ သည္ ဘဂၤလားႏွင့္ ရခိုင္ကမ္းေျခသို႔
ေရာက္ရွိေနၿပီးျဖစ္သည္။ ထိုစဥ္က ေပၚတူဂီ တို႔သည္ ေရေၾကာင္းအတတ္ပညာ၊ ေခတ္မီလက္နက္ပညာ
ႏွင့္ ခံတပ္တည္ေဆာက္မႈ အတတ္ပညာတို႔ကို ပို၍ ကၽြမ္း က်င္စြာ တတ္ေျမာက္ၾကသည္။
ရခိုင္တို႔က ေပၚတူဂီတို႔အား ကုန္ကူးခြင့္ ေပးျခင္းအားျဖင့္ မိမိတို႔အ က်ိဳး
ျဖစ္ ထြန္းလိမ့္မည္ဟု ျမင္ခဲ့သည္။ ထို႔ေၾကာင့္ ယင္းတို႔အား ကုန္ကူးခြင့္ႏွင့္
သေဘၤာမ်ား ရပ္နားေဆာက္ လုပ္ခြင့္ကို ေပးခဲ့သည္။ ေပၚတူဂီတို႔၏ အဓိက စီးပြါးေရး
လုပ္ငန္းမွာ ကၽြန္ကူးသန္းေရာင္း၀ယ္ေရးပင္ျဖစ္သည္။ ရခိုင္တို႔ သည္ ေပၚတူဂီတို႔ႏွင့္
ပူးေပါင္းၿပီး၊ စစ္ဒဏ္ေၾကာင့္ အင္ အား ယုတ္ေလ်ာ့ေနေသာ ဘဂၤလားတြင္
ပင္လယ္ ဓါးျပတိုက္လုပ္ငန္းကို စတင္ေတာ့သည္။ ဓါးျပတိုက္သည္ဆိုရာ၌ ဥစၥာပစၥည္းကို
တိုက္ယူရံုသာ မဟုတ္ဘဲ၊ ေတြ႕ရာလူတိုင္း လက္ရဖမ္းဆီး ခ်ဳပ္ေႏွာင္ သယ္ေဆာင္ယူလာကာ
လူ႔သ မိုင္းတြင္ အရက္စက္ဆံုး၊ အဆိုး၀ါးဆံုး၊ ယုတ္မာဆံုးေသာ ကၽြန္ကူးသန္းေရာင္း၀ယ္ေရး
ျပဳလုပ္ျခင္းပင္ျဖစ္သည္။ ဖမ္း ဆီးရမိေသာ ကၽြန္မ်ားအနက္ အတတ္ပညာရွင္မ်ား၊
လက္မႈပညာရွင္မ်ားကို ရခိုင္ဘုရင္အားေပးကမ္းၿပီး၊ က်န္ကၽြန္မ်ား ကို
ကၽြန္ေဈးကြက္တြင္ ေရာင္းခ်သည္။ သို႔တည္းမဟုတ္ ရခိုင္နယ္မ်ားတြင္ အတင္းအဓၶမ
အေျခခ်ေနထိုင္ေစကာ လယ္ယာစိုက္ခင္း၊ ပ်ိဳးခင္းမ်ားတြင္ ကိုင္းေစသည္။၁၅ ယင္းသို႔
ဖမ္းဆီးေခၚေဆာင္လာခဲ့ရာတြင္ ဟိႏၵဴလူမ်ိဳးမ်ားအျပင္ မူဆလင္မ်ားလည္း
မ်ားစြာပါ၀င္ခဲ့သည္။ ဆယိဒ္စစ္စစ္မ်ား၊ ဆယိဒ္အႏြယ္ဖြားမ်ားလည္း ပါ၀င္ခဲ့သည္ဟု ၁၇ –
ရာစု၏ ထင္ရွားေသာ သမိုင္းသုေတသီ တစ္ဦးလည္းျဖစ္၍ ေပၚတူဂီ၊ ေမာဂ္တို႔ ေသာင္းက်န္းမႈကို
မ်က္ျမင္ကိုယ္ေတြ႕ျဖစ္ေသာ ရွီဟာဘ္အြဒၵိန္း တာလီရွ္ (Shihabuddin Talish) က
ဆိုထားသည္။၁၆ စယိဒ္ဆိုသည္မွာ တမန္ေတာ္ မူဟာမတ္ (စြ)၏ အမ်ိဳးအႏြယ္မ်ားမွ
ဆင္းသက္လာသူမ်ားကို ေခၚဆိုသည္။၁၇</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ယင္းသို႔
ဖမ္းဆီးေခၚေဆာင္လာသူမ်ားေၾကာင့္ ရခိုင္နယ္တြင္ မူဆလင္ဦးေရ တိုးပြါးလာခဲ့သည္။
ၿဗိတိသွ်လူမ်ိဳး ဖဲယား က-ဖမ္းဆီးေခၚေဆာင္လာေသာ မူဆလင္ဦးေရသည္ ရခိုင္ျပည္လူဦးေရ၏ ၁၅
% ခန္႔ ရွိလိမ့္မည္ဟု ခန္႔မွန္းခဲ့သည္။၁၈</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(၇) </span></b><span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ရခိုင္ျပည္တြင္ ျပင္ပမွေရာက္လာေသာ
မူဆလင္လူမ်ိဳးမ်ားႏွင့္ ယင္းတို႔၏ သားမယားမ်ားသာ အစၥလာမ္ဘာသာကို ကိုးကြယ္ေနသည္
မဟုတ္ဘဲ၊ ဟိႏၵဴဘာသာ၀င္အခ်ိဳ႕လည္း အစၥလာမ္ဘာသာသို႔ ကူးေျပာင္းလာၾကသည္။ ထို႔အျပင္
ဗုဒၶဘာသာကို အစဥ္တစိုက္ ကိုးကြယ္ေနၾကၿပီးသူမ်ားလည္း အစၥလာမ္သို႔
ကူးေျပာင္းကိုးကြယ္မႈမ်ား ရွိခဲ့သည္။ ဤအ ေၾကာင္းကို ရခိုင္မဟာရာဇ၀င္
ဇာတ္ေတာ္ႀကီးတြင္ “သကၠရာဇ္ ၈၈၇ ခုႏွစ္ ကိုးဆက္ေျမွာက္ေသာ ဇယတၱ မင္းေစာမြန္ လက္ထက္၌
ရုမ္ ပါသွ်ားမင္း၏ သန္အမတ္ႀကီး ကာဒီ၊ မူသွ်ာ၊ ေဟာ္ႏုမ်ာတို႕သည္ ႏိုင္ငံေတာ္၌
မဟာမတ္ဒန္ သာသနာ စည္ပင္ ျပန္႔ေျပာေစျခင္းငွါ၊ ပူလီေက်ာင္းတို႔သည္ ၿမိဳ႕ေတာ္၌
အျပန္႔အႏွန္႔ တည္ေဆာက္လုပ္ၾက၍ ၿမိဳ႕ေတာ္တြင္ သူအေပါင္းတို႔အား ေဟာေျပာျပသလ်က္
ေန႔စဥ္မျပတ္ ျပဳလုပ္ေတာ္မူေလသည္။ ထိုအခါ အခ်ိဳ႕ေသာ ဗုဒၶဘာသာ လူမ်ိဳးတို႔ သည္
ယုန္ၾကည္လ်က္ ၄င္းဘာသာ၌၀င္၍ ၄င္းတရား ကို ေဆာံတည္လွ်က္ ျဖစ္ရွိၾကေလသည္။ သို႔ႏွင့္
မဟာမတ္ဒန္ လူမ်ိဳးတို႕သည္ ႏိုင္ငန္ေတာ္၌ ဖုန္းလႊန္းစိုးမိုး လ်က္ ျပန္႔ႏွန္႔စြာ
+ဖစ္ ရွိေလသည္။ ဘုရင္မင္းျမတ္ ကိုလည္း လက္ေဆာင္ ပန္နာပို႔ဆက္လွ်က္ ဘုရင္မင္း အား
၄င္းသံအမတ္ႀကီးတို႔ကို မ်ားေသာအားျဖင့္ မိတၱာ သက္၀င္လ်က္ ျဖစ္ရွိေလသည္။” ဟု
ေဖာ္ျပထားသည္။</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">၁၅ – ရာစုတြင္ မ်ားစြာေသာ ဗုဒၶဘာသာ
ရခိုင္တို႔မွာ အစၥလာမ္ဘာသာကို ကိုးကြယ္၍ မူဆလင္မ်ားျဖစ္ၾကေၾကာင္း ဦး ၾကည္က
“ျမန္မာရာဇ၀င္ သိမွတ္ဘြယ္ရာ အျဖာျဖာ” စာအုပ္တြင္ ေရးသားခဲ့ေပသည္။
ႏိုင္ငံေတာ္ေကာင္စီ၀င္ေဟာင္း သတင္းစာဆရာ ဦးလွထြန္းျဖဴကလည္း – ဗုဒၶဘာသာ၀င္အခ်ိဳ႕
အစၥလာမ္ဘာသာသို႔ ကူးေျပာင္းခဲ့ၾကေၾကာင္း “ေအာင္ ပန္းႀကီးေငြ စကားရည္လုပြဲ”
စာအုပ္တြင္ အတည္ျပဳေဖာ္ျပထားသည္။</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ထိုစဥ္က ရခိုင္ျပည္ အေလ့အထတစ္ခုမွာ ႏိုင္ငံျခားက
လာသူမ်ားကလည္း ဆႏၵရွိလွ်င္ ရခိုင္ျပည္သူမ်ားႏွင့္ လက္ထပ္ ထိမ္းျမားႏိုင္သည္။
သို႔ေသာ္ ရခိုင္ျပည္မွ ထြက္သြားေသာအခါ သားမယားမ်ားကို ေခၚေဆာင္သြားခြင့္
မရွိခဲ့ေခ်။ သို႔ေၾကာင့္ ဥေရာပသားတို႔သည္ ၄င္းတို႔၏ ရခိုင္ဇနီးမယားႏွင့္
သားသမီးမ်ားကို ရခိုင္ျပည္၌ ခ်န္ထားပါက အစၥလာမ္ ဘာသာသို႔ ကူးေျပာင္းသြားမည္ဟု
စိုးရိမ္၍ ခိုးယူေခၚေဆာင္သြားခဲ့ေသာ အမႈကိစၥမ်ားစြာ ေပၚခဲ့ေၾကာင္း – ဒတ္(ခ်)
မွတ္တမ္းမ်ားတြင္ ေတြ႕ရသည္။ သို႔ေၾကာင့္ အျခားဘာသာမ်ားမွ အစၥလာမ္ဘာသာသို႔
ကူးေျပာင္းကိုးကြယ္သူမ်ား လည္း ရခိုင္ျပည္တြင္ မနည္းလွေပ။</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(၈) </span></b><span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">မူဆလင္တို႔၏ အလြန္အေရးႀကီးေသာ
ရခိုင္ျပည္ႏွင့္ ယွက္ႏြယ္သည့္ ဇာတ္လမ္းတကြက္ ရွိပါေသးသည္။ ယင္းသည္ ကား မဂို
အိမ္ေရွ႕မင္းသား ရွားရႈဇားသည္ ရခိုင္ျပည္သို႔ ေရာက္ရွိလာျခင္းပင္ျဖစ္သည္။ ေအဒီ
၁၆၆၀ တြင္ အိႏိၵယျပည္ ၌ ရွားဂ်ဟန္ဘုရင္ ကြယ္လြန္ခဲ့ရာ သားေတာ္ ရွားရႈဇားသည္
ေနာင္ေတာ္ ၾသရန္ဂဇစ္ ႏွင့္ နန္းလုခဲ့ရာ အေရးနိမ့္သ ျဖင့္ ရခိုင္ဘုရင္ စႏၵသုဓမၼမင္း
(၁၆၅၂ – ၁၆၈၄) ထံ အကူအညီေတာင္း ခို၀င္လာသည္။ စႏၵသုဓမၼမင္း အား ကတိမ တည္ ဟုဆိုကာ
ရွားရႈဇား ပုန္ကန္ခဲ့ရာ ရွားရႈဇား က်ဆံုးခဲ့သည္။ ၄င္းႏွင့္ပါလာေသာ အေႁခြအရံ ကမန္
(ေလးသည္ ေတာ္) တို႔အား ရခိုင္ဘုရင္ ကိုယ္ရံေတာ္အျဖစ္ ခန္႔ထားခဲ့သည္။ ထိုစဥ္ကစ၍
ကမန္မူဆလင္ဟု ရခိုင္ျပည္တြင္ တည္ရွိ လာသည္။ ရွားရႈဇားႏွင့္အတူ ကမန္ေလးသည္ေတာ္
သံုးေထာင္ေက်ာ္ ပါရွိခဲ့သည္ဟု အခ်ိဳ႕သမိုင္းဆရာမ်ားက ဆိုပါ သည္။ ေနာင္ဘဂၤလားႏွင့္
အိႏိၵယတို႔မွလည္း ေလးသည္ေတာ္ အမ်ားအျပားအျပင္၊ အိႏိၵယေတာင္ပိုင္းမွလည္း
စစ္သည္အေျမာက္အျမား ကိုယ္ရံေတာ္တပ္တြင္ အမွဴးထမ္းလာခဲ့သည္။ ၁၆၈၅ – ခုႏွစ္တြင္
နန္းတြင္းကိုယ္ရံေတာ္ တပ္သားအင္အား ေလးေသာင္းေက်ာ္ ရွိခဲ့သည္ဟု ဆိုသည္။၁၈
မင္းဘာႀကီးလက္ထက္ ကမန္သူရဲေကာင္း ၅ ေသာင္း ေက်ာ္ခဲ့ဟု ေစာမဲက်ီ စာအုပ္တြင္ အရွင္
ဥကၠံက ေဖၚျပခဲ့သည္။</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(၉) </span></b><span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">သို႔ျဖစ္ရာ ၁၇ – ရာစု ရခိုင္ျပည္တြင္
-</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(၁) သဘာ၀ ေဘးအႏၱရာယ္ေၾကာင့္
ေရာက္ရွိလာရေသာ အာရပ္မူဆလင္မ်ား၊</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(၂) ကူးသန္းေရာင္း၀ယ္ေရးေၾကာင့္
ေရာက္ရွိေနထိုင္ အေျခစိုက္လာေသာ အာရပ္၊ ပါရွန္ကုန္သည္မ်ား၊</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(၃) ရခုိင္ဘုရင္ နရမိတ္လွ၏
ေမတၱာရပ္ခံခ်က္အရ ေဂါ့ဘုရင္၏ စစ္သည္အကူအညီအျဖစ္ ေရာက္ရွိလာၿပီး၊ နရ မိတ္လွအား
နန္းတင္ေပးခဲ့ေသာ တူရကီ၊ ပါထန္၊ ပါရွန္ စစ္သည္ေတာ္မ်ား၊</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(၄) ရခိုင္ျပည္၏ စီရင္အုပ္ခ်ဳပ္မႈ
ျပဳျပင္ေျပာင္းလဲမႈ လုပ္ငန္းစဥ္ အဆင့္ဆင့္အတြက္ မရွိမျဖစ္လိုအပ္၍ ဖိတ္ေခၚ၊
ေခၚယူခဲ့သျဖင့္ လာေရာက္မင္းမွဴးထမ္းခဲ့သူမ်ား၊</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(၅) ဘဂၤလား ႏိုင္ငံေရးႏွင့္
စစ္ေရးအေျခအေနအရ မေနႏိုင္ဘဲ ရခိုင္ျပည္ထဲသို႔ ခိုလံႈလာသူမ်ား၊</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(၆) ေပၚတူဂီ-ေမာဂ္တို႔က
ဖမ္းဆီးေခၚေဆာင္လာေသာ ဘဂၤါလီလူမ်ိဳးမ်ား၊</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(၇) ဟိႏၵဴဘာသာ၀င္၊ ဗုဒၶဘာသာ၀င္ တို႔မွ
အစၥလာမ္ဘာသာသို႔ ကူးေျပာင္းလာသူမ်ား၊</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(၈) ကိုယ္ရံေတာ္တပ္မ်ား အစရွိသည့္
အရပ္ေဒသမ်ိဳးစံုမွလာေသာ လူမ်ိဳး အမ်ိဳးမ်ိဳးတို႔သည္ ေဒသတစ္ခုတည္း</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">သို႔ တစ္ဦးခ်င္း၊ ႏွစ္ဦးခ်င္းမွစ
အုပ္စုလိုက္လည္းေကာင္း၊ အလံုးအရင္းျဖင့္လည္းေကာင္း ရာစုေပါင္းဆယ္ေက်ာ္ တစတစ
အေျခစိုက္ ေနထိုင္လာခဲ့သည္။ ယင္းသို႔ အေျခစိုက္ ေနထိုင္လာရင္း၊ ယင္းတို႔
အသီးသီးတို႔၏ ကိုယ္ပိုင္ယဥ္ ေက်းမႈ၊ ဓေလ့ထံုးစံ၊ အစၥလာမ္ဘာသာ၀ါဒႏွင့္
က်င့္စဥ္တို႔ႏွင့္အတူ ေဒသခံတို႔၏ ထံုးဓေလ့မ်ား ကိုပါ ေရာေႏွာၿပီး၊ ရခိုင္ ျပည္
လူ႔အဖြဲ႕အစည္းတြင္ ယဥ္ေက်းမႈသစ္တစ္ရပ္ ျပဳစုပ်ိဳးေထာင္လာခဲ့ၿပီး
မ်ိဳးဆက္သစ္တစ္ ရပ္ကို ေပၚထြန္းေစခဲ့ သည္။ ယင္းတို႔ “ရိုဟင္” ဟုေခၚေသာ
ရခိုင္ျပည္တြင္ ေနထိုင္သူမ်ားျဖစ္သျဖင့္ “ရိုဟင္ဂ်ာ” (ရိုဟင္သား)ဟု ေခၚထြင္
လာခဲ့သည္။</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">မူဆလင္ ယဥ္ေက်းမႈ၏
အက်ိဳးဆက္မ်ားေၾကာင့္ ရခိုင္လူမ်ိဳးတို႔၏ ယဥ္ေက်းမႈမွာလည္း တစတစ တိုးတက္လာခဲ့ေပ
သည္။ အုပ္ခ်ဳပ္ေရးနယ္ပယ္၌လည္းေကာင္း၊ စစ္ဖက္၌လည္းေကာင္း တိုးတက္မႈမ်ား အဆင့္ဆင့္
ျဖစ္ထြန္းခဲ့ေပသည္။</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(၁၀) </span></b><span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">သို႔ျဖစ္ရာ ရိုးမတဖက္ေက်ာ္မွ
ဗမာလူမ်ိဳးမ်ားက ရခိုင္ျပည္ကို က်ဴးေက်ာ္တိုက္ခိုက္ သိမ္းပိုက္ခဲ့ေသာ ၁၇၈၅ –
ခုႏွစ္ မတိုင္မီက ရခိုင္ျပည္တြင္ အစၥလာမ္ဘာသာ၀င္ မူဆလင္လူမ်ိဳးေပါင္း
သိန္းႏွင့္ခ်ီၿပီး ရာစုႏွစ္မ်ားစြာကတည္းကပင္ အေျခစိုက္ေနထိုင္လာခဲ့ၿပီး၊
ဗမာတို႔ထက္ အဆေပါင္းမ်ားစြာ တိုးတက္သစ္လြင္ေသာ ယဥ္ေက်းမႈကို ျပဳစုပ်ိဳးေထာင္
လာခဲ့ေၾကာင္း ခိုင္လံုေသာ ျပည္တြင္းျပည္ပ သမိုင္းမွတ္တမ္း အေထာက္အထားမ်ားက
သက္ေသထူလ်က္ ရွိေနပါ သည္။</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">၁၇၈၅ – ခုႏွစ္မွ ၁၈၂၄ – ခုႏွစ္ထိ
ႏွစ္ေပါင္း (၄၀) နီးပါးသာ အုပ္ခ်ဳပ္ခဲ့ေသာ ဗမာၿမိဳ႕၀န္ လက္ထက္တြင္ လူေပါင္း
ႏွစ္သိန္းေက်ာ္ ေသၿပီး၊ ႏိုင္င့ံဦးေရ၏ တ၀က္ေက်ာ္တို႔မွာ စစ္တေကာင္းနယ္သို႔
တိမ္းေရွာင္ခဲ့ရသည္။ တတ္သိပညာရွင္ သံုးေသာင္းေက်ာ္ အပါအ၀င္ လက္ရဖမ္းဆီး
ေခၚေဆာင္သြားေလသူ ႏွစ္သိန္းေက်ာ္ေလသည္။ ထို႕အျပင္ ႏွစ္ေပါင္း ၄၀ အတြင္း
ျမန္မာျပည္မသို႔ အႀကိမ္ႀကိမ္ လူေတာင္းခံမႈ မ်ားေၾကာင့္ ျပည္မ သို႔
ေပးပို႔ခဲ့ရသည္မ်ားအျပင္ စစ္တေကာင္း နယ္သို႔ ထပ္မံ တိမ္းေရွာင္သြားရသူမ်ားလည္း
မနည္းလွေပ။ အဂၤလိပ္တို႔ ရခိုင္ျပည္ကို သိမ္းယူစဥ္က ၁၈၂၄ – ခုႏွစ္ တြင္ ရခိုင္ျပည္၌
လူဦးေရ အနည္းမွ်သာ က်န္ရစ္ခဲ့သည္။ ရ ႏၱပိုစာခ်ဳပ္ ခ်ဳပ္ ဆိုၿပီးေနာက္ လအနည္းငယ္အၾကာ
၁၈၂၅ – ခု ဇူလိုင္လ (၂၁) ရက္ေန႔ အစီရင္ခံခဲ့ေသာ ၿဗိတိသွ်တပ္ မွဴး ေရာဘတ္ဆန္၏
အစီရင္ခံစာအရ ၁၈၂၅ – ခုႏွစ္တြင္ ရခိုင္ ျပည္ လူဦးေရသည္ တသိန္းခန္႔သာရွိခဲ့ေၾကာင္း
ေမာဂ္ (ရခိုင္) ၆၀ ၀၀၀၊ မူဆလင္ ၃၀ ၀၀၀ ခန္႔ႏွင့္ ဗမာႏွင့္ အျခား ၁၀ ၀၀၀ ခန္႔
ျဖစ္ေၾကာင္း အစီရင္ခံခဲ့သည္။၁၉ ႏွစ္ေပါင္း ၄၀ အတြင္း စိတ္တိုင္းက်
ဖိႏွိပ္ခ်ဴပ္ခ်ယ္ၿပီး၊ ရခိုင္ျပည္ ယဥ္ ေက်းမႈ အေဆာက္အအံုႀကီး တစ္ခုလံုးကို
ပ်က္စီးေစၿပီး၊ ၾကက္ပ်ံမက် စည္ကားခဲ့ေသာ ရခိုင္ျပည္ကို တစျပင္ျဖစ္ ေအာင္
ဖန္တီးခဲ့ေသာ ဗမာေလးၿမိဳ႕၀န္ေခတ္ ကုန္ဆံုးခ်ိန္တြင္ မူဆလင္ဦးေရ
သံုးေသာင္းေက်ာ္ရွိလွ်င္ ယင္းမတိုင္မီ မည္မွ်ရွိခဲ့မည္ကို ခန္႕မွန္းႏိုင္ေပသည္။</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">သို႔ျဖစ္၍ လူ႔သမိုင္းသည္ ေဖ်ာက္ဖ်က္၍
မရႏိုင္စေကာင္းေသာ အမွန္အျဖစ္အပ်က္တစ္ရပ္ ျဖစ္ေသာ္လည္း သမိုင္း အ ေၾကာင္းကို
ေဖ်ာက္ဖ်က္ရန္ ႀကိဳးစားေနၾကေသာ ကိုေရႊရခိုင္ ပညာတတ္အမည္ခံ၊ သုေတသီအမည္ခံတို႔
၀ါဒျဖန္႕ မႈမ်ား သည္ ရခိုင္ျပည္၏ တိုးတက္မႈကို ပို၍ ေနာက္ျပန္ဆြဲေစမည့္
လုပ္ငန္းမ်ားပင္ျဖစ္သည္။ ႏွစ္ေပါင္း ၁၂၀၀ ခန္႔မွစ၍ ရခိုင္ ျပည္၌
အေျခစိုက္ေနထိုင္လာခဲ့သူမ်ားအား လြန္ခဲ့ေသာႏွစ္ေပါင္း ၂၀၀ ခန္႔မွ
က်ဴးေက်ာ္ေရာက္ရွိလာသူ ဗမာမ်ား က ႏိုင္ငံျခားသားဟု ေျပာဆိုေနျခင္းမ်ားမွာ
မည္မွ်ယုတၱိတန္ႏိုင္သည္ကို စဥ္စားႏိုင္ေပသည္။ ရခိုင္ျပည္သည္ ရခိုင္ႏွင့္
ရိုဟင္ဂ်ာအပါအ၀င္ ၿမိဳ၊ သက္၊ ဒိုင္းနက္၊ ခမီ၊ ခ်င္း စသည္ သမိုင္းအစဥ္ အဆက္
ေနထိုင္လာခဲ့သူမ်ား စုေပါင္း ပိုင္ဆိုင္ၾကၿပီး ဤလူမ်ိဳးမ်ားသည္ ရခိုင္ျပည္၏
အရွင္သခင္ ျဖစ္ၾကသည္။</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ေနာက္မွေရာက္လာေသာ ေရႊၾကာပင္
ဗမာတို႔မွာ ဖြဲလွမ္းခိုက္ ဖ်ာခင္းကာ စိုးမိုးသူဘ၀ ေရာက္ေသာ္လည္း ယင္းတို႔ သည္
ရခိုင္ျပည္ သမိုင္းစဥ္ဆက္ ေနထုိင္လာခဲ့သူမ်ား မဟုတ္ေပ။ ၁၇၈၅ မွ ၁၈၂၄ အထိ
ႏွစ္ေပါင္း (၄၀) အတြင္း ရခုိင္ျပည္ အား က်ဴးေက်ာ္သိမ္းပိုက္ကာ တစျပင္ျဖစ္ေစခဲ့ၿပီး၊
၁၉၄၈ မွ ယေန႔အထိ ႏွစ္ေပါင္း (၆၀) ေက်ာ္ အတြင္း ရခိုင္ျပည္အား ခရုဆံကၽြတ္ဘ၀သို႔
ေအာင္ျမင္စြာ ေရာက္ေစခဲ့ပါသည္။</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">သို႔ ပင္ျဖစ္ေသာ္ငွါးလည္း မ်ားစြာေသာ
ယေန႔ရခုိင္ျပည္သူတို႔မွာ လက္ပိုက္ၾကည့္ေနရံုသာမက ၾကည္ျဖဴေနၾကသူမ်ား လည္း
မနည္းလွေပ။ ရခိုင္ေျမေပၚ ရခိုင္ေျမေအာက္ ရခိုင္ျပည္သူတို႔ကသာ ပိုင္ဆိုင္သည့္
သစ္ေတာထြက္ ပစၥည္း မ်ား၊ ေရထြက္ပစၥည္းမ်ား၊ ေရနံ၊ ဓါတ္ေငြ႔မွစ သံယံဇာတ
ပစၥည္းဟူသေရြးကို ရခိုင္ျပည္သူတို႔အတြက္ တစိုးတစီးမွ် ခ်န္မ ထားဘဲ
ထုတ္ယူေဖာ္ေဆာင္၊ သယ္ယူေရာင္းခ်ေနသည္ကို ေရငံုႏုတ္ပိတ္ ေနရံုမွ်သာမက ဓါးရိုးကမ္းေနသူမ်ားလည္း
မရွားေပ။ အေရးႀကီးေသာ ျမစ္ေခ်ာင္းမ်ားကို ပိတ္ဆို႔ၿပီး ေရအားလွ်ပ္စစ္ဓါတ္ထုတ္ယူကာ
တရုတ္-အိႏၵိယ ကုမၸဏီမ်ား သို႔ ေရာင္းခ်ရန္ ႀကံစည္ေနသည္ကိုလည္း ေရနံဆီးမီးခြက္ပင္
မွန္မွန္မထြန္းႏိုင္ရွာေသာ ရခုိင္ျပည္သူတို႔မွာ ႀကိတ္ မွိတ္ ေနၾကသည္သာမက
ေရလာေျမာင္းေပးသူမ်ားလည္း ရွိေနေသးသည္။ ဤသို႔ေသာ အေနအထားတြင္ ကိုေရႊဗမာ တို႔သည္
ကံေကာင္းေထာက္မ၍ ေနာက္ထပ္ ႏွစ္တစ္ရာ ပိုမို စိုးမိုးပိုင္ခြင့္ရမည္ဆိုက
ရခိုင္ျပည္၏ ပထ၀ီအေနအထား ကို ကမၻာ့မ်က္ႏွာျပင္ေပၚ ျမင္ရျမင္ပါ့မည္လားဟု
ေတြးေတာဖြယ္ ျဖစ္ေနပါသည္။</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">က်မ္းကိုးစာရင္း -</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">၁။ ဆရာေတာ္ စႏၵမာလာလကၤာရ –
ရခိုင္ရာဇ၀င္သစ္က်မ္း (ဒု-တြဲ)၊ မႏၱေလး (၁၉၃၁)၊ စာ – ၃၁၂</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">၂။ ဒု-ဗိုလ္မွဴးႀကီး ၀င္းေမာင္
(ကာကြယ္ေရး၀န္ႀကီးဌာန) “သာသနာ့ေရာင္၀ါ ထြန္းေစဖို႔”၊ ရန္ကုန္ (၁၉၉၇)၊ စာ-၆၅</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">၃။ ကိုး (၂)၊ စာ – ၆၅</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">၄။ JASB – Vol. XIII, Calcutta
(1844), p – 36</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dr. S.B Qanungo “ A History of
Chiitagong”, Vol. I, Chittagong (1988), p – 111</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">၅။ R. B Smart – Burma Gazetters
(Akyab Distric) Vol. A, Ragoon (1957), p – 19</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">၆။ ဦးၾကည္ (ဘီေအ- ရာဇ၀င္ ဂုဏ္ထူး)
“ျမန္မာရာဇ၀င္မွ သိေကာင္းစရာမ်ား”၊ စာ ၁၅၆</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">၇။ Mohammed Abdur Rahim “Social and
Cultural History of Bengal”, Vol. I, Karachi (1966), p – 37</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">၈။ ကိုး (၆)၊ စာ – ၁၅၇</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">၉။ S. N. H Rizvi “Bangladesh Distric
Gazetteers (Chittagong)”, Dacca (1975), p – 122</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">၁၀။ ဆရာေခ် (ႏိုင္ငံ့ဂုဏ္ရည္
ပထမအဆင့္) “ဗမာမြတ္စလင္ ေရွးေဟာင္း အတၳဳပတၱိ”၊ စာ – ၁၆</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“သာသနာေရာင္၀ါ ထြန္းေစဖို႔”၊ စာ – ၆၆</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">၁၁။ S. N. H Rizvi – “East Pakistan
Dicstric Gazetteers (Chittagong Dist)”, Dacca (1970), p – 111</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">၁၂။ Mohammed Enamul Huq and Abdul
Karim – “Bengali Litrature in Arakanese Court (1600 ~ 1700 AD)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Calcutta (1935), p – 4 ~9</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">၁၃။ တိုင္းရင္းသားလူမ်ိဳးစု
ဘ၀သစ္ထူေထာင္ေရးပါတီ – သတင္းလႊာ၊ ရန္ကုန္ (၁၉၈၉)၊ စာ – ၄၅</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">၁၄။ Muhammad Mohar Ali “History of
The Muslim Bengle” Vol. I (B), Riyadh, 1985, p – 865</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">၁၅။ J. A. S. B – Vol. X, Calcutta
(1941), p – 681</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံ သုေတသနအသင္း ဂ်ာနယ္၊
ရန္ကုန္ (၁၉၆၀)၊ စာ – ၇၂</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">၁၆။ Qanungo, p – 322</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">၁၇။ ၄င္း စာ – ၃၂၄</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">၁၈။ ၄င္း စာ – ၂၉၁</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">၁၉။ Secrect Consultation (SC) of the
Government of Bengal, Preserved in the National Acrhives of India, New Delhi,
Jun 9, 1926, No. 10</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Also Robertson’s Report dated July
21, 1825 (SC- August 26, 1825, No. 41)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Download PDF <a href="https://docs.google.com/open?id=0B8GIjhoS3QzEZWE2NjA3NzgtMGM0My00MGNlLTk4NjUtZTdjNmI3ZjBhMDgz" target="_blank">here</a></span></b><span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx</span></b><br />
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">လဝက ဝန္ၾကီးတင္ၿပခ်က္
ႏွင္႔ပါတ္သက္၍ေအာက္ပါလင္႔ ကုိ ကလိပ္လုပ္၍ဖတ္ရွဳလွ်င္ သမုိင္အမွန္
ကုိ သိ ရွိနဳိင္ပါသည္။</span></b><br />
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://www.rohingyablogger.com/p/rate.html">Rohingya Documents</a></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<a href="http://www.scribd.com/full/16890336?access_key=key-1imexh1rmm9j324vo3s0" target="_blank" title="TITLE">Rohingya in Bangladesh</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<a href="http://www.scribd.com/full/50268790?access_key=key-2l3yiajlq21nliopdbyw" target="_blank" title="TITLE">History of Arakan</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<a href="http://www.scribd.com/full/50267051?access_key=key-2a7vv2jukghfod4xp931" target="_blank" title="TITLE">An open prison for the Rohingya in Burma </a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=S5q7qxi5LBgC&lpg=PP1&dq=Moshe%20Yegar&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false" target="_blank" title="TITLE">Between Integration and Secession by Moshe Yega</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.<a href="http://www.scribd.com/full/50021782?access_key=key-8ih9ua9boltzf0630ia" target="_blank" title="TITLE">We Are Like a Soccer Ball -2003 by Chris Lewa</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.<a href="http://www.scribd.com/full/49857253?access_key=key-93d6ogf7izfntpj55hd" target="_blank" title="TITLE">Rape Force labor and religious persecution in
Arakan by Asia Watch (1992)</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7.<a href="http://www.scribd.com/full/49853528?access_key=key-1wheafebp4tgexbl4glb" target="_blank" title="TITLE">Encyclopedia of the South East Asia Ethnography
(Arakan)</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8.<a href="http://www.scribd.com/full/49853141?access_key=key-10sp6wflq1n6nukc3pla" target="_blank" title="TITLE">History of Arakan by Gutman Palmela </a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">9.<a href="http://www.scribd.com/full/49847334?access_key=key-e96pzwu0jtw3muxmzek" target="_blank" title="TITLE">Arakan Past-Present-Future by John Ogilvy JP </a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">10.<a href="http://www.scribd.com/full/49781284?access_key=key-53yndu8q01n0eifvxf3" target="_blank" title="TITLE">10 Years Rohingyas Past Present and future by MSF</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">11.<a href="http://www.scribd.com/full/49780710?access_key=key-c8rrb8kyp67urptms8b" target="_blank" title="TITLE">Repertration Rohingya Refugee in 1978 by C A Abrar</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">12.<a href="http://www.scribd.com/full/49779993?access_key=key-a04dw59lu9fg503haq7" target="_blank" title="TITLE">The Etymology of Arakan by Noor Kamal</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">13.<a href="http://www.scribd.com/full/33203290?access_key=key-2ohds4zzdwkoja9976nh" target="_blank" title="TITLE">Crime against humanity in western Burma, Rohingya
by Irish Human Right</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">14.<a href="http://www.scribd.com/full/39365348?access_key=key-2gspejl487exh8skwe6a" target="_blank" title="TITLE">Old Arakan by U Shan Shwe Bu</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">15.<a href="http://www.scribd.com/full/21041474?access_key=key-dxrqm5grczq4bnm79gs" target="_blank" title="TITLE">Phd thesis paper on Arakanese religious by Michel
W.Chrney‘s</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">16.<a href="http://www.scribd.com/full/39965597?access_key=key-tbifhnc17xj0oqlpv3f" target="_blank" title="TITLE">A history of emporer Aurangzeb Alamgir by
Maasir-i-Alamgiri</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">17.<a href="http://www.scribd.com/full/29506941?access_key=key-2bts0zp6ccnvl4xq599c" target="_blank" title="TITLE">History of Portugal and the Portuguese Impire 2</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">18.<a href="http://www.scribd.com/full/27125958?access_key=key-sgthfzmprzq7a7z75x" target="_blank" title="TITLE">The Arakan Project 2010 by Chris Lewa</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">19.<a href="http://www.scribd.com/full/48625967?access_key=key-1googuuslq96u3wgqc6u" target="_blank" title="TITLE">Treatment of Ethnic Rohingya Minorities by Tukumi
Ogawa</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">20.<a href="http://www.scribd.com/full/16041503?access_key=key-1g7jzyv6jwn0khwg492n" target="_blank" title="TITLE">A short history of Rohingya by U Ba Tha</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">21.<a href="http://www.scribd.com/full/16890336?access_key=key-1imexh1rmm9j324vo3s0" target="_blank" title="TITLE">Rohingya in Bangladesh</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">22.<a href="http://www.scribd.com/full/49606564?access_key=key-t0ecbu3aty78o13046q" target="_blank" title="TITLE">Easy Target By Karen Human Right Group</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">23.<a href="http://www.scribd.com/full/49605855?access_key=key-1awz1x2ntwqamv6wu7g1" target="_blank" title="TITLE">Rohingyas Tears Down the Cheeks</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">24.<a href="http://www.scribd.com/full/49604563?access_key=key-123luuurgzyir1lti5l7" target="_blank" title="TITLE">Human Rights Abuses and Discrimination on Rohingyas
by Zaw Min Htut</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">25.<a href="http://www.scribd.com/full/49604175?access_key=key-16cstya3pfd1dof45ba4" target="_blank" title="TITLE">Do you know that I am Rohingya ?</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">26.<a href="http://www.scribd.com/full/49601969?access_key=key-rg1blpp4a6ttbakii1m" target="_blank" title="TITLE">Refugees from Myanmar by International Commission
of Jurists</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">27.<a href="http://www.scribd.com/full/49601104?access_key=key-1p7v5q9us5at6jkc8z8" target="_blank" title="TITLE">Just Imagine That You Are a Rohingya by Dr.Habib
Siddqui</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">28.<a href="http://www.scribd.com/full/49600243?access_key=key-1s3rheepyjgf72pc97iy" target="_blank" title="TITLE">Ethinic Cleansing in Arakan 2000 by FIDH</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">29.<a href="http://www.scribd.com/full/49531327?access_key=key-1mg2nxypt66s2w1l1uhx" target="_blank" title="TITLE">Arakan Present-Past-Future by J- Qgilvy Hay J P</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">30.<a href="http://www.scribd.com/full/49529184?access_key=key-7ans7xrrrr1k7qoq531" target="_blank" title="TITLE">A Short Historical Background of Arakan by Mohammed
Ashraf Alam</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">31.<a href="http://www.scribd.com/full/49525279?access_key=key-zcje7mafqv5l4w7f652" target="_blank" title="TITLE">.Rohingyas Boat People by Grass Roots</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">32.<a href="http://www.scribd.com/full/49524592?access_key=key-2ms7137d065ecnwl2e1s" target="_blank" title="TITLE">All Burmese Muslim in Myanmar</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">33.<a href="http://www.scribd.com/full/49416983?access_key=key-26z11ijlefado2h1sxdw" target="_blank" title="TITLE">A Rohingya Histroy by Noor Kamal</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">34.<a href="http://www.scribd.com/full/49855192?access_key=key-1vzrt3h0cmqqju1us5kh" target="_blank" title="TITLE">.Displaced People</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">35.<a href="http://www.scribd.com/full/52490167?access_key=key-1k6jd9zy1nxe1z29x559" target="_blank" title="TITLE">Genocide and gross human right violation </a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">36. <a href="http://www.scribd.com/fullscreen/59050327?access_key=key-1rjg63kigfbzv2uxhvgf" target="_blank" title="TITLE">Where are you from my friend?</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://www.rohingyablogger.com/2011/09/rohingya-in-myanmar-encyclopedia.html">
ၿမန္မာ႔စြယ္စံုက်မ္းနဲ႔ ရိုဟင္ဂ်ာ</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://www.rohingyablogger.com/2011/04/blog-post_03.html">ျမန္မာသမိုင္းတြင္
ရိုဟင္ဂ်ာ မ်ားသည္တိုင္းရင္းသားလူမ်ိဳးစုတခုအျဖစ္ရပ္တည္ခဲ့</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://danyawadi.wordpress.com/2012/05/08/2011/11/11/%e1%81%81%e1%81%81%e1%81%8b-%e1%80%9b%e1%80%ac%e1%80%85%e1%80%af%e1%80%99%e1%80%90%e1%80%af%e1%80%ad%e1%80%84%e1%80%b9%e1%80%99%e1%80%ae%e1%80%80%e1%80%a1%e1%80%ac%e1%80%9b%e1%80%80%e1%80%94/" title="Permalink to ၁၆။ – ၁၁ ရာစုမတုိင္မီကအာရကန္(ရခုိင္)သမုိင္းအက်ဥ္း">၁၆။
– ၁၁ ရာစုမတုိင္မီကအာရကန္(ရခုိင္)သမုိင္းအက်ဥ္း</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://danyawadi.wordpress.com/2012/05/08/2012/05/05/%e1%80%bb%e1%80%99%e1%80%94%e1%80%b9%e1%80%99%e1%80%ac%e1%80%9e%e1%80%99%e1%80%ad%e1%80%af%e1%80%84%e1%80%b9%e1%80%b8%e1%80%90%e1%80%bc%e1%80%84%e1%80%b9-%e1%80%9b%e1%80%ad%e1%80%af%e1%80%9f%e1%80%84/" title="Permalink to ျမန္မာသမိုင္းတြင္ရိုဟင္ဂ်ာမ်ားသည္ တိုင္းရင္းသားလူမ်ိဳးစုတခုအျဖစ္ရပ္တည္ခဲ့">ျမန္မာသမိုင္းတြင္ရိုဟင္ဂ်ာမ်ားသည္ တိုင္းရင္းသားလူမ်ိဳးစုတခုအျဖစ္ရပ္တည္ခဲ့</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://danyawadi.wordpress.com/2012/05/08/2012/04/08/the-history-of-rohingya-muslims-of-arakan-rakhine-state-burma/" title="Permalink to The History of ROHINGYA MUSLIMS of Arakan ( Rakhine state ), Burma.">The
History of ROHINGYA MUSLIMS of Arakan ( Rakhine state ), Burma.</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://danyawadi.wordpress.com/2012/05/08/2012/04/08/the-rohingya/" title="Permalink to The Rohingya">The Rohingya</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://danyawadi.wordpress.com/2012/05/08/2012/04/05/rebuttal-to-u-khin-maung-saws-misinformation-on-rohingya/" title="Permalink to Rebuttal to U Khin Maung Saw’s misinformation on Rohingya">Rebuttal
to U Khin Maung Saw’s misinformation on Rohingya</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://danyawadi.wordpress.com/2012/05/08/2012/03/27/%e1%81%83%e1%81%87%e1%81%89%e1%81%8b-the-rohingya-muslim-of-arakan/" title="Permalink to ၃၇၉။ – The rohingya muslim of arakan">၃၇၉။ – The
rohingya muslim of arakan</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://danyawadi.wordpress.com/2012/05/08/2012/03/21/%e1%81%83%e1%81%86%e1%81%83%e1%81%8b-the-rohingyas-bengali-muslims-or-arakan-rohingyas/" title="Permalink to ၃၆၃။ – THE ROHINGYAS , Bengali Muslims or Arakan Rohingyas?">၃၆၃။
– THE ROHINGYAS , Bengali Muslims or Arakan Rohingyas?</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://danyawadi.wordpress.com/2012/05/08/2012/03/20/%e1%81%83%e1%81%85%e1%81%82%e1%81%8b-rohingya-rakhine-debate-or-dialogue-between-thinking-men/" title="Permalink to ၃၅၂။ – Rohingya – Rakhine — Debate or Dialogue between thinking men?">၃၅၂။
– Rohingya – Rakhine — Debate or Dialogue between thinking men?</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://danyawadi.wordpress.com/2012/05/08/2012/03/15/%e1%81%83%e1%81%84%e1%81%84%e1%81%8b-response-to-aye-kyaws-polemical-writing-on-rohingya-and-rakhaings-of-arakan/" title="Permalink to ၃၄၄။ – Response to Aye Kyaw’s polemical writing on Rohingya and Rakhaings of Arakan">၃၄၄။
– Response to Aye Kyaw’s polemical writing on Rohingya and Rakhaings
of Arakan</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://danyawadi.wordpress.com/2012/05/08/2012/03/15/%e1%81%83%e1%81%84%e1%81%83%e1%81%8b-the-existence-of-arakan/" title="Permalink to ၃၄၃။ – The Existence Of Arakan">၃၄၃။ – The Existence
Of Arakan</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://danyawadi.wordpress.com/2012/05/08/2012/03/14/%e1%81%83%e1%81%84%e1%81%82%e1%81%8b-rohingyas-are-a-minority-muslimethnic-group/" title="Permalink to ၃၄၂။ – Rohingyas are a minority muslim,ethnic group">၃၄၂။
– Rohingyas are a minority muslim,ethnic group</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://danyawadi.wordpress.com/2012/05/08/2012/03/12/%e1%81%83%e1%81%83%e1%81%87%e1%81%8b-bali-process-a-test-for-rohingyas-destiny/" title="Permalink to ၃၃၇။ – Bali Process A Test For Rohingyas Destiny">၃၃၇။
– Bali Process A Test For Rohingyas Destiny</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://danyawadi.wordpress.com/2012/05/08/2012/03/07/%e1%81%83%e1%81%81%e1%81%81%e1%81%8b-rohingya-people-%e1%80%9b%e1%80%af%e1%80%ad%e1%80%9f%e1%80%84%e1%80%b9%e1%80%82%e1%80%ba%e1%80%ac/" title="Permalink to ၃၁၁။ – Rohingya people (ရုိဟင္ဂ်ာ)">၃၁၁။ – Rohingya
people (ရုိဟင္ဂ်ာ)</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://danyawadi.wordpress.com/2012/05/08/2012/02/20/%e1%81%82%e1%81%85%e1%81%82%e1%81%8b-%e1%80%81%e1%80%9b%e1%80%85%e1%80%b9%e1%80%9e%e1%80%80%e1%81%a0%e1%80%9b%e1%80%ac%e1%80%87%e1%80%b9-%e1%81%81%e1%81%88%e1%81%82%e1%81%83-%e1%80%81%e1%80%af/" title="Permalink to ၂၅၂။ – AD ( ၁၈၂၃ ) ခုႏွစ္ မတုိင္မီကၿမန္မာနဳိင္ငံ၌ ပင္ရင္းနႈိင္ငံအၿဖစ္ ေနထုိင္ၾကခဲ႔ေသာမြတ္ဆလင္မ်ား">၂၅၂။
– AD ( ၁၈၂၃ ) ခုႏွစ္ မတုိင္မီကၿမန္မာနဳိင္ငံ၌
ပင္ရင္းနႈိင္ငံအၿဖစ္ ေနထုိင္ၾကခဲ႔ေသာမြတ္ဆလင္မ်ား</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://danyawadi.wordpress.com/2012/05/08/2011/11/28/%e1%81%83%e1%81%84%e1%81%8b-%e1%80%9b%e1%80%81%e1%80%af%e1%80%ad%e1%80%84%e1%80%b9%e1%81%bf%e1%80%95%e1%80%8a%e1%80%b9%e1%80%9b%e1%80%bd%e1%80%ad-%e1%80%9b%e1%80%af%e1%80%ad%e1%80%9f%e1%80%84/" title="Permalink to ၃၄။ – ရခုိင္ၿပည္ရွိ ရုိဟင္ဂ်ာ၊ရခုိင္တုိင္းရင္းသားမ်ား (The etymology of Arakan, Rohingya and Rakhine )">၃၄။
– ရခုိင္ၿပည္ရွိ ရုိဟင္ဂ်ာ၊ရခုိင္တုိင္းရင္းသားမ်ား (The etymology of Arakan,
Rohingya and Rakhine )</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://danyawadi.wordpress.com/2012/05/08/2011/11/27/%e1%81%83%e1%81%80%e1%81%8b-%e1%80%9b%e1%80%81%e1%80%af%e1%80%ad%e1%80%84%e1%80%b9%e1%81%bf%e1%80%95%e1%80%8a%e1%80%b9%e1%80%9b%e1%80%bd%e1%80%ad%e1%80%9b%e1%80%af%e1%80%ad%e1%80%9f%e1%80%84/" title="Permalink to ၃၀။ – ရခုိင္ၿပည္ရွိ,ရုိဟင္ဂ်ာသမုိင္း , History , Burmese invasion of Arakan">၃၀။
– ရခုိင္ၿပည္ရွိ,ရုိဟင္ဂ်ာသမုိင္း , History , Burmese invasion of Arakan</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://danyawadi.wordpress.com/2012/05/08/2011/11/26/%e1%81%82%e1%81%88%e1%81%8b-%e1%80%9a%e1%80%81%e1%80%84%e1%80%b9%e1%80%90%e1%80%af%e1%80%ad%e1%80%84%e1%80%b9%e1%80%b8%e1%80%9b%e1%80%84%e1%80%b9%e1%80%9e%e1%80%b9%e1%80%b8%e1%80%87%e1%80%85/" title="Permalink to ၂၈။ – ယခင္ကတုိင္းရင္းသား(၁၄၄) မ်ဳိးတြင္ပါဝင္ေသာ ရုိဟင္ဂ်ာလူမ်ဳိး၏ေနာက္ခံ သမုိင္းဇစ္ၿမစ္">၂၈။
– ယခင္ကတုိင္းရင္းသား(၁၄၄) မ်ဳိးတြင္ပါဝင္ေသာ
ရုိဟင္ဂ်ာလူမ်ဳိး၏ေနာက္ခံ သမုိင္းဇစ္ၿမစ္</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://danyawadi.wordpress.com/2012/05/08/2011/11/11/%e1%81%81%e1%81%84%e1%81%8b-%e1%80%9b%e1%80%af%e1%80%ad%e1%80%9f%e1%80%84%e1%80%b9%e1%80%82%e1%80%ba%e1%80%ac%e1%80%9e%e1%80%99%e1%80%af%e1%80%ad%e1%80%84%e1%80%b9%e1%80%b8%e1%80%a1%e1%80%b1/" title="Permalink to ၁၄။ – ရုိဟင္ဂ်ာသမုိင္းအေသးစိတ္: Myth and Reality">၁၄။
– ရုိဟင္ဂ်ာသမုိင္းအေသးစိတ္: Myth and Reality</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://danyawadi.wordpress.com/2012/05/08/2011/11/10/%e1%81%88%e1%81%8b-%e1%80%9b%e1%80%af%e1%80%ad%e1%80%9f%e1%80%84%e1%80%b9%e1%80%82%e1%80%ba%e1%80%ac%e1%80%9e%e1%80%99%e1%80%af%e1%80%ad%e1%80%84%e1%80%b9%e1%80%b8%e1%80%a1%e1%80%80%e1%80%ba/" title="Permalink to ၈။ – A Short Historical Background of Arakan">၈။ – A
Short Historical Background of Arakan</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<b>အထက္ပါေဆာင္းပါအရ Venus News ဂ်ာနယ္ ၏ေအာက္ပါတင္ၿပခ်က္ႏွင္႔ကြဲလြဲေန သည္ကုိသုံးသပ္ တင္ၿပ သည္။</b><span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<a href="http://danyawadi.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/123.jpg"><img alt="" height="462" src="http://danyawadi.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/123.jpg?w=847&h=613" title="123" width="640" /></a><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
Rowannyahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11315383992304973275noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2089436399604203314.post-14091817186176519292012-04-03T08:20:00.002-07:002013-02-01T12:57:59.207-08:00 International arms intervention in Burma is most crucial and inevitable<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="artview" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr align="justify"><td><div style="color: red;">
<b><span class="arttitle">International arms intervention in Burma is most crucial and inevitable</span><br /><span class="oviauthor">by Rohingya Human Rights</span></b></div>
<span class="artdate">2011-03-02 </span></td>
</tr>
<tr align="justify">
<td colspan="2"><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr align="justify">
<td colspan="2"><br /></td></tr>
<tr align="justify">
<td colspan="2"><b>The Panglong Conference held on 12th February
1947, was an historic meeting that took place at Panglong in the Shan
States in Burma between the Shan, Kachin and Chin ethnic minority
leaders and general Aung San, head of the interim Burmese government. On
the agenda was the united struggle for independence from Britain and
the future of Burma after independence as a unified republic. The
agreement accepted “ Full autonomy in internal administration for the
frontier area”.</b><br />
<br />
Burma obtained independence on 4th,
January, 1948. But the independent hero of Burma, general Aung San was
assassinated by his military colleagues in 1947 just one year before the
Independence. After the Independence the Democratic government of Burma
was under pressure of ethnic minorities because they wanted the
government to take measures to implement Panglong agreement. According
to the agreement they deserved for autonomy. The U Nu government already
discussed with the ethnic minorities including the Rohingya in Arakan
and took positive steps to implement the Panglong agreement. Mayu
Frontier in Arakan was declared for exclusively Rohingyas. But
unfortunately General Ne Win leaded military seized power from him in
1962 and declined the PangLong agreement and as well as Mayu frontier.
Since then the ethnic groups such as Karen, Shan, Kachin, etc., have
been decided to accelerate their arms movement against military
dictatorship, Ne Win and carrying on for about 50 years and the junta
offending and retarding them inhumanely. Recently the ethnic Alliance
vowed to strive for Federal Union ( Irrawaddy News ).<br />
<br />
The junta
burnt many villages of ethnic minorities during wars. To evade
persecution of junta thousands of Karen, Shan, Kachin, Rakhine,
Rohingya , even Burman fled to near by countries to shelter as
refugees. The ethnic minorities including Rohingyas are being faced
racial and religious discrimination and junta introduced “divide and
rule” policy in such areas. Junta rejected citizenship of Rohingyas by
introducing citizenship Act-1982. Many times the military executed
massacre across the country. <br />
<br />
Silent killing is a routine work of
barbaric SPDC. Junta killed hundreds of ethnic people such as Karen,
Shan etc were on way to nearby countries. The main opposition party NLD
won the 1990 election. But junta denied to accept the result. Rather
the elected parliamentary members including NLD chief Nobel laureate
Daw Aung San Suukyi were put in jails for several years without proper
allegations. The only political party ( NDPH ) of Rohingya Muslims
which won 4 seats in 1990-election was banned and its chief Master
Anowar (a ) Kyaw Man and his family members were imprisoned without
judicial proceeding.<br />
<br />
As a Democratic reform amid international
pressure, Junta trickfully held a general election in November,2010 in
which the main opposition party, NLD was not allowed to contest and the
symbolic opposition leader Daw Aung Suu Kyi was kept under house arrest.
This election is only an eye wash. Junta was successful to organize
some ethnic groups to vote SPDC by alluring in various ways. For
example, in Arakan junta successfully organized the Rohingyas by
alluring that they will be recognized as citizens of Burma and red cards
( National Cards) will be provided them and all the restrictions
imposed on Rohingyas earlier will be lifted after election. <br />
<br />
That’s
why the Rohingyas worked attentively for SPDC during the period of
election campaign and voted in favour of SPDC. But after the election,
no commitment of hypocrate junta is met, rather persecution on Rohingyas
is intensifying more than ever caused the leaving of Rohingya youth
for Malaysia by risky sea route is increasing more than ever. They are
victims of inequality and in-justice. But they are compelled to shut
mouth. Daw Aung San Suu Kyi was released after election. But she
becomes like a boat without engine because her party, NLD is inactive
and unable to revive due to imposing severe restriction on its
activities. After the election persecution in the areas of revolutionary
groups is significantly increased. That’s why the vulnerable 84,000
Karen people are going to summit a signed petition to the world leaders
including Ban Ki Moon ( Irrawaddy News 28th February,2011) to take steps
to protect them from the brutality of junta. <br />
<br />
The other ethnic
minorities expressed their solidarity with this petition.The current
popular uprising of Egypt impacted in other countries where the
dictatorships have been sucking blood of general public for decades
caused erupting war between the general public and the dictatorship in
Libya and other nearby Arab countries. It is learnt that some western
country are examining the need of arms intervention in Libya to protect
the revolutionary people. International pressure on Muammar Qaddafi to
end his crackdown on opponents escalated Monday as his loyalists closed
in on rebel-held cities nearest the capital. The US moved naval and air
forces closer to Libya and said all options were open, including the use
of warplanes to patrol the North African nation’s skies and protect
citizens threatened by their leader ( Arab News Feb.01.2011 ).<br />
<br />
However,
Human Rights violation in Burma reached out of tolerance and the people
of Burma are passing their life like prisoners and they have no
guarantee of life. To erupt an uprising like the in-fructuous
uprising1988 without international cooperation will never achieve the
political goal. That’s why I believe that the only international arms
intervention in Burma can de-root the tyrant military dictatorship and
the political issue of Burma will be solved for ever. So, international
arms intervention in Burma is most crucial and inevitable.<br />
<br />
References;<br />
*The Panglong Agreement, 1947 in Burmese and English inc. photos, New Era Journa<br />
*The Irrawaddy News ( February, 2011 publication )<br />
*Arab News ( February 1, 2011 )<br />
*Independence or Federalism Harn Yawnghwe, Chinland Guardian, April 9 2005<br />
<br />
<div>
<b>************************************ </b></div>
<br />
Nurul Islam</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Rowannyahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11315383992304973275noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2089436399604203314.post-75325075100723070672012-04-03T08:07:00.000-07:002013-02-01T12:58:36.331-08:00 Legislation Myanmar (Burma)<table align="center" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 930px;"><tbody>
<tr><td><table align="center" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 930px;"><tbody>
<tr><td bgcolor="000000" height="245" valign="top" width="200"><center>
<a href="mailto:info@lexadin.nl"><img border="0" id="mn_email" name="mn_email" src="http://www.lexadin.nl/wlg/pics/mn_email.gif" /></a>
<br />
<a href="http://www.lexadin.nl/wlg/lxadd.htm"><img border="0" id="mn_add" name="mn_add" src="http://www.lexadin.nl/wlg/pics/mn_add.gif" /></a></center>
</td>
<td bgcolor="000000" height="245" width="530"><table align="center" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 530px;">
<tbody>
<tr><td background="/wlg/pics/mn_title.gif" height="80" valign="top" width="530"><br /></td></tr>
<tr><td background="/wlg/pics/mn_background.gif" bgcolor="000000" height="50" valign="top" width="530"><table align="center" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 530px;"><tbody>
<tr>
<td><a href="http://www.lexadin.nl/wlg/legis/nofr/legis.htm">
<img border="0" id="mn_legislation" name="mn_legislation" src="http://www.lexadin.nl/wlg/pics/mn_legislation.gif" /></a></td>
<td><a href="http://www.lexadin.nl/wlg/lawfirm/nofr/lawfirm.htm">
<img border="0" id="mn_lawfirms" name="mn_lawfirms" src="http://www.lexadin.nl/wlg/pics/mn_lawfirms.gif" /></a></td>
<td><a href="http://www.lexadin.nl/wlg/courts/nofr/courts.htm">
<img border="0" id="mn_courts" name="mn_courts" src="http://www.lexadin.nl/wlg/pics/mn_courts.gif" /></a></td>
<td><a href="http://www.lexadin.nl/wlg/lawsch/nofr/lawsch.htm">
<img border="0" id="mn_lawsch" name="mn_lawsch" src="http://www.lexadin.nl/wlg/pics/mn_lawsch.gif" /></a></td>
<td><a href="http://www.lexadin.nl/wlg/other/nofr/lxart.htm">
<img border="0" id="mn_articles" name="mn_articles" src="http://www.lexadin.nl/wlg/pics/mn_articles.gif" /></a></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><a href="http://www.lexadin.nl/wlg/other/nofr/lxsoft.htm">
<img border="0" id="mn_software" name="mn_software" src="http://www.lexadin.nl/wlg/pics/mn_software.gif" /></a></td>
<td><a href="http://www.lexadin.nl/wlg/other/nofr/indices.htm">
<img border="0" id="mn_indices" name="mn_indices" src="http://www.lexadin.nl/wlg/pics/mn_indices.gif" /></a></td>
<td><a href="http://www.lexadin.nl/wlg/organis/nofr/organis.htm">
<img border="0" id="mn_organizations" name="mn_organizations" src="http://www.lexadin.nl/wlg/pics/mn_organizations.gif" /></a></td>
<td><a href="http://www.lexadin.nl/wlg/other/nofr/lxjou.htm">
<img border="0" id="mn_journals" name="mn_journals" src="http://www.lexadin.nl/wlg/pics/mn_journals.gif" /></a></td>
<td><a href="http://www.lexadin.nl/wlg/lxsearch.php">
<img border="0" id="mn_search" name="mn_search" src="http://www.lexadin.nl/wlg/pics/mn_search.gif" /></a></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</td></tr>
<tr><td background="/wlg/pics/mn_background.gif" height="115"><h2>
LEGISLATION MYANMAR (BURMA)</h2>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</td><td bgcolor="327564" height="245" width="200"><center>
<a href="http://www.lexadin.nl/wlg/pics/maps/myanmar.gif" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="http://www.lexadin.nl/wlg/pics/maps/s_myanmar.gif" /></a>
</center>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</td></tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="CCCCCC" height="50"><table align="center" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" style="width: 930px;"> <tbody>
<tr> <td width="240"><br /></td><td>
<a href="http://www.lexadin.nl/wlg/legis/nofr/oeur/lxwebum.htm#Administrative%20/%20Public%20Law">Administrative / Public Law</a> / <a href="http://www.lexadin.nl/wlg/legis/nofr/oeur/lxwebum.htm#Agriculture%20Law">Agriculture Law</a> / <a href="http://www.lexadin.nl/wlg/legis/nofr/oeur/lxwebum.htm#Banking%20Law">Banking Law</a> / <a href="http://www.lexadin.nl/wlg/legis/nofr/oeur/lxwebum.htm#Civil%20Law">Civil Law</a> / <a href="http://www.lexadin.nl/wlg/legis/nofr/oeur/lxwebum.htm#Commercial%20Law">Commercial Law</a> / <a href="http://www.lexadin.nl/wlg/legis/nofr/oeur/lxwebum.htm#Communications%20And%20Media%20Law">Communications And Media Law</a> / <a href="http://www.lexadin.nl/wlg/legis/nofr/oeur/lxwebum.htm#Company%20Law">Company Law</a> / <a href="http://www.lexadin.nl/wlg/legis/nofr/oeur/lxwebum.htm#Constitutional%20Law">Constitutional Law</a> /
<a href="http://www.lexadin.nl/wlg/legis/nofr/oeur/lxwebum.htm#Criminal%20Law">Criminal Law</a> / <a href="http://www.lexadin.nl/wlg/legis/nofr/oeur/lxwebum.htm#E-Commerce">E-Commerce</a> / <a href="http://www.lexadin.nl/wlg/legis/nofr/oeur/lxwebum.htm#Electoral%20Law">Electoral Law</a> / <a href="http://www.lexadin.nl/wlg/legis/nofr/oeur/lxwebum.htm#Energy%20Law">Energy Law</a> / <a href="http://www.lexadin.nl/wlg/legis/nofr/oeur/lxwebum.htm#Environmental%20Law">Environmental Law</a> / <a href="http://www.lexadin.nl/wlg/legis/nofr/oeur/lxwebum.htm#Health%20Law">Health Law</a> / <a href="http://www.lexadin.nl/wlg/legis/nofr/oeur/lxwebum.htm#Insurance%20Law">Insurance Law</a> / <a href="http://www.lexadin.nl/wlg/legis/nofr/oeur/lxwebum.htm#Intellectual%20Property%20Law">Intellectual Property Law</a> / <a href="http://www.lexadin.nl/wlg/legis/nofr/oeur/lxwebum.htm#Labor%20Law">Labor Law</a> /
<a href="http://www.lexadin.nl/wlg/legis/nofr/oeur/lxwebum.htm#Law%20Sources">Law Sources</a> / <a href="http://www.lexadin.nl/wlg/legis/nofr/oeur/lxwebum.htm#Litigation%20And%20Court%20Procedure">Litigation And Court Procedure</a> / <a href="http://www.lexadin.nl/wlg/legis/nofr/oeur/lxwebum.htm#Mining%20Law">Mining Law</a> / <a href="http://www.lexadin.nl/wlg/legis/nofr/oeur/lxwebum.htm#Tax%20Law">Tax Law</a> / <a href="http://www.lexadin.nl/wlg/legis/nofr/oeur/lxwebum.htm#Transport%20And%20Maritime%20Law">Transport And Maritime Law</a> /
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</td></tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="dddddd"><table align="center" border="0" cellpadding="10" cellspacing="10" style="width: 930px;"><tbody>
<tr><td valign="TOP" width="200"><ins style="border: none; display: inline-table; height: 600px; margin: 0; padding: 0; position: relative; visibility: visible; width: 160px;"><ins id="aswift_0_anchor" style="border: none; display: block; height: 600px; margin: 0; padding: 0; position: relative; visibility: visible; width: 160px;"></ins></ins>
</td><td valign="TOP"><b>
<br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314" name="Constitutional Law">Constitutional Law</a><br />
<a href="http://www.thailawforum.com/database1/constmyanmar.html" target="_blank">Constitution</a><br />
<a href="http://www.blc-burma.org/lr_con.html" target="_blank">Constitution</a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314" name="Litigation And Court Procedure">Litigation And Court Procedure</a><br />
<a href="http://www.blc-burma.org/html/Myanmar%20Law/lr_e_ml01_01.html" target="_blank">Attorney-General Law, 2001</a><br />
<a href="http://www.blc-burma.org/html/Myanmar%20Law/lr_e_ml00_05.html" target="_blank">Judiciary Law</a><br />
<a href="http://www.blc-burma.org/html/Myanmar%20Law/lr_e_ml00_05.html" target="_blank">Judiciary Law,2000</a><br />
<a href="http://www.blc-burma.org/html/Myanmar%20Law/lr_e_ml03_03.html" target="_blank">Law Amending the Attorney General Law, 2001</a><br />
<a href="http://www.blc-burma.org/html/Myanmar%20Law/lr_e_ml90_06.html" target="_blank">Law Amending the Court Fees Act</a><br />
<a href="http://www.blc-burma.org/html/Myanmar%20Law/lr_e_ml03_02.html" target="_blank">Law Amending the Judiciary Law, 2000</a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314" name="Electoral Law">Electoral Law</a><br />
<a href="http://www.blc-burma.org/html/Myanmar%20Law/lr_e_ml90_12.html" target="_blank">Law Amending the Pyithu Hluttaw Election Law 90</a><br />
<a href="http://www.blc-burma.org/html/Myanmar%20Law/lr_e_ml91_10.html" target="_blank">Law Amending the Pyithu Hluttaw Election Law 91</a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314" name="Administrative / Public Law">Administrative / Public Law</a><br />
<a href="http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,LEGAL,,LEGISLATION,MMR,4562d8cf2,3ae6b4f71b,0.html" target="_blank">Burma Citizenship Law</a><br />
<a href="http://www.blc-burma.org/html/Myanmar%20Law/lr_e_ml96_10.html" target="_blank">Computer Science Development Law</a><br />
<a href="http://www.blc-burma.org/html/Myanmar%20Law/lr_e_ml93_11.html" target="_blank">Development of Border Areas and National Races Law</a><br />
<a href="http://www.blc-burma.org/html/Myanmar%20Law/lr_e_ml97_01.html" target="_blank">Fire Service Law</a><br />
<a href="http://www.blc-burma.org/html/Myanmar%20Law/lr_e_ml98_10.html" target="_blank">International Theravada Buddhist Missionary university Law</a><br />
<a href="http://www.blc-burma.org/html/Myanmar%20Law/lr_e_ml97_04.html" target="_blank">Law Amending the Myanmar Citizenship Law</a><br />
<a href="http://www.blc-burma.org/html/Myanmar%20Law/lr_e_ml90_02.html" target="_blank">Law Amending the Myanmar Immigration ( Emergency Provisions ) Act, 1947</a><br />
<a href="http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,LEGAL,,LEGISLATION,MMR,4562d8cf2,3edbb3a94,0.html" target="_blank">Law Amending the Myanmar Immigration (Emergency Provisions) Act, 1947</a><br />
<a href="http://www.blc-burma.org/html/Myanmar%20Law/lr_e_ml94_01.html" target="_blank">Myanmar Accountancy Council Law</a><br />
<a href="http://www.blc-burma.org/html/Myanmar%20Law/lr_e_ml91_12.html" target="_blank">Myanmar Historical Commission Law</a><br />
<a href="http://www.blc-burma.org/html/Myanmar%20Law/lr_e_ml93_14.html" target="_blank">Myanmar Hotel and Tourism Law</a><br />
<a href="http://www.blc-burma.org/html/Myanmar%20Law/lr_e_ml90_21.html" target="_blank">Myanmar Maternal and Child Welfare Association Law</a><br />
<a href="http://www.blc-burma.org/html/Myanmar%20Law/lr_e_ml93_06.html" target="_blank">Myanmar National Olympic Council Law</a><br />
<a href="http://www.blc-burma.org/html/Myanmar%20Law/lr_e_ml98_09.html" target="_blank">Protection and Preservation of Cultural Heritage Region Law</a><br />
<a href="http://www.csostat.gov.mm/SAct.asp" target="_blank">The Central Statistical Authority Act, 1952</a><br />
<a href="http://www.blc-burma.org/html/Myanmar%20Law/lr_e_ml01_05.html" target="_blank">The Law Amending the Myanmar Accountancy Council Law</a><br />
<a href="http://www.blc-burma.org/html/Myanmar%20Law/lr_e_ml01_02.html" target="_blank">The Law Amending the Political Pension Law</a><br />
<a href="http://www.blc-burma.org/html/Myanmar%20Law/lr_e_ml00_07.html" target="_blank">The Law Amending the Political Pension Law</a><br />
<a href="http://www.blc-burma.org/html/Myanmar%20Law/lr_e_ml02_02.html" target="_blank">The Myanmar Aerospace Engineering University Law</a><br />
<a href="http://www.blc-burma.org/html/Myanmar%20Law/lr_e_ml02_01.html" target="_blank">The Myanmar Maritime University Law</a><br />
<a href="http://www.myanmar.gov.mm/ministry/hotel/Aboutus/TLaw.htm" target="_blank">Tourism Law</a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314" name="Criminal Law">Criminal Law</a><br />
<a href="http://www.blc-burma.org/html/Criminal%20Procedure%20Code/cpc_index.html" target="_blank">Code of Criminal Procedure</a><br />
<a href="http://www.blc-burma.org/html/Burma%20Code/lr_e_bc01_13.html" target="_blank">Extradiction Act</a><br />
<a href="http://www.blc-burma.org/html/myanmar%20law/lr_e_ml04_08.htm" target="_blank">Law Amending the Control of Money Laundering Law</a><br />
<a href="http://www.blc-burma.org/html/Myanmar%20Law/lr_e_ml98_07.html" target="_blank">Law Amending the Suppression of Prostitution Act, 1949</a><br />
<a href="http://www.ccdac.gov.mm/articles/article.cfm?id=268" target="_blank">Money Laundering Law</a><br />
<a href="http://www.blc-burma.org/html/myanmar%20law/lr_e_ml04_04.htm" target="_blank">Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters Law 2004</a><br />
<a href="http://www.blc-burma.org/html/Myanmar%20Penal%20Code/mpc.html" target="_blank">Penal Code</a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314" name="Civil Law">Civil Law</a><br />
<a href="http://www.blc-burma.org/html/Myanmar%20Law/lr_e_ml93_09.html" target="_blank">Child Law</a><br />
<a href="http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,LEGAL,,LEGISLATION,MMR,4562d8cf2,3efb0e5b7,0.html" target="_blank">Child Law</a><br />
<a href="http://www.blc-burma.org/html/Myanmar%20Law/lr_e_ml00_06.html" target="_blank">Law Amending the Code of Civil Procedure</a><br />
<a href="http://www.blc-burma.org/html/Myanmar%20Law/lr_e_ml00_06.html" target="_blank">The Law Amending the Code of Civil Procedure</a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314" name="Commercial Law">Commercial Law</a><br />
<a href="http://www.blc-burma.org/html/Myanmar%20Law/lr_e_ml94_04.html" target="_blank">Myanmar Citizens Investment Law</a><br />
<a href="http://www.blc-burma.org/html/Myanmar%20Law/lr_e_ml91_13.html" target="_blank">Promotion of Cottage Industrial Law</a><br />
<a href="http://www.commerce.gov.mm/eng/dot/ebooks/the_weights_&_measure_of_capacity_act.pdf" target="_blank">The Weights & Measure of Capacity Act</a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314" name="Company Law">Company Law</a><br />
<a href="http://www.blc-burma.org/html/Myanmar%20Law/lr_e_ml92_09.html" target="_blank">Co-operative Society Law</a><br />
<a href="http://www.blc-burma.org/html/Myanmar%20Law/lr_e_ml91_02.html" target="_blank">Law Amending the Myanmar Companies Act 98</a><br />
<a href="http://www.blc-burma.org/html/Myanmar%20Law/lr_e_ml97_06.html" target="_blank">Law Amending the State -owned Economic Enterprises Law</a><br />
<a href="http://www.blc-burma.org/html/Myanmar%20Law/lr_e_ml90_22.html" target="_blank">Private Industrial Enterprise Law</a><br />
<a href="http://www.blc-burma.org/html/Myanmar%20Law/lr_e_ml92_06.html" target="_blank">Salt Enterprises Law</a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314" name="Labor Law">Labor Law</a><br />
<a href="http://www.most.gov.mm/techuni/media/ChT_02015_4.pdf" target="_blank">Occupational Safely and Health Act (OSHA)</a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314" name="Health Law">Health Law</a><br />
<a href="http://www.blc-burma.org/html/Myanmar%20Law/lr_e_ml03_01.html" target="_blank">Blood and Blood Products Law</a><br />
<a href="http://www.blc-burma.org/html/myanmar%20law/lr_e_ml04_01.htm" target="_blank">Body Organ Donation Law</a><br />
<a href="http://www.blc-burma.org/html/Myanmar%20Law/lr_e_ml96_02.html" target="_blank">Eye Donation Law</a><br />
<a href="http://www.blc-burma.org/html/Myanmar%20Law/lr_e_ml90_19.html" target="_blank">Law Relating to Nurse and Midwife</a><br />
<a href="http://www.blc-burma.org/html/Myanmar%20Law/lr_e_ml00_01.html" target="_blank">Medical Council Law</a><br />
<a href="http://www.blc-burma.org/html/Myanmar%20Law/lr_e_ml93_01.html" target="_blank">Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Law</a><br />
<a href="http://www.blc-burma.org/html/Myanmar%20Law/lr_e_ml92_07.html" target="_blank">National Drug Law</a><br />
<a href="http://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/mya63441.pdf" target="_blank">National Food Law</a><br />
<a href="http://www.blc-burma.org/html/Myanmar%20Law/lr_e_ml95_01.html" target="_blank">Prevention and Control of Communicable Diseases Law</a><br />
<a href="http://www.blc-burma.org/html/Myanmar%20Law/lr_e_ml02_03.html" target="_blank">The Law Amending the Law Relating to the Nurse and Midwife</a><br />
<a href="http://www.blc-burma.org/html/Myanmar%20Law/lr_e_ml96_07.html" target="_blank">The Traditional Drug Law</a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314" name="Mining Law">Mining Law</a><br />
<a href="http://www.blc-burma.org/html/Myanmar%20Law/lr_e_ml94_08.html" target="_blank">Mines Law</a><br />
<a href="http://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/mya63433.pdf" target="_blank">Myanmar Pearl Law</a><br />
<a href="http://www.blc-burma.org/html/Myanmar%20Law/lr_e_ml95_07.html" target="_blank">Myanmar Pearl Law</a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314" name="Tax Law">Tax Law</a><br />
<a href="http://www.blc-burma.org/html/Myanmar%20Law/lr_e_ml90_08.html" target="_blank">Commercial Tax Law</a><br />
<a href="http://www.blc-burma.org/PDF/Law/BC/vol3/THE%20BURMA%20EXCISE%20ACT.pdf" target="_blank">Excise Act</a><br />
<a href="http://www.blc-burma.org/html/Myanmar%20Law/lr_e_ml91_05.html" target="_blank">Law Amending the Commercial Tax Law</a><br />
<a href="http://www.blc-burma.org/html/Myanmar%20Law/lr_e_ml90_06.html" target="_blank">Law Amending the Gambling Law</a><br />
<a href="http://www.blc-burma.org/html/Myanmar%20Law/lr_e_ml91_06.html" target="_blank">Law Amending the Income-tax Law 91</a><br />
<a href="http://www.blc-burma.org/html/Myanmar%20Law/lr_e_ml91_07.html" target="_blank">Law Amending the Profit Tex Law</a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314" name="Banking Law">Banking Law</a><br />
<a href="http://www.blc-burma.org/html/Myanmar%20Law/lr_e_ml90_15.html" target="_blank">Central Bank of Myanmar Law</a><br />
<a href="http://www.blc-burma.org/html/Myanmar%20Law/lr_e_ml90_16.html" target="_blank">Financial Institutions of Myanmar Law</a><br />
<a href="http://www.blc-burma.org/html/Myanmar%20Law/lr_e_ml95_06.html" target="_blank">Law Amending the Central Bank of Myanmar Law 95</a><br />
<a href="http://www.blc-burma.org/html/Myanmar%20Law/lr_e_ml97_02.html" target="_blank">Law Amending the Central Bank of Myanmar Law 97</a><br />
<a href="http://www.blc-burma.org/html/Myanmar%20Law/lr_e_ml94_07.html" target="_blank">Law Amending the Financial Institution of Myanmar Law</a><br />
<a href="http://www.blc-burma.org/html/Myanmar%20Law/lr_e_ml92_05.html" target="_blank">Saving Banks Law</a><br />
<a href="http://www.blc-burma.org/html/Myanmar%20Law/lr_e_ml92_05.html" target="_blank">Savings Banks Law</a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314" name="Insurance Law">Insurance Law</a><br />
<a href="http://www.blc-burma.org/html/Myanmar%20Law/lr_e_ml96_06.html" target="_blank">Insurance Business Law</a><br />
<a href="http://www.blc-burma.org/html/Myanmar%20Law/lr_e_ml93_10.html" target="_blank">Insurance Law</a><br />
<a href="http://www.blc-burma.org/html/Myanmar%20Law/lr_e_ml93_10.html" target="_blank">Myanmar Insurance Law</a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314" name="Communications And Media Law">Communications And Media Law</a><br />
<a href="http://www.blc-burma.org/html/myanmar%20law/lr_e_ml04_05.htm" target="_blank">Electronic Transactions Law 2004</a><br />
<a href="http://www.blc-burma.org/html/Myanmar%20Law/lr_e_ml96_09.html" target="_blank">Motion Picture Law</a><br />
<a href="http://www.blc-burma.org/html/Myanmar%20Law/lr_e_ml90_18.html" target="_blank">National Archive and Mawgun Law</a><br />
<a href="http://www.blc-burma.org/html/Myanmar%20Law/lr_e_ml96_08.html" target="_blank">Television and Video Law</a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314" name="Transport And Maritime Law">Transport And Maritime Law</a><br />
<a href="http://www.blc-burma.org/html/Myanmar%20Law/lr_e_ml00_08.html" target="_blank">Highways Law</a><br />
<a href="http://www.blc-burma.org/html/Myanmar%20Law/lr_e_ml98_01.html" target="_blank">Law Amending the Canal Act</a><br />
<a href="http://www.blc-burma.org/html/Myanmar%20Law/lr_e_ml93_15.html" target="_blank">Law Amending the Fishing Right of Foreign Fishing Vessels Law</a><br />
<a href="http://www.blc-burma.org/html/myanmar%20law/lr_e_ml04_06.htm" target="_blank">Law Amending the Myanmar Aircraft Act 2004</a><br />
<a href="http://www.blc-burma.org/html/Myanmar%20Law/lr_e_ml93_16.html" target="_blank">Law Amending the Myanmar Marine Fisheries Law</a><br />
<a href="http://www.blc-burma.org/html/Myanmar%20Law/lr_e_ml99_04.html" target="_blank">Law Amending the Myanmar Merchant Shipping Law Act</a><br />
<a href="http://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/mya35047.pdf" target="_blank">Law amending the Myanmar Marine Fisheries Law (No. 16/93)</a><br />
<a href="http://www.blc-burma.org/html/Myanmar%20Law/lr_e_ml90_09.html" target="_blank">Marine Fisheries Law</a><br />
<a href="http://www.blc-burma.org/html/Myanmar%20Law/lr_e_ml90_09.html" target="_blank">Myanmar Marine Fisheries Law</a><br />
<a href="http://www.blc-burma.org/html/Myanmar%20Law/lr_e_ml00_08.html" target="_blank">The Highways Law</a><br />
<a href="http://www.construction.gov.mm/Highway.htm" target="_blank">The Highways Law</a><br />
<a href="http://www.blc-burma.org/html/Myanmar%20Law/lr_e_ml92_02.html" target="_blank">Traffic Law</a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314" name="Environmental Law">Environmental Law</a><br />
<a href="http://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/mya36263.pdf" target="_blank">Animal Health and Development Law No. 17/93.</a><br />
<a href="http://www.blc-burma.org/html/Myanmar%20Law/lr_e_ml92_08.html" target="_blank">Forest Law</a><br />
<a href="http://www.blc-burma.org/html/Myanmar%20Law/lr_e_ml91_01.html" target="_blank">Freshwater Fisheries Law</a><br />
<a href="http://www.blc-burma.org/html/Myanmar%20Law/lr_e_ml94_06.html" target="_blank">Protection of Wild Life, Wild Plants and Conservation of Natural Areas Law</a><br />
<a href="http://www.myanmar.gov.mm/ministry/hotel/Aboutus/TLaw.htm" target="_blank">Tourism Law</a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314" name="Intellectual Property Law">Intellectual Property Law</a><br />
<a href="http://www.wipo.int/clea/en/text_pdf.jsp?lang=EN&id=5934" target="_blank">The Copyright Act of 1914</a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314" name="Energy Law">Energy Law</a><br />
<a href="http://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/mya63437.pdf" target="_blank">Atomic Energy Law</a><br />
<a href="http://www.blc-burma.org/html/Myanmar%20Law/lr_e_ml98_08.html" target="_blank">Atomic Energy Law</a><br />
<a href="http://www.blc-burma.org/html/Myanmar%20Law/lr_e_ml90_03.html" target="_blank">Law Amending the Electricity Law</a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314" name="Agriculture Law">Agriculture Law</a><br />
<a href="http://faolex.fao.org/docs/texts/mya9431.doc" target="_blank">Law relating to Aquaculture.</a><br />
<a href="http://www.blc-burma.org/html/Myanmar%20Law/lr_e_ml90_17.html" target="_blank">Myanmar Agricultural and Rural Development Bank Law</a><br />
<a href="http://mas.moai.gov.mm/download/plant_protection/pesticide%20law%20%20_11-5-1990_.pdf" target="_blank">Pesticide Law</a><br />
<a href="http://www.blc-burma.org/html/Myanmar%20Law/Indexs/lr_law_ml_azindex.html" target="_blank">Pesticide Law</a><br />
<a href="http://www.blc-burma.org/html/Myanmar%20Law/lr_e_ml90_10.html" target="_blank">Pesticide Law</a><br />
<a href="http://www.blc-burma.org/html/Myanmar%20Law/lr_e_ml93_08.html" target="_blank">Plant Pest Quarantine Law</a><br />
<a href="http://www.blc-burma.org/html/Myanmar%20Law/lr_e_ml95_09.html" target="_blank">Veterinary Council Law</a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314" name="E-Commerce">E-Commerce</a><br />
<a href="http://www.blc-burma.org/html/Myanmar%20Law/lr_e_ml94_05.html" target="_blank">Science and Technology Development Law</a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314" name="Law Sources">Law Sources</a><br />
<a href="http://www.blc-burma.org/" target="_blank">Burma Lawyers Council - Myanmar Laws</a><br />
<a href="http://www.dca.gov.mm/" target="_blank">Department of Civil Aviation</a><br />
<a href="http://www.mora.gov.mm/" target="_blank">MInistry of Religious Affairs</a><br />
<a href="http://www.mpt.net.mm/" target="_blank">Ministry Of Communications,Posts and Telegraphs</a><br />
<a href="http://www.mofr.gov.mm/" target="_blank">Ministry Of Finance And Revenue</a><br />
<a href="http://www.moai.gov.mm/" target="_blank">Ministry for Agriculture and Irrigation</a><br />
<a href="http://www.myancoop.gov.mm/" target="_blank">Ministry of Co-operatives</a><br />
<a href="http://www.commerce.gov.mm/" target="_blank">Ministry of Commerce</a><br />
<a href="http://www.construction.gov.mm/" target="_blank">Ministry of Construction</a><br />
<a href="http://www.energy.gov.mm/" target="_blank">Ministry of Energy</a><br />
<a href="http://www.mofa.gov.mm/" target="_blank">Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a><br />
<a href="http://www.myanmarteak.gov.mm/" target="_blank">Ministry of Forestry</a><br />
<a href="http://www.moh.gov.mm/" target="_blank">Ministry of Health</a><br />
<a href="http://www.myanmar.gov.mm/" target="_blank">Ministry of Hotels and Tourism</a><br />
<a href="http://www.ind1.gov.mm/" target="_blank">Ministry of Industry</a><br />
<a href="http://www.industry2.gov.mm/" target="_blank">Ministry of Industry</a><br />
<a href="http://www.mol.gov.mm/" target="_blank">Ministry of Labour</a><br />
<a href="http://www.mining.com.mm/" target="_blank">Ministry of Mining</a><br />
<a href="http://www.mnped.gov.mm/" target="_blank">Ministry of National Planning and Economic Development</a><br />
<a href="http://www.mot.gov.mm/" target="_blank">Ministry of Transport</a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.mining.com.mm/PDF/GEMS_LAW.PDF" target="_blank">Myanmar Gemstone Law</a><br />
</b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="CCCCCC"><center>
<ins style="border: none; display: inline-table; height: 90px; margin: 0; padding: 0; position: relative; visibility: visible; width: 728px;"><ins id="aswift_1_anchor" style="border: none; display: block; height: 90px; margin: 0; padding: 0; position: relative; visibility: visible; width: 728px;"></ins></ins>
</center>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="BBBBBB"><center>
© Copyright 1996-2010 Lexadin <br />
Document Created at August 20, 1996<br /> Last Update october 06 2010</center>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Rowannyahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11315383992304973275noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2089436399604203314.post-14483869566307526152012-04-03T07:42:00.000-07:002013-02-01T13:01:59.781-08:00 Nyiwin's Blog<div id="page" style="text-align: justify;">
<div id="header">
<div id="headerimg" style="cursor: pointer;">
<h1>
<a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/">Nyiwin's Blog</a></h1>
<div class="description">
Just another WordPress.com weblog</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="narrowcolumn" id="content">
<h2 class="pagetitle">
Posts Tagged ‘infotainment’</h2>
<div class="navigation">
<div class="alignleft">
<a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/tag/infotainment/page/2/">« Older Entries</a></div>
</div>
<div class="post-4018 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-travel category-culture category-religion category-buddhism category-history category-myanmar category-infotainment-2 tag-bagan tag-buddhism tag-culture tag-history tag-infotainment tag-myanmar tag-travel">
<h3 id="post-4018">
<a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/2012/03/04/nann-phayarr-%e1%80%94%e1%80%94%e1%80%b9%e1%80%b8%e1%80%98%e1%80%af%e1%80%9b%e1%80%ac%e1%80%b8-myinkabar-%e1%80%bb%e1%80%99%e1%80%84%e1%80%b9%e1%80%b8%e1%80%80%e1%80%95%e1%80%ab-bagan-%e1%80%95/" rel="bookmark" title="Permanent Link to Nann Phayarr နန္းဘုရား Myinkabar ျမင္းကပါ Bagan ပုဂံ">Nann Phayarr နန္းဘုရား Myinkabar ျမင္းကပါ Bagan ပုဂံ</a></h3>
<small>March 4, 2012</small>
<br />
<div class="entry">
Nann Phayarr နန္းဘုရား at Myinkabar ျမင္းကပါ, Bagan ပုဂံ, near
the Manuha pagoda မႏူဟာ ဘုရား is one of the 3 sandstone pagodas of
Bagan. The others are the Shwesigone ေရႊစည္းခံု stupa and the KyauKuu
OoMin ေက်ာက္ကူး/ဂူ ဥမင္ temple at Nyaung Oo.<br />
The Nann Phayarr နန္းဘုရား is built on the site where the king Manuha
မႏူဟာမင္း of Thaton သထံု lived while as prisoner in exile in Bagan
after he was defeated by king Anawratha အေနာ္ရထာ / အႏုရုဒၶာ.<br />
The temple is quite small and has barred windows and is dark inside.
The place is protected by the archeological department and the iron door
is usually locked. Tourists are shown of the temple as there are
interesting sculptures inside.<br />
There are sandstone pillars with finely sculptured images of floral
design ပန္းဆြဲ, ogre eating flower garland ဘီလူးပန္းကီုက္ and Lord
Vishnu ဗိသႏိုးနတ္မင္း and is much appreciated by tourists, although most
Myanmars do not know about it. Myanmars usually visit the Manuha မႏူဟာ
pagoda with its enormous Buddha image in a narrow temple, representing
the restricted situation of the king Manuha မႏူဟာ and went on elsewhere
on pilgrimage.<br />
<div class="wp-caption aligncenter" style="width: 460px;">
<div class="mceTemp mceIEcenter">
<dl class="wp-caption aligncenter">
<dt class="wp-caption-dt"><a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2012/03/nann-phayarr-bagan-3.jpg"><img alt="" class="size-full wp-image-4022" height="639" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2012/03/nann-phayarr-bagan-3.jpg?w=450&h=639" title="Nann Phayarr Bagan 3" width="450" /></a><div class="wp-caption-text">
Lord Vishnu ဗိသႏိုးနတ္မင္း</div>
<div class="mceTemp mceIEcenter">
<dl class="wp-caption aligncenter">
<dt class="wp-caption-dt"><a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2012/03/nann-phayarr-bagan-1.jpg"><img alt="" class="size-full wp-image-4020" height="639" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2012/03/nann-phayarr-bagan-1.jpg?w=450&h=639" title="Nann Phayarr Bagan 1" width="450" /></a></dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-dd"><b style="background-color: #a0ffff; color: black;">stone</b> floral design ပန္းဆြဲ</dd></dl>
</div>
</dt>
</dl>
</div>
<dl class="wp-caption aligncenter">
<dt class="wp-caption-dt"><a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2012/03/nann-phayarr-bagan-2.jpg"><img alt="" class="size-full wp-image-4021" height="639" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2012/03/nann-phayarr-bagan-2.jpg?w=450&h=639" title="Nann Phayarr Bagan 2" width="450" /></a></dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-dd"><b style="background-color: #a0ffff; color: black;">stone</b> sculpture of Lord Vishnu</dd></dl>
</div>
</div>
<div class="postmetadata">
Tags:<a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/tag/bagan/" rel="tag">Bagan</a>, <a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/tag/buddhism/" rel="tag">Buddhism</a>, <a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/tag/culture/" rel="tag">Culture</a>, <a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/tag/history/" rel="tag">history</a>, <a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/tag/infotainment/" rel="tag">infotainment</a>, <a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/tag/myanmar/" rel="tag">Myanmar</a>, <a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/tag/travel/" rel="tag">Travel</a><br />
Posted in <a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/category/travel/" rel="category tag" title="View all posts in Travel">Travel</a>, <a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/category/culture/" rel="category tag" title="View all posts in Culture">Culture</a>, <a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/category/religion/" rel="category tag" title="View all posts in religion">religion</a>, <a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/category/religion/buddhism/" rel="category tag" title="View all posts in Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, <a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/category/history/" rel="category tag" title="View all posts in history">history</a>, <a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/category/myanmar/" rel="category tag" title="View all posts in Myanmar">Myanmar</a>, <a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/category/infotainment-2/" rel="category tag" title="View all posts in Infotainment">Infotainment</a> | <a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/2012/03/04/nann-phayarr-%e1%80%94%e1%80%94%e1%80%b9%e1%80%b8%e1%80%98%e1%80%af%e1%80%9b%e1%80%ac%e1%80%b8-myinkabar-%e1%80%bb%e1%80%99%e1%80%84%e1%80%b9%e1%80%b8%e1%80%80%e1%80%95%e1%80%ab-bagan-%e1%80%95/#respond" title="Comment on Nann Phayarr နန္းဘုရား Myinkabar ျမင္းကပါ Bagan ပုဂံ">Leave a Comment »</a></div>
</div>
<div class="post-4013 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-buddhism category-culture category-festival-kachin category-history category-infotainment-2 category-life category-myanmar category-religion tag-history tag-culture tag-infotainment tag-religion tag-buddhism tag-myanmar">
<h3 id="post-4013">
<a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/2012/03/04/shin-upagote-%e1%80%9b%e1%80%bd%e1%80%84%e1%80%b9%e1%80%a5%e1%80%95%e1%80%82%e1%80%af%e1%80%90%e1%80%b9/" rel="bookmark" title="Permanent Link to Shin Upagote ရွင္ဥပဂုတ္">Shin Upagote ရွင္ဥပဂုတ္</a></h3>
<small>March 4, 2012</small>
<br />
<div class="entry">
Shin U Pa Gota, the “saint” of all waters. According to legend,
Shin U Pa Gota grew up a troubled boy until the Buddha visited him and
brought him instant enlightenment. From that moment, he spent his time
meditating in the Irrawaddy.<br />
He is the saint of boatmen, of fishermen, of anyone who relies on the river.<br />
The bamboo rafts with Shin U Pa Gota images are floated down the
rivers during the monsoon and wherever the raft comes to shore it is
greeted with huge reverence and a ceremony will be held. This will
sometimes be just a day or maybe stretch into days.<br />
Then, the villagers will set the raft loose so it can continue down
the river, bringing blessings to the next village that takes it in.<br />
Another legend is that this “arahat” Uppagutta was a diciple of Lord
Buddha and was always late to take his lunch before noon.That is why his
statue is always shown with the alms bowl in his hand and looking up to
the sun to see whether it has passed the meridien.<br />
The Burmese believe that Shin Upagote still lives in a floating
brazen [brass] palace in the southern ocean, and that he too can be
invoked to come by a prayer of special formula, and that his mere
invisible presence will prevent storms and floods. Some believe also
that he can be invoked when danger in the form of some physical violence
threatens.<br />
Shin Upagote {rhin U.pa.goat} seems to have been an entire creation
of Mahayana Buddhism, unless he was the same monk as Moggaliputta-Tissa,
who presided over the Third Buddhist [{p133}] Council, as some scholars
would maintain. Shin Upagote was believed to have tamed the arch enemy
of Buddhism, the great God Mara himself. Asoka was preparing to hold a
great festival in honour of the religion, and the monks, realizing that
God Mara would do everything in his power to destroy the festival, sent
for Upagote. Upagote, by his miraculous powers, not only defeated Mara
in a great struggle, but also converted him to Buddhism.</div>
<div class="postmetadata">
Tags:<a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/tag/history/" rel="tag">history</a>, <a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/tag/culture/" rel="tag">Culture</a>, <a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/tag/infotainment/" rel="tag">infotainment</a>, <a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/tag/religion/" rel="tag">religion</a>, <a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/tag/buddhism/" rel="tag">Buddhism</a>, <a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/tag/myanmar/" rel="tag">Myanmar</a><br />
Posted in <a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/category/religion/buddhism/" rel="category tag" title="View all posts in Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, <a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/category/culture/" rel="category tag" title="View all posts in Culture">Culture</a>, <a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/category/kachin/festival-kachin/" rel="category tag" title="View all posts in Festival">Festival</a>, <a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/category/history/" rel="category tag" title="View all posts in history">history</a>, <a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/category/infotainment-2/" rel="category tag" title="View all posts in Infotainment">Infotainment</a>, <a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/category/life/" rel="category tag" title="View all posts in Life">Life</a>, <a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/category/myanmar/" rel="category tag" title="View all posts in Myanmar">Myanmar</a>, <a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/category/religion/" rel="category tag" title="View all posts in religion">religion</a> | <a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/2012/03/04/shin-upagote-%e1%80%9b%e1%80%bd%e1%80%84%e1%80%b9%e1%80%a5%e1%80%95%e1%80%82%e1%80%af%e1%80%90%e1%80%b9/#respond" title="Comment on Shin Upagote ရွင္ဥပဂုတ္">Leave a Comment »</a></div>
</div>
<div class="post-4004 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-history category-myanmar category-infotainment-2 tag-history tag-infotainment tag-myanmar">
<h3 id="post-4004">
<a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/2012/02/21/pateikkayar-%e1%80%95%e1%80%8b%e1%80%ad%e1%80%80%e1%81%a0%e1%80%9b%e1%80%ac%e1%80%b8/" rel="bookmark" title="Permanent Link to Pateikkayar ပဋိကၠရား">Pateikkayar ပဋိကၠရား</a></h3>
<small>February 21, 2012</small>
<br />
<div class="entry">
I have always known about Pateikkayar ပဋိကၠရား as mentioned in
the traditional Myanmar history and historical writings and also that
mentioned in the chronicles. The earliest mention of it I heard about is
during the time of king KyansitthaReign 1084–1113 when the prince of
Pateikkaya ပဋိကၠရား မင္းသား came to visit Bagan to meet princess Shwe
Ein The ေရႊအိမ္သည္ regularly. He came by flight due to the power of the
alchemist’s ball ျပဒါးလံုး he had in his mouth. The king was displeased
about their love because if they get married the country would come
under Indian rule. He arranged for the marriage of princess Shwe Ein The
ေရႊအိမ္သည္ to the son of king Sawlu. After the marriage, while the
prince of Pateikkaya ပဋိကၠရား was on the way to Bagan, he met Shin
Arahan during the flight and when he heard of the news of the marriage,
gave an exclamation. The alchemist’s ball ျပဒါးလံုး fell out of his
mouth and he dropped to the ground and died.<br />
The next mention of Pateikkaya ပဋိကၠရား was during the time of king
Narathu Reign 1167–1170. It is said that king Narathu does not use water
after going to the toilet and because of this the Pateikkayar ပဋိကၠရား
queen did not let him come near her. Narathu became angry and had her
killed. Her father the king of Pateikkayar sent assassins in guise of
Ponna soothsayers ပုဏၰား. When they were taken to the presence of the
king, they assissanated Narathu. Hence, Narathu came to be called
Kalakya Minn ကုလားက်မင္း / king who fell to Indians. There is another
version of this episode, Narathu killed by the invading forces from the
island country of Sri Lanka and the cause of the invasion being a trade
restriction problem.<br />
I also read about the fact that Pateikkaya ပဋိကၠရား was in present
day Bangaladesh. Phayre “History” takes Pateikkaya ပဋိကၠရား as part of
Bengal; Tun Nyein, followed by Gerini as Chittagong; Bhattasali as a
ruined site in Patikkara pargana, Tippera district. An inscription of
the Bagan places it west of Bagan. Hmannan makes it the southwest
frontier of the Bagan kingdom. But Arakanese records, e.g. Do We, seem
to use the word as a name of a king “Pateikkaya king of Marawa.” The
location of Marawa is equally conjectural. Do We, in a variant of of
the Lady of Pateikkaya story, says she was captured by a king of Bagan
while travelling at Thingadaung pass in the Yomadaung, i.e. in a hill
country. San Shwe Bu thinks Thingadaung pass is north of Mount Victoria
and Marawa to be Mawyin, the Kabaw valley; if so, Pateikkaya is near
south Manipur. <br />
Here are more about Pateikkaya ပဋိကၠရား<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anawrahta<br />
Anawrahta also received tribute from the Buddhist kingdom of Pateikkaya
(ပဋိကၠရား, IPA: [bədeiʔ kʰəjá]). The location of the small kingdom
remains in dispute. The Burmese chronicles report the location as
northwest of Arakan and its kings Indian.[21] But British historian GE
Harvey reckoned that it was more likely nearer to the eastern Chin
Hills.[22]<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shwe_Einthi<br />
Shwe Einthi (Burmese: ေရႊအိမ္သည္, pronounced [ʃwè ʔèiɴðì]; also Shwe
Einsi, [ʃwè ʔèiɴzì]) was a princess of Pagan Dynasty of Burma (Myanmar).
She was the only daughter of King Kyansittha (r. 1084–1113), and the
mother of King Alaungsithu (r. 1113–1167).[1]<br />
The princess is best remembered in Burmese history for her failed love
affair with the prince of Pateikkaya, a kingdom, believed to be in East
Bengal or in eastern Chin Hills.[2] Soon after her father became king in
1084, she fell in love the prince who was visiting Pagan. But her
father forbade her to marry a foreigner, and instead married her off to
Prince Sawyun, the son of the late King Sawlu. The primate of Pagan Shin
Arahan broke the news to the prince, who subsequently committed
suicide.[1][3]<br />
The princess had two children with Sawyun: Soe Saing, and Sithu, who succeeded Kyansittha.<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narathu<br />
Narathu’s reign came to an abrupt end in 1170 when the king was killed
by the mercenaries sent by the chief of Pateikkaya, a tributary kingdom
in the west (near or today’s Chin State). The reason was to avenge for
Narathu’s murder of the chief’s daughter, whom the chief had sent to
Narathu as tribute. Narathu did raise the chief’s daughter as queen but
killed her with his own hands in one of his episodes of violence.<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chin_State<br />
The first recorded instance of a western kingdom believed to be near the
Chin Hills is the Kingdom of Pateikkaya, a tributary to the Pagan
Kingdom in the 11th and 12th centuries. Some historians (Arthur Phayre,
Tun Nyein) put Pateikkaya in eastern Bengal, thus placing the entire
Chin Hills under Pagan suzerainty but others like Harvey, citing <b style="background-color: #a0ffff; color: black;">stone</b>
inscriptions, put it near eastern Chin Hills.[4] (Burmese Chronicles
report the kings of Pateikkaya as Indian though the ethnicity of the
subjects is not explicitly cited.)<br />
http://www.asiaexplorers.com/myanmar/dhammayangyi_pahto.htm<br />
Dhammayangyi Temple was built by King Narathu, who killed his father
King Alaungsithu and proclaimed himself king in 1167 AD. Concerned for
his karma for having murdered his father, King Narathu built the
Dhammayangyi Temple to atone for his misdeed. Narathu himself oversaw
the construction of Dhammayangyi. He would have the masons executed if a
needle could be pushed between the bricks that they laid.<br />
Still, Narathu never saw the temple to its completion, for he himself
was assassinated. This was that had happened. Narathu had taken one of
his father’s wives as his own. This wife was an Indian princess from
Pateikkaya. Displeased with her Hindu customs, he had her executed. In
revenge, her father sent eight men disguised as Brahmans to Bagan. When
King Narathu received them, they drew swords and killed him. Thereupon,
the men committed suicide.<br />
http://myanmartravelinformation.com/bagan-where-to-visit/dhammayangyi-temple.htm<br />
History<br />
After murdering his own king father, Narathu ascended the throne of
Bagan and due to that, he built this temple. It is said that Narathu
oversaw the construction himself and that masons were excecuted if a
needle could be pushed between bricks they had laid. But he never
completed the construction because he was assassinated before the
completion. It was said that he was displeased by the Hindu rituals and
one of them who made those rituals was the Indian princess who was the
daughter of Pateikkaya. So he executed her for such reasons. The
princess’s father wanted revenge for his innocent daughter and sent 8
officers in the disguise of Brahmans and assassinated Narathu in this
very temple.<br />
http://www.nagajournal.com/articles/letter-of-greetings-to-all-the-nagas-from-forgotten-offspring/5004<br />
The first recorded instance of a western kingdom believed to be near the
Chin Hills is the Kingdom of Pateikkaya in the 11th and 12th centuries.
Some historians (Arthur Phayre, Tun Nyein) put Pateikkaya in eastern
Bengal, thus placing the entire Chin Hills under Pagan suzerainty but
others like Harvey, citing <b style="background-color: #a0ffff; color: black;">stone</b>
inscriptions, put it near eastern Chin Hills. (Burmese Chronicles
report the kings of Pateikkaya as Indian though the ethnicity of the
subjects is not explicitly cited.)<br />
Maung Nyo Dear Dr Nyi Win, Splendid! I read in Bangladeshi History
that Pateikaya was in the Eastern Bengal ruled by Buddhist kings of
Pallawa descents. Read history writings from Bangladesh.<br />
Maung Nyo Another thing, Missagiri was ruled by the Pagan Kings and it was the old name of the Chin hills.<br />
Alfred Balwin Thanks Ko Nyi Win. I think Prince Pateikkayar must be a Hindu because he depends on Alchemist’s Ball. If he is a <b style="background-color: #ff66ff; color: black;">Muslim</b>,
he will used a Magic Carpet by mean of long distance traveling and more
safe. Anyway, I love reading Myths, Legends and History. We see a lot
of Prince, Princess and Wannabe in modern days of Myanmar.<br />
Maung Nyo Dear Alfred, Prince PateikpayaBuddhist because he was a
friend of Shin Arahan and his Kingdom was Buddhist at the time, Pallawa
Dynasty.<br />
Harry Hpone Thant On the banks of the Ayeyarwady River a little above
Sinbaung wei(ဆင္ေပါင္ဝဲ) there is a curious rock formation. Locals call
it ေက်ာက္ေသတၱာ and say it was the place where this Pateik kaya fell
down from the sky and died!<br />
Harry Hpone Thant And at a village near this town is where Shweman
Tin maung collapsed on the stage while dancing. But I forgot the name of
the village. It is a big village and engaged in weaving. The pagoda
there has 4 entrances and nobody dare use the entrance facing the river.
Supersition says if somebody tries to cross the river opposite this
entrance they will die or the boat capsize and also no birds will fly
into the pagoda from this entrance. It was at this pagoda festival that
Shweman Tin Maung died</div>
<div class="postmetadata">
Tags:<a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/tag/history/" rel="tag">history</a>, <a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/tag/infotainment/" rel="tag">infotainment</a>, <a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/tag/myanmar/" rel="tag">Myanmar</a><br />
Posted in <a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/category/history/" rel="category tag" title="View all posts in history">history</a>, <a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/category/myanmar/" rel="category tag" title="View all posts in Myanmar">Myanmar</a>, <a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/category/infotainment-2/" rel="category tag" title="View all posts in Infotainment">Infotainment</a> | <a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/2012/02/21/pateikkayar-%e1%80%95%e1%80%8b%e1%80%ad%e1%80%80%e1%81%a0%e1%80%9b%e1%80%ac%e1%80%b8/#respond" title="Comment on Pateikkayar ပဋိကၠရား">Leave a Comment »</a></div>
</div>
<div class="post-3953 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-history category-infotainment-2 category-myanmar category-pyu tag-history tag-infotainment tag-myanmar tag-pyu">
<h3 id="post-3953">
<a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/2011/06/16/the-2-versions-of-how-sriksetra-tharay-khittayar-was-built-and-the-questions-and-thoughts-that-come-to-my-mind/" rel="bookmark" title="Permanent Link to The 2 versions of how Sriksetra / ThaRay Khittayar was built and the questions and thoughts that come to my mind">The 2 versions of how Sriksetra / ThaRay Khittayar was built and the questions and thoughts that come to my mind</a></h3>
<small>June 16, 2011</small>
<br />
<div class="entry">
There are mythological facts about the establishment of Sriksetra / <i>ThaRayKhittayar</i> the ancient <i>Pyu</i> walled city near <i>Pyay</i> (<i>Pyay</i> means country in <i>Myanmar</i> and the current city of <i>Pyay</i> or the Sriksetra / <i>ThaRayKhittayar</i> nearby was considered as their former country by those who left Sriksetra / <i>ThaRayKhittayar</i> after its fall and settled in <i>Yonehlutkyunn</i> which became the first <i>Bagan </i>and the place is still being called as such) as being told traditionally and mentioned in <i>Myanmar</i> Chronicles including the Glass Palace Chronicle / <i>HmanNann Yarzawin</i>.
I do not know what the current official version of the event is but
this version is still being mentioned in Dr. Thet Tin’s recently
published book. However, I also read of another version of the
construction of Sriksetra / <i>ThaRayKhittayar</i> from contemporary <i>Pyu</i> writings in the late Dr. Than Tun’s book <i>Khit Haung Myanmar Yarzawin.</i><br />
The origin of Sriksetra / <i>ThaRayKhittayar</i> is clouded in
mystery with mythological events recorded in Myanmar Chronicles and oral
traditions, and an entirely different version recorded in Pyu
inscription which mentioned about how it was built. I do not know what
the current official version of the event is but I heard of the first
traditional version while I was young and read about it from the Glass
Palace Chronicle / <i>HmanNann Yarzawin</i> and read about the second Pyu version from Dr. Than Tun’s books.<br />
<b><span style="text-decoration: underline;">The Glass Palace Chronicle / <i>HmanNann Yarzawin</i> version</span></b><br />
When King <i>Maha ThamBaWa </i>died after 6 years’ reign at <i>Sakya Inn</i>, his younger brother <i>Sula ThamBaWa</i> became king in the year BE 66 / 478 BC and made the former queen <i>Baydaryi</i> who was 3 months pregnant with <i>DutTaBaung</i> his queen. King <i>Sula ThamBaWa</i> died after 35 years of good reign in the year BE 101 / 513 BC and <i>DutTaBaung</i> became king and established Sriksetra / <i>ThaRayKhittayar</i>.<br />
7 persons including the <i>Gawun Pathe Rathe,</i> <i>ThaGyar Minn, Nagarr, Galon</i> discussed and helped build the city according to <i>Buddha’s </i>prophecy. <i>ThaGyarMinn </i>/<i> </i>king of the <i>TharWaTeinThar Nat Pyay</i> / celestial abode / <i>Moe Nat Minn</i> stood on the central post of the good and even land and made a circle with the <i>Nagarr </i>/ serpent / dragon as a rope and the resulting city of Sriksetra / <i>ThaRayKhittayar</i> was of 1 <i>Yuzanar </i>diameter, 3 <i>Yuzanar</i> circumference with the 7 city features of 32 large gates, 32 small entrances, moat, drains, <i>PyitSin, YinShauk, Tazaung, PyaOe.</i> There were also 3 palaces with <i>PyatThats </i>of 7, 9 and 11 <i>Bon</i> for the Hot, Rainy and Cold 3 seasons built by <i>Nats</i>. The city was built within 7 days and the <i>ThaGyar Minn</i> coronated <i>DutTaBaung </i>with 5 kingly apparels including the <i>Thilawun</i> sword and various apparels of emperors, the <i>AhReinDhamar </i>lance, big bell and drum, the <i>Narlar Giri </i>elephant of 22 ft height and 30 ft length and the <i>WaLar Haka</i> horse that can bear the king, 27 <i>Nat</i> warriors to protect the king, the minister <i>NgaNi Parr, NgaYe Kyarr, Pazin Phyu, Pazin Nyo</i> who are well versed in diplomacy and intelligence.<br />
King<i> DutTaBaung</i> was a very powerful king and whenever he walked, the earth gave way and the <i>ThaGyar Minn</i> had iron mushrooms placed where he will step. The whole world including the <i>ZamBu DiPar Kyun, AhThuYar </i>country and <i>Nagarr</i> country had to offer tribute and give tax.<br />
<div class="wp-caption aligncenter" id="attachment_3957" style="width: 460px;">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/img_0436.jpg"><img alt="" class="size-full wp-image-3957" height="600" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/img_0436.jpg?w=450&h=600" title="IMG_0436" width="450" /></a><br />
<div class="wp-caption-text">
Srikestra city map</div>
</div>
Although not included in the Glass Palace Chronicle / <i>HmanNann Yarzawin</i> the oral tradition also mentioned that while making a circle to mark the boundry of Sriksetra / <i>ThaRayKhittayar, </i>the <i>Nagarr </i>drew back twice when it met <i>Galon </i>(<i>Nagarr</i> and <i>Galon</i> are natural enemies with the <i>Galon </i>having the upper hand, although the Glass Palace Chronicle / <i>HmanNann Yarzawin</i> mentioned that both the <i>Nagarr</i> and<i> Galon</i> helped the <i>Gawun Pathe Rathe</i> and the <i>ThaGyar Minn</i> in building Sriksetra / <i>ThaRayKhittayar</i>). Hence the city wall is not circular but uneven at 2 places.<br />
It is difficult to believe that the <i>ThaGyarMinn </i>/<i> </i>king of the <i>TharWaTeinThar Nat Pyay</i> / celestial abode / <i>Moe Nat Minn</i> actually helped king<i> DutTaBaung</i> but I have heard of explanation about the traditional <i>Myanmar</i> oral and chronicle version as follows:<br />
The <i>Kathit </i>pole (<i>ThagyarMinn</i>) is used as centre point to draw the circle using cow (<i>Nagarr</i>) hide string and as there were ponds / <i>Aing</i> (<i>Galon</i>)
where the wall cannot be constructed and therefore moved a little to
the edge of the ponds and hence the city wall is not circular.<br />
However, on aerial photo view, the city wall is not actually circular
and there are no definite deviations at the northeast where the
PaukKhaung road leaves the city wall, which is the <i>NagaTunt.</i><br />
<b><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Version from <i>Pyu</i> inscription (Dr. Than Tun’s <i>KhitHaung Yarzawin</i>)</span></b><br />
The <i>Pyu</i> king / <i>Dube HaRi WiKraMa </i>built the city of Sriksetra / <i>ThaRayKhittayar. </i>(According to Dr. Than Tun, <i>DutTaBaung</i> is not the name of a king but a changed version for the <i>Pyu </i>word for king_ <i>Dube</i>)<br />
<i>Pyu</i> inscription found at <i>Hmawzar WutKhaung </i>hill:<br />
The inscription records the facts concerning the sculpturing of the Buddha statute on order of prince <i>ZaYa Sandra Varman.</i><br />
The first verse records the building of the 2 cities (1 seems to be Sriksetra / <i>ThaRay Khittayar</i>) on the same day and the preaching by the prince <i>ZaYa Sandra Varman’s </i>abbot <i>GuHa </i>/ <i>GuHa DiPa</i><br />
The younger brother <i>HaRi WiKraMa</i> (seems to be the ruler of 1 of the 2 cities mentioned) also contributes to the good deed / donation.<br />
The 2 brothers and the people of the 2 cities became friendlier due to the abbot.<br />
The 5<sup>th</sup> stanza mentioned that the future citizens of the 2 cities would also be friendly with each other.<br />
The last verse prayed for the friendship of the 2 cities till the end
of the world and for the successors of the younger brother.<br />
Dikshit’s (who read the inscription) comments:<br />
Although <i>HaRi WiKraMa </i>is mentioned as younger brother, it should not be taken as they are blood brothers but as the younger of the 2 kings<br />
There was a feud between the 2 which was mediated by the abbot <i>GuHa DiPa</i><br />
The facts that <i>ZaYa Sandra Varman</i> had to contribute the Buddha statute and the well being of <i>HaRi WiKraMa</i> was wished for indicates that <i>HaRi WiKraMa</i> has the upper hand and <i>ZaYa Sandra Varman</i> is in subordinate alliance<br />
Of the 2 kings, the younger <i>HaRi WiKraMa</i> is stronger and would likely to be the one who build the big city of Sriksetra / <i>ThaRay Khittayar</i> in the 4<sup>th</sup> century AD. If 1 of the 2 cities is Sriksetra / <i>ThaRay Khittayar, </i>which is the other one? It cannot be <i>Beikthanoe</i> which is muh older than Sriksetra / <i>ThaRay Khittayar.</i><br />
If <i>HaRi WiKraMa</i> established Sriksetra / <i>ThaRay Khittayar, </i>the <i>WiKraMa</i> dynasty would have ruled it. This is borne out by the finding of names of 3 kings ending with <i>WiKraMa</i> in the rock funeral urns: <i>HaRi WiKraMa, TiHa</i> <i>WiKraMa </i>and <i>Thuriya WiKraMa</i>.<br />
<div class="wp-caption aligncenter" id="attachment_3958" style="width: 460px;">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/img_0437.jpg"><img alt="" class="size-full wp-image-3958" height="337" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/img_0437.jpg?w=450&h=337" title="IMG_0437" width="450" /></a><br />
<div class="wp-caption-text">
Wikrama dynasty of Sriksetra cremation urn inscriptions</div>
</div>
The mention of prince <i>ZaYa Sandra Varman</i> in the <i>Pyu</i> inscription and also the fact that there was a feud between <i>HaRi WiKraMa</i> and <i>ZaYa Sandra Varman</i> is very interesting.<br />
A 5<sup>th</sup> century AD <i>Pyu</i> inscription on the silver Bhodi throne found at <i>Khin Ba </i>hill mentioned the names of the 2 donors <i>Sri Pra Bu WarMa</i> and <i>Sri Pra Bu Devi. </i>The Varman / <i>WarMa</i> at the end of the king’s name is interesting.<br />
<div class="wp-caption aligncenter" id="attachment_3960" style="width: 460px;">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/img_0439.jpg"><img alt="" class="size-full wp-image-3960" height="337" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/img_0439.jpg?w=450&h=337" title="IMG_0439" width="450" /></a><br />
<div class="wp-caption-text">
the kings and queens mentioned in Pyu inscriptions</div>
</div>
There are kings whose names ends with Varman in southern India but <span style="text-decoration: underline;">in Myanmar Chronicles</span>, there is no Varman among the names of the Sriksetra / <i>ThaRay Khittayar</i> kings. [Sein Maung Oo, <i>ThaRay Khittayar Myo Haung, Shay Haung Myanmar Myo Taw Myarr</i>]<br />
However, there are several Cambodian kings with names that end with Varman.<br />
<b>Jayavarman</b> (r. c. 478 – d. 514) ascends the throne of <b>Funan</b>.
(According to the Chinese dynastic histories, Jayavarman of the
Kaundinya dynasty is reigning in 478 until his death in 514, therefore,
it seems Jayavarman ascends the throne before 478.)<br />
<b>Jayavarman II </b>(ca. <b>802-50</b>) <b>Jayavarman II</b> had been <i>held hostage at the Java court in his youth</i>. He <i>returned to his country to liberate it </i>from invaders and <i>assumed kingship</i> in <b>790</b>.<br />
Cambodia 12th century King Jayavarman VII<br />
<b>Suryavarman I</b> (1002-50).<br />
Suryavarman’s son, <b>Udayadityavarman II </b>(1050-66),<br />
<b>Suryavarman II</b> (1113-50)<br />
The Khmers had extensive territory that included current day Thailand and their armies reached <i>Bago</i> and <i>Thaton</i> and had trade that extends from <i>Oc Eo </i>a coastal town in current Vietnam to <i>Dhanyawaddy</i> near the <i>Rakhine </i>coast, as evidenced by the presence of Khmer coins along the trade route.<br />
<i>Maritime trade</i> also played an extremely important role in the development of Funan. The remains of what is believed to have been <i>the kingdom’s main port</i>, <b>Oc Eo</b> (now part of Vietnam), <i>contain Roman as well as Persian, Indian, and Greek artifacts</i>.<br />
The capital city, <b>Oc-eo</b> is currently found about 6
miles (10 km) inland from Rach Gia. It was an important port at the
height of the ancient Kingdom of Funan from the <b>1st – 6th centuries AD</b>. It lay submerged for centuries until it was rediscovered in the 1940s<br />
The Indianized kingdoms developed all throughout SE Asia during the 1<sup>st</sup> millinium AD and even prior to that time: in <i>Myanmar </i>(<i>Suvvanabhumi, Pyu</i>)<i>, </i>Thailand (early Mon cities of <i>Haripunchai, Dwarawady</i>)<i>, </i>Cambodia (<i>Funan, Chenla</i>) before the local dynasties took over and they had extensive trade between them.<br />
<b>Fan Shih-Man</b> (205-225) rules Funan according to Chinese dynastic history – The <b>Liang-shu</b> – relates that <i>Fan Shih-Man “attacked and conquered the neighbouring kingdoms</i>.<br />
By the <b>3d cent</b>. the Funanese, under the leadership of <b>Fan Shih-man</b> (reigned <b>205-25</b>), had <i>conquered their neighbors</i> and extended their sway to the lower Mekong River.<br />
The Funanese Empire reached its furthest extent under the rule of <a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/w/index.php?title=Fan_Shih-man&action=edit">Fan Shih-man</a> in the early <a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/wiki/3rd_century">third century</a> C.E., extending as far south as <a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/wiki/Malaysia">Malaysia</a> and as far west as <a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/wiki/Burma">Burma</a>.<br />
<a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/w/index.php%3ftitle=Fan_Shih-Man&action=edit">Fan Shih-Man</a><br />
The name of the Khmer king, <b>Fan Shih-Man</b> is from
Chinese sources and it is possible that there might be error by the
Chinese scholars writing in Chinese calligraphy, as different to the SE
Asian countries using <i>Sanscrit</i> or <i>Pali</i>. Even words like <i>Sri</i> is pronounced <i>Thiri</i> in Myanmar. It is interesting that <span style="text-decoration: underline;">Shih-Man </span>and <span style="text-decoration: underline;">Varman </span>are quite close.<br />
<b>Udayadityavarman II </b>(1050-66), fought an <b>inconclusive war with the Burmese</b>, who thought the <b>Khmers were getting too close to Thaton</b>.<br />
At its height the Khmer Empire <b>extended</b> from the <i>border of modern-day Burma in the west</i> to the <i>South China Sea</i><i> in the east</i> and to <i>Laos</i><i> in the north</i><br />
The Khmers are called <i>Gyun</i> by <i>Myanmars</i> and the fact that their army attacked <i>Bago </i>during king <i>Anawratha’s </i>time is recorded in <i>Myanmar</i> chronicles and the <i>Gyuns</i> are recorded in <i>Myanmar </i>inscriptions of the <i>Pinya </i>era.
The Khmers might have invaded till Sriksetra along the trade route at
the time of establishing Sriksetra although failed to win as in later
times.<br />
From where did king <i>HaRi WiKraMa</i> come from?<br />
Why is his name and also of the other <i>WiKraMa </i>kings not included in <i>Myanmar</i> chronicles (although the presence of these 3 <i>WiKraMa</i> kings is indeed a fact)?<br />
The fact that prince <i>ZaYa Sandra Varman</i> (possibly also a king) had a feud with the stronger but younger king <i>HaRi WiKraMa</i> who built Sriksetra is also interesting and what was the city he built the same day also need to be looked into.<br />
Was the prince / king <i>ZaYa Sandra Varman</i> a <i>Pyu</i>, south Indian or Khmer? Was he the king <b>Jayavarman</b> (r. c. 478 – d. 514) of <b>Funan</b>? (<b>Jayavarman II </b>(ca. <b>802-50</b>) era is too late for him to be present at the time of establishment of Sriksetra)<br />
Similarly, is the <i>Sri Pra Bu WarMa / WarMan / </i>Varman of <i>Sri Pra Bu WarMa</i> and <i>Sri Pra Bu Devi</i> mentioned on the 5<sup>th</sup> century AD <i>Pyu</i> inscription on the silver Bhodi throne found at <i>Khin Ba </i>hill the Khmer king <b>Suryavarman I</b> (1002-50) or <b>Suryavarman II</b> (1113-50)?<br />
<div class="gallery galleryid-3953 gallery-columns-2 gallery-size-thumbnail snap_nopreview" data-carousel-extra="["10906670","http:\/\/nyiwin.wordpress.com\/2011\/06\/16\/the-2-versions-of-how-sriksetra-tharay-khittayar-was-built-and-the-questions-and-thoughts-that-come-to-my-mind\/","1a4d10a02d"]" id="gallery-1">
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/p1170802.jpg" title="P1170802"><img alt="Lu Lin Kyaw gate, Sriksetra" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3956" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1280,960" height="112" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/p1170802.jpg?w=150&h=112" title="P1170802" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">Lu Lin Kyaw gate, Sriksetra
</dd></dl>
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/img_0436.jpg" title="IMG_0436"><img alt="Srikestra city map" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3957" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1200,1600" height="150" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/img_0436.jpg?w=112&h=150" title="IMG_0436" width="112" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">Srikestra city map
</dd></dl>
<br style="clear: both;" />
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/img_0437.jpg" title="IMG_0437"><img alt="Wikrama dynasty of Sriksetra cremation urn inscriptions" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3958" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1600,1200" height="112" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/img_0437.jpg?w=150&h=112" title="IMG_0437" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">Wikrama dynasty of Sriksetra cremation urn inscriptions
</dd></dl>
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/img_0438.jpg" title="IMG_0438"><img alt="Pyu coins / ? Funan coins" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3959" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1600,1200" height="112" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/img_0438.jpg?w=150&h=112" title="IMG_0438" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">Pyu coins / ? Funan coins
</dd></dl>
<br style="clear: both;" />
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/img_0439.jpg" title="IMG_0439"><img alt="the kings and queens mentioned in Pyu inscriptions" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3960" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1600,1200" height="112" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/img_0439.jpg?w=150&h=112" title="IMG_0439" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">the kings and queens mentioned in Pyu inscriptions
</dd></dl>
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/p1170715.jpg" title="P1170715"><img alt="Phayargyi, Pyay, 6 - 7 century AD Sriksetra era" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3961" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="960,1280" height="150" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/p1170715.jpg?w=112&h=150" title="P1170715" width="112" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">Phayargyi, Pyay, 6 – 7 century AD Sriksetra era
</dd></dl>
<br style="clear: both;" />
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/p1170720.jpg" title="P1170720"><img alt="Phayargyi Pyay, 6 - 7 century AD Sriksetra stupa" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3962" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="960,1280" height="150" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/p1170720.jpg?w=112&h=150" title="P1170720" width="112" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">Phayargyi Pyay, 6 – 7 century AD Sriksetra stupa
</dd></dl>
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/p1170723.jpg" title="P1170723"><img alt="Baw Baw Gyi stupa, 6 - 7 century AD Sriksetra" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3963" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1280,960" height="112" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/p1170723.jpg?w=150&h=112" title="P1170723" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">Baw Baw Gyi stupa, 6 – 7 century AD Sriksetra
</dd></dl>
<br style="clear: both;" />
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/p1170730.jpg" title="P1170730"><img alt="Baw Baw Gyi stupa, 6 - 7 century AD Sriksetra" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3964" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1280,960" height="112" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/p1170730.jpg?w=150&h=112" title="P1170730" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">Baw Baw Gyi stupa, 6 – 7 century AD Sriksetra
</dd></dl>
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/p1170737.jpg" title="P1170737"><img alt="Be Be temple, Sriksetra" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3965" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1280,960" height="112" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/p1170737.jpg?w=150&h=112" title="P1170737" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">Be Be temple, Sriksetra
</dd></dl>
<br style="clear: both;" />
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/p1170738.jpg" title="P1170738"><img alt="Be Be temple, Sriksetra" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3966" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1280,960" height="112" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/p1170738.jpg?w=150&h=112" title="P1170738" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">Be Be temple, Sriksetra
</dd></dl>
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/p1170743.jpg" title="P1170743"><img alt="Be Be temple, Sriksetra" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3967" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1280,960" height="112" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/p1170743.jpg?w=150&h=112" title="P1170743" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">Be Be temple, Sriksetra
</dd></dl>
<br style="clear: both;" />
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/p1170744.jpg" title="P1170744"><img alt="Be Be temple, Sriksetra" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3968" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1280,960" height="112" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/p1170744.jpg?w=150&h=112" title="P1170744" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">Be Be temple, Sriksetra
</dd></dl>
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/p1170748.jpg" title="P1170748"><img alt="Be Be temple, Sriksetra, 4 - 9 century AD" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3969" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1280,960" height="112" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/p1170748.jpg?w=150&h=112" title="P1170748" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">Be Be temple, Sriksetra, 4 – 9 century AD
</dd></dl>
<br style="clear: both;" />
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/p1170752.jpg" title="P1170752"><img alt="Le Myet Hna temple, Sriksetra, 9th century AD" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3970" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1280,960" height="112" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/p1170752.jpg?w=150&h=112" title="P1170752" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">Le Myet Hna temple, Sriksetra, 9th century AD
</dd></dl>
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/p1170753.jpg" title="P1170753"><img alt="Le Myet Hna temple, Sriksetra, 9th century AD" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3971" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1280,960" height="112" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/p1170753.jpg?w=150&h=112" title="P1170753" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">Le Myet Hna temple, Sriksetra, 9th century AD
</dd></dl>
<br style="clear: both;" />
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/p1170756.jpg" title="P1170756"><img alt="Le Myet Hna temple, Sriksetra, 9th century AD" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3972" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1280,960" height="112" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/p1170756.jpg?w=150&h=112" title="P1170756" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">Le Myet Hna temple, Sriksetra, 9th century AD
</dd></dl>
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/p1170757.jpg" title="P1170757"><img alt="Le Myet Hna temple, Sriksetra, 9th century AD" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3973" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1280,960" height="112" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/p1170757.jpg?w=150&h=112" title="P1170757" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">Le Myet Hna temple, Sriksetra, 9th century AD
</dd></dl>
<br style="clear: both;" />
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/p1170760.jpg" title="P1170760"><img alt="Le Myet Hna temple, Sriksetra, 9th century AD" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3974" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1280,960" height="112" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/p1170760.jpg?w=150&h=112" title="P1170760" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">Le Myet Hna temple, Sriksetra, 9th century AD
</dd></dl>
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/p1170778.jpg" title="P1170778"><img alt="Lu Lin Kyaw gate, Sriksetra" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3975" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1280,960" height="112" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/p1170778.jpg?w=150&h=112" title="P1170778" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">Lu Lin Kyaw gate, Sriksetra
</dd></dl>
<br style="clear: both;" />
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/p1170782.jpg" title="P1170782"><img alt="Lu Lin Kyaw gate, Sriksetra" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3976" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1280,960" height="112" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/p1170782.jpg?w=150&h=112" title="P1170782" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">Lu Lin Kyaw gate, Sriksetra
</dd></dl>
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/p1170791.jpg" title="P1170791"><img alt="Lu Lin Kyaw gate, Sriksetra" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3977" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1280,960" height="112" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/p1170791.jpg?w=150&h=112" title="P1170791" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">Lu Lin Kyaw gate, Sriksetra
</dd></dl>
<br style="clear: both;" />
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/p1170795.jpg" title="P1170795"><img alt="Lu Lin Kyaw gate, Sriksetra" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3978" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1280,960" height="112" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/p1170795.jpg?w=150&h=112" title="P1170795" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">Lu Lin Kyaw gate, Sriksetra
</dd></dl>
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/p1170797.jpg" title="P1170797"><img alt="near Lu Lin Kyaw gate, Sriksetra" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3979" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1280,960" height="112" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/p1170797.jpg?w=150&h=112" title="P1170797" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">near Lu Lin Kyaw gate, Sriksetra
</dd></dl>
<br style="clear: both;" />
<br style="clear: both;" /></div>
Here are data I have downloaded from internet for more reading:<br />
During the period between <b>250 BC and 250 AD</b>, a
maritime sea route existed between Alexandra in Northern Africa and
China. As trade took place along this route, a number of kingdoms rose
to power, flush with finances from trade. These kingdoms all came into
being around the same time, and all waned around the same time.<br />
In Vietnam, the <b>Funan</b> Kingdom was active during the time that the Ancient Trade Route was operating.<br />
Funan (1<sup>st</sup> to 6<sup>th</sup> centuries)<br />
Cambodia, situated at the lower Mekong River on great trade routes and controlled access to China. The kingdom of the <b>Funan</b>, <b><i>one of the</i></b> <b><i>first</i></b><i> to be known in Southeast Asia, adopted religious ideas, political institutions and technical expertise from India</i>.<br />
Its capital, <b>Vyadhapura</b>, probably was located near the present-day town of <b><i>Phumi Banam</i></b>
in Prey Veng Province. The Funanese economy depended on rice surpluses
produced by an extensive inland irrigation system. There is evidence
that Funan had once been a strong maritime state, actively involving in
sea trades.<br />
<b>Indian</b> religion, political thought, literature, mythology, and artistic motifs gradually became integral elements.<br />
Legend has it that during the <b>first century AD</b>, <b>Kaundinya</b>,
and Indian Brahman priest, following a dream came to Cambodia’s Great
Lake to find fortune. He met and married a local princess, <b>Soma</b>, daughter of the <b>Naga King</b>, and founded <b>Funan</b>, introducing Hindu customs, legal traditions and the Sanskrit language.<br />
<b>Legend</b><br />
<i>I</i><i>n very ancient times, mythical serpents called Naga
were the first inhabitants of the Khmer territory. Cambodia was then
called Kok Thlok (the land with a tree), because only a holy mountain
with a tree on top was visible above the water.</i><br />
<i>Once upon a time a Hindu prince called Preah Tong was chased away
by his father. The prince soon reached Kok Thlok island, where he fell
in love with Soma, a female serpent from the lunar dynasty. Her father,
the king of the Naga, approved the wedding. He drank the water
surrounding the holy mountain and offered the couple the newly-born
territory. So was founded the Kingdom of Cambodia.</i><br />
The <b>Funan empire</b> was established in what is now Cambodia in the <b>1st cent. AD</b><br />
<b>Funan</b>, the earliest of the Indianized states, generally is considered by Cambodians to have been the <b>first Khmer kingdom</b> in the area. <i>Founded in the first century A.D</i>., Funan was located on the lower reaches of the Mekong River in the delta area. Its capital, <b>Vyadhapura</b>, probably was located near the present-day town of Phumi Banam in Prey Veng Province.<br />
It is thought by some that the kingdom of <b>Funan</b> was founded early in the <b>first century A.D</b>. In Cambodia (Siam), i the kingdom of Funan was established in the Mekong delta, which today is Vietnamese territory. The <b>founders of this kingdom were most likely Indian merchants</b>.
In subsequent centuries, Funan developed into a seafaring merchant
power, but it did not become a formal state with a large land area. It
was strategically located to become a trading power ships travelled
almost exclusively close to the coastline. The Mekong delta was also an
important stop over on the sea route between China and the Malay
Peninsula.<br />
The <i>earliest historical reference to Funan is a Chinese description of a mission that visited the country in the <b>third century A.D</b>.</i> The name Funan derives from the Chinese rendition of the old Khmer word <i>bnam</i> (meaning mountain). What the Funanese called themselves, however, is not known.<br />
The name <b>‘Fu Nan</b>‘ was the name <i>given to the kingdom by the Chinese</i>, derived from the Cambodian word <b>phnom</b> or mountain.<br />
According to reports by two <b>Chinese envoys</b>, <a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/w/index.php?title=K%27ang_T%27ai&action=edit">K’ang T’ai</a> and <a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/w/index.php?title=Chu_Ying&action=edit">Chu Ying</a>, the state was established by an Indian <a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/wiki/Brahimin">Brahimin</a> named <a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/w/index.php?title=Kaundinya&action=edit">Kaundinya</a>, who in the <a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/wiki/1st_century">first century</a> C.E. was given instruction in a dream to take a magic bow from a temple and defeat a Khmer queen, <a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/w/index.php?title=Soma_%28queen%29&action=edit">Soma</a>. Soma, the daughter of the king of the <a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/wiki/Nagas">Nagas</a>,
married Kaundinya and their lineage became the royal dynasty of Funan.
The myth had the advantage of providing the legitimacy of both an Indian
Brahmin and the divinity of the cobras, who at that time were held in
religious regard by the inhabitants of the region.<br />
The name ‘Fu Nan’ was the name given to the kingdom by the Chinese, derived from the Cambodian word phnom or mountain.<br />
<b>Fan Shih-Man</b> (205-225) rules Funan according to Chinese dynastic history – The <b>Liang-shu</b> – relates that <i>Fan Shih-Man “attacked and conquered the neighbouring kingdoms</i>.<br />
By the <b>3d cent</b>. the Funanese, under the leadership of <b>Fan Shih-man</b> (reigned <b>205-25</b>), had <i>conquered their neighbors</i> and extended their sway to the lower Mekong River.<br />
The Funanese Empire reached its furthest extent under the rule of <a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/w/index.php?title=Fan_Shih-man&action=edit">Fan Shih-man</a> in the early <a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/wiki/3rd_century">third century</a> C.E., extending as far south as <a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/wiki/Malaysia">Malaysia</a> and as far west as <a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/wiki/Burma">Burma</a>.<br />
<a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/w/index.php%3ftitle=Fan_Shih-Man&action=edit">Fan Shih-Man</a><br />
<a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/w/index.php%3ftitle=Fan_Chin-Sheng&action=edit">Fan Chin-Sheng</a><br />
<a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/w/index.php%3ftitle=Fan_Chan&action=edit">Fan Chan</a> <a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/w/index.php%3ftitle=Fan_Hsun&action=edit">Fan Hsun</a><br />
The Funanese established a strong system of mercantilism and
commercial monopolies that would become a pattern for empires in the
region. Fan Shih-man expanded the fleet and improved the Funanese
bureaucracy, creating a quasi-feudal pattern that left local customs and
identities largely intact, particularly in the empire’s farther
reaches.<br />
The area was a natural region for the development of an economy based
on fishing and rice cultivation. There is considerable evidence that
the <i>Funanese economy depended on rice surpluses produced by an extensive inland irrigation system</i>. <i>Maritime trade</i> also played an extremely important role in the development of Funan. The remains of what is believed to have been <i>the kingdom’s main port</i>, <b>Oc Eo</b> (now part of Vietnam), <i>contain Roman as well as Persian, Indian, and Greek artifacts</i>.<br />
The capital city, <b>Oc-eo</b> is currently found about 6
miles (10 km) inland from Rach Gia. It was an important port at the
height of the ancient Kingdom of Funan from the <b>1st – 6th centuries AD</b>. It lay submerged for centuries until it was rediscovered in the 1940s<br />
<h1>
“Oc Eo (Viet Nam)”</h1>
<b>Oc Eo</b> is a very large <b>Funan</b> <i>culture site</i> in the Mekong Valley of Vietnam, occupied <b>about 250 AD</b>. Excavated by Louis Malleret, Oc Eo covers some <i>1100 acres</i>, has an <i>extensive canal system and brick foundations</i>. <b>Trade goods</b> at Oc Eo are known to have come from <i>Rome, India and China</i>. Most interestingly, <i>documents in mainland China</i> written by <i>agents of the Wu emperor</i> about AD 250 appear to have described Oc Eo as a <i>sophisticated country (Funan) ruled by a king in a walled palace, complete with a taxation system</i>.<br />
In the <b>4th cent</b>., according to Chinese records, <i>an Indian Brahmin</i> extended his rule over Funan, introducing Hindu customs, the Indian legal code, and the alphabet of central India.<br />
The kingdom is said to have been heavily influenced by Indian
culture, and to have employed Indians for state administration purposes.
<a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/wiki/Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> was the language at the court, and the Funanese advocated <a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/wiki/Hindu">Hindu</a> and, after the <a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/wiki/5th_century">fifth century</a>, <a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/wiki/Buddhist">Buddhist</a> religious doctrines. Records show that <b>taxes</b> were paid in silver, gold, pearls, and perfumed wood. K’ang T’ai reported that the Funanese practiced <b>slavery</b> and that <b>justice</b> was rendered through <a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/wiki/Trial_by_ordeal">trial by ordeal</a>, including such methods as carrying a red-hot iron chain and retrieving gold rings and eggs from boiling water.<br />
K’ang T’ai’s report was unflattering to Funanese civilization, though Chinese court records show that <i>a group of Funanese musicians visited China</i> in <b>263 C.E</b>. The Chinese Emperor was so impressed that he ordered the establishment of an institute for Funanese music near <a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/wiki/Nanking">Nanking</a>.
The Funanese were reported also to have extensive book collections and
archives throughout their country, demonstrating a high level of
scholarly achievement.<br />
Funan’s political history is little known apart from its relations with China. <b>A brief conflict is recorded to have happened in the <a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/wiki/270s">270s</a> when Funan and its neighbor <a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/wiki/Champa">Champa</a> joined forces to attack the Chinese province of <a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/wiki/Tongking">Tongking</a>. In <a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/wiki/357">357</a>, Funan became a vassal of China, and would continue as such until its disintegration in the <a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/wiki/6th_century">sixth century</a>.</b><br />
By the <b>fifth century A.D</b>., the state exercised <b>control</b> over the <i>lower Mekong River area and the lands around the Tonle Sap.</i> It also commanded tribute from <i>smaller
states in the area now comprising northern Cambodia, southern Laos,
southern Thailand, and the northern portion of the Malay Peninsula</i>.<br />
Funan reached its <b>zenith</b> in the <b>fifth century A.D</b>.. Beginning in the <b>early sixth century</b>,
civil wars and dynastic strife undermined Funan’s stability, making it
relatively easy prey to incursions by hostile neighbors. By the <b>end of the seventh century,</b> a northern neighbor, the kingdom of <b>Chenla</b>, had reduced Funan to a vassal state.<br />
Funan was usurped <b>mid-6th century</b> by Khmers who inhabited the vassal state <b>Tchen-la</b> which ended up in turmoil and division in the 8th century.<br />
In the <b>6th cent</b>. Khmers from the rival <b>Chen-la</b> state to the north <i>overran Funan</i>. With the rise of the <a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/html/K/KhmerEmp.asp">Khmer Empire</a> , <i>Cambodia</i><i> became dominant in SE Asia</i><br />
<br />
C. 550 Chenla, a vassal state of Funan, acquired her independence
from the latter. In the further course of the 6th century, Chenla
conquered Funan in present-day Cambodia. By conquest, Chenla extended
over all of modern Cambodia, the Mekong Delta, southern Thailand and
parts of Laos.<br />
<b>Chenla</b><br />
A brake-away kingdom around the middle Mekong which assumed most of Funan in a short period of time covered large <i>areas of Cambodia, Laos, Thailand and Vietnam</i>.<br />
In 613 the capital was established at ISANAPURA. The religion was HINDUISM.<br />
In 706 Chenla split in two – Land Chenla (Upper Chenla, centered on CHAMPASSAK (modern Laos)) and Water Chenla (Lower Chenla).<br />
In the <b>7th century</b> it <i>broke into two parts</i> in : <b>Land Chenla </b>and <b>Water Chenla</b>.<br />
In <b>715</b>, both Chenla states were <i>further broken up into several smaller states</i>.<br />
In 715 and following, both kingdoms split up further. Water Chenla,
the latter, subject to Malay pirate raids, became a vassal of the
Javanese Salandra Dynasty.<br />
In the <b>eighth century</b> <i>Water Chenla was subjected to attacks by pirates from Java, Sumatra, and the Malay Peninsula</i>.<br />
In the <i>beginning of</i> the <b>ninth century</b>, it had become a <i>vassal of the Sailendra dynasty of Java</i>. <i>The last of the Water Chenla kings was killed around <b>790</b> by a Javanese monarch whom he had offended</i>.<br />
In 802, the king of Water Chenla was killed; the kingdom
disintegrated; a former vassal established the KHMER EMPIRE on the ruins
of Water Chenla.<br />
What followed was that the ruler of a small Khmer state in north of
the Mekong Delta assumed the throne. His assumption of the throne as <b>Jayavarman II </b>(ca. <b>802-50</b>) marked the liberation of the Khmer people from Javanese and the beginning of a unified Khmer nation.<br />
A Khmer King named <b>Jayavarman II </b>returned from a region called Java to unite the Khmer people under his leadership around the <b>year 800</b>. Establishing his capital in what is now northwest Cambodia, north of the Great Lake, Jayavarman II was crowned as <b>king of Kambuja</b> and adopted the <i>Hindu religion</i>.<br />
<b>Jayavarman II</b> had been <i>held hostage at the Java court in his youth</i>. He <i>returned to his country to liberate it </i>from invaders and <i>assumed kingship</i> in <b>790</b>.<br />
He proclaimed himself to be a universal monarch of Khmer in a ritual ceremony borrowed from Hinduism as a “god-king” or <b><i>deva-raja</i></b><i>. </i>In the ritual, he worshipped god <b>Shiva</b>
who was known by the Khmer for a long time as a god of protector. As a
god-king, King Jayavarman II had psychologically asserted his divine
kingship over the Khmer of his absolute authority and sovereignty. At
the same time, it was a declaration of Independence from Java.<br />
After the establishment of Angkor kingdom, Jayavarman II expanded his
territory throughout Cambodia. He built a temple devoted to god Shiva
at Phnom Kulen about 40 km northwest of Tonle Sap<br />
A long succession of strong leaders enabled <i>the Khmer empire to flourish until</i> the <b>15th century</b>, with the <i>zenith of its influence, might and architectural splendor</i> reached in the <b>12th century</b>.<br />
At its height the Khmer Empire <b>extended</b> from the <i>border of modern-day Burma in the west</i> to the <i>South China Sea</i><i> in the east</i> and to <i>Laos</i><i> in the north</i>.<br />
Besieged by an expanding Siamese kingdom in the west, the Khmer King <b>Ponhea Yat</b> abandoned Angkor in <b>1434</b>. The seat of power was successively transferred to the sites of <b>Lovek</b>, <b>Oudong</b> and finally in what is the nation’s present day Capital–<b>Phnom Penh</b>.<br />
After the fall of the empire (<b>15th cent</b>.), however, Cambodia was the prey of stronger neighbors. To pressure from <b>Siam</b> on the western frontier was added in the <b>17th cent</b>. pressure from <b><a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/html/A/Annam.asp">Annam</a></b> on the east; the kings of Siam and the lords of <b>Hue</b> alike asserted overlordship and claims to tribute. In the <b>18th cent</b>. Cambodia lost three western provinces to Siam and the region of <a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/html/C/CochinCh.asp">Cochin China</a> to the Annamese.<br />
From the <b>17th century</b>, Cambodia was <i>under the influence of the Siamese kingdom</i>. The country was <i>fought over by the expansionist Siamese and Vietnamese</i> through the <b>17th and 18th</b> <b>centuries</b>.<br />
Land Chenla submitted peacefully to Angkor’s rule, and it appears
that the states in Thailand and Malaya did the same, during the reign of
<b>Suryavarman I</b> (1002-50). Suryavarman’s son, <b>Udayadityavarman II </b>(1050-66), fought an <b>inconclusive war with the Burmese</b>, who thought the <b>Khmers were getting too close to Thaton</b>. <b>Suryavarman II</b>
(1113-50) conquered Champa and campaigned against the Vietnamese; at
one point there was a Khmer army in Thanh Hoa, just 80 miles south of
Hanoi.</div>
<div class="postmetadata">
Tags:<a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/tag/history/" rel="tag">history</a>, <a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/tag/infotainment/" rel="tag">infotainment</a>, <a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/tag/myanmar/" rel="tag">Myanmar</a>, <a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/tag/pyu/" rel="tag">Pyu</a><br />
Posted in <a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/category/history/" rel="category tag" title="View all posts in history">history</a>, <a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/category/infotainment-2/" rel="category tag" title="View all posts in Infotainment">Infotainment</a>, <a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/category/myanmar/" rel="category tag" title="View all posts in Myanmar">Myanmar</a>, <a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/category/pyu/" rel="category tag" title="View all posts in Pyu">Pyu</a> | <a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/2011/06/16/the-2-versions-of-how-sriksetra-tharay-khittayar-was-built-and-the-questions-and-thoughts-that-come-to-my-mind/#respond" title="Comment on The 2 versions of how Sriksetra / ThaRay Khittayar was built and the questions and thoughts that come to my mind">Leave a Comment »</a></div>
</div>
<div class="post-3902 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-religion category-history category-infotainment-2 category-india tag-buddhism tag-history tag-india tag-infotainment tag-religion">
<h3 id="post-3902">
<a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/2011/06/08/when-buddha-ended-the-extreme-asceticism-and-begun-the-middle-way-continued/" rel="bookmark" title="Permanent Link to When Buddha ended the Extreme asceticism and begun the Middle Way: continued">When Buddha ended the Extreme asceticism and begun the Middle Way: continued</a></h3>
<small>June 8, 2011</small>
<br />
<div class="entry">
I had written the first blog “When Buddha ended the Extreme
asceticism and begun the Middle Way“ because I read a different version
in Wikipedia of the event and the offering of the milk porridge to the
would be Buddha by Sujata / <i>Thuzarta</i>r from the one I have
known. At the time, I only had the internet at my disposal and as I
searched for it, I found 2 versions: one which is mentioned in Wikipedia
and the other, the one I have known.<br />
I have knowm that it was only some time after the would be Buddha
ended the the Extreme asceticism and begun the Middle Way that He went
on the journey to Gaya where He obtained Enlightenment and on the
journey met Sujata / <i>Thuzarta</i> on the Full moon day of Kasone.<br />
The other version states that it was only when He met Sujata / <i>Thuzarta</i> that the would be Buddha ended asceticism and begun the Middle Way.<br />
The following is the gist of the versions. To read fully, please visit my previous blog at : <a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/tag/2011/05/24/when-buddha-ended-the-extreme-asceticism-dukkhasariyar-and-begun-the-middle-way-mizzimapadipadar/">https://nyiwin.wordpress.com/2011/05/24/when-buddha-ended-the-extreme-asceticism-dukkhasariyar-and-begun-the-middle-way-mizzimapadipadar/</a><br />
“Buddha Gautama underwent prolonged fasting, breath-holding, and
exposure to pain. He almost starved himself to death in the process. He
realized that he had taken this kind of practice to its limit, and had
not put an end to suffering. So <b>in a pivotal moment he accepted milk and rice from a village girl and changed his approach</b>. He <b>devoted himself to anapanasati meditation, through which he discovered what Buddhists call the Middle Wa</b>y (Skt. madhyamā-pratipad: a path of moderation between the extremes of self-indulgence and self-mortification. <b><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Wikipedia</span></b>“<br />
<b><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Wikipedia</span></b><br />
According to the early Buddhist texts,[35] after realizing that
meditative jhana was the right path to awakening, but that extreme
asceticism didn’t work, Gautama discovered what Buddhists call <b>the Middle Way</b>[35]—a path of moderation away from the extremes of self-indulgence and self-mortification.[35] In a famous incident<b>, after becoming starved and weakened, he is said to have accepted milk and rice pudding from a village girl named Sujata</b>.[36] Such was his emaciated appearance that she wrongly believed him to be a spirit that had granted her a wish.[36]<br />
http://eng.buddhapia.com/<br />
At this time there lived at <b>Uruvela</b> a house-holder by name <b>Senani</b>. <b>Sujata</b> was his daughter<br />
Sujata came and <b>offered Gautama the food prepared by her in a golden bowl</b>.<br />
He <b>took the bowl to the river bank, bathed at a ford or a bathing place</b> called <b>Suppatitthita</b> and <b>ate the food</b>.<br />
<b>Thus ended his trial of asceticism</b>.<br />
<b>The five ascetics who were with Gautama became angry with him
for having given up the life of austerity and self-mortification and in
disgust left him.</b><br />
Early on the <b>full moon day of Kason (April) in the year 103 of the Great Era</b>, i.e. 2551 years ago, counting back from the year 1324 of the Burmese Era, <b>the now emaciated prince sat down under the Bo Tree near the big village of Senanigãma awaiting the hour of going for alms food</b>. At that time, <b>Sujãtã</b>, the daughter of a rich man from the village, was making <span style="text-decoration: underline;">preparations to give an offering to the tree-spirit of the Bo tree. She sent her maid ahead to tidy up the area</span><b> </b>under the spread of the holy tree. <b><span style="text-decoration: underline;">At the sight of the starving man</span></b> seated under the tree, <span style="text-decoration: underline;">the maid thought the deity had made himself visible to receive their offering in person.</span> She <span style="text-decoration: underline;">ran back in great excitement to inform her mistress</span>.<br />
From the day the Great Being had gone forth from the household life
until the day depicted in this picture, six years had elapsed. Here <b>he has resumed eating normal food and his body has returned to a normal state</b>.<br />
This day was the <span style="text-decoration: underline;">fifteenth of the waxing moon of the sixth lunar month</span>, <span style="text-decoration: underline;">45 years before the Buddha’s passing away [parinibbana</span>]. The lady offering things to the Great Being in the picture is <b>Sujata</b>. She was the daughter of a householder in a village in <b>Uruvela Senanigama</b>. She is <b>offering a dish of Rice Gruel with Milk</b> [<b>madhupayasa</b>],
rice cooked with pure cow’s milk. It was a vegetarian food, containing
no meat or fish, used especially as an offering to deities.<br />
When the rice was cooked, <span style="text-decoration: underline;">Sujata sent a servant girl to clean up the area around the banyan tree</span><b>.</b>
The servant girl came back to Sujata with a report that the deity
[deva] who was to receive the offerings had materialized, and was
already sitting at the foot of the banyan tree. Excited, Sujata lifted
the tray of milk rice to her head and carried it to the banyan tree,
together with her servant girl. Seeing that it was as her servant had
told her, she came forward and proffered the <b>tray of milk rice.</b> The Great Being received it and looked at Sujata. She understood from his look that <b>he had no bowl or any other dish with which to eat the food</b>, and so she made an offering of both the <b>rice and the dish</b>.<br />
Recently, I came across a book in Myanmar, about <i>Abhidhamma</i> /
Wheel of Law, and in it is described the sequence of events from the
leaving of earthly life to the preaching of the first sermon, the <i>Abhidhamma</i> / Wheel of Law to the 5 disciples / <i>PyinSa. Weggi</i>.<br />
I have attached them for the benefit of Myanmars (as it is in
Myanmar) and request forgiveness by others who cannot read Myanmar as I
do not have the will to translate all it into English. However, it
describes in detail, the version I have always known and I believe it is
the only version told and preached throughout Myanmar. I do not know
the original source other version but it can be easily looked up in
Wikipedia and other sites. All references of both versions in my earlier
blog are in English and is unlikely to be from Myanmay sources.<br />
I will only write a gist included in the book in Myanmar about the <i>Abhidhamma</i> / Wheel of Law.<br />
The would be Buddha practiced Extreme asceticism in which only a
handful of pea boiled water was taken and became very thin and
emaciated. After 6 years of Extreme asceticism He realized that this
method is not the right way as being weak He could not meditate properly
and decided to eat normally as before.<br />
The <b>5 disciples</b> who were with Him thought that He had gone on the wrong tract and <b>left</b> Him. After they left, He was alone and undisturbed and <b>after 15 days</b>, became <b>healthy again </b>and obtained <b>Enlightenment</b>.<br />
In the morning of the Full moon day of Kasone, the 103 Maha year, the future Buddha sat under the Bo tree near the <i>ThayNar NiGone </i> village waiting to go for obtaining food alms. The rich man’s daughter Sujata / <i>Thuzartar</i>, of the <i>ThayNar NiGone </i> village
sent her servant to clear the place beneath the Bo tree to offer the
diety with milk gruel. The servant saw the future Buddha and thought
that He was the diety and returned home to tell her mistress that the
local diety has showed up.<br />
Sujata / <i>Thuzartar</i> had the milk gruel in a gold bowl that
costs 100,000 and cover it with another gold bowl and offered it to the
would be Buddha and prayed. The would be Buddha went to the Narinjara
nadi and had a bath and took 49 mouthfuls of the rice gruel and make an
oath that if He were to become a Buddha that day, may the gold bowl go
upriver and placed it in the Narinjara nadi. The gold bowl went up river
for some time and then sank to the <i>KarLa NaGarr </i>king’s place and got stacked beneath the 3 gold bowls of the 3 previous Buddhas.<br />
<div class="gallery galleryid-3902 gallery-columns-2 gallery-size-thumbnail snap_nopreview" data-carousel-extra="["10906670","http:\/\/nyiwin.wordpress.com\/2011\/06\/08\/when-buddha-ended-the-extreme-asceticism-and-begun-the-middle-way-continued\/","1a4d10a02d"]" id="gallery-2">
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/wheel-of-law-04.jpg" title="Wheel of Law 04"><img alt="Wheel of Law 04" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3904" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1600,1200" height="112" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/wheel-of-law-04.jpg?w=150&h=112" title="Wheel of Law 04" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
</dl>
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/wheel-of-law-06.jpg" title="Wheel of Law 06"><img alt="Wheel of Law 06" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3905" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1600,1200" height="112" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/wheel-of-law-06.jpg?w=150&h=112" title="Wheel of Law 06" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
</dl>
<br style="clear: both;" />
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/wheel-of-law-26.jpg" title="Wheel of Law 26"><img alt="Wheel of Law 26" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3906" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1600,1200" height="112" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/wheel-of-law-26.jpg?w=150&h=112" title="Wheel of Law 26" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
</dl>
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/wheel-of-law-08.jpg" title="Wheel of Law 08"><img alt="Wheel of Law 08" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3907" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1600,1200" height="112" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/wheel-of-law-08.jpg?w=150&h=112" title="Wheel of Law 08" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
</dl>
<br style="clear: both;" />
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/wheel-of-law-10.jpg" title="Wheel of Law 10"><img alt="Wheel of Law 10" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3910" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1600,1200" height="112" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/wheel-of-law-10.jpg?w=150&h=112" title="Wheel of Law 10" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
</dl>
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/wheel-of-law-12.jpg" title="Wheel of Law 12"><img alt="Wheel of Law 12" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3912" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1600,1200" height="112" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/wheel-of-law-12.jpg?w=150&h=112" title="Wheel of Law 12" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
</dl>
<br style="clear: both;" />
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/wheel-of-law-14.jpg" title="Wheel of Law 14"><img alt="Wheel of Law 14" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3913" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1600,1200" height="112" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/wheel-of-law-14.jpg?w=150&h=112" title="Wheel of Law 14" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
</dl>
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/wheel-of-law-16.jpg" title="Wheel of Law 16"><img alt="Wheel of Law 16" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3914" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1600,1200" height="112" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/wheel-of-law-16.jpg?w=150&h=112" title="Wheel of Law 16" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
</dl>
<br style="clear: both;" />
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/wheel-of-law-18.jpg" title="Wheel of Law 18"><img alt="Wheel of Law 18" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3915" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1600,1200" height="112" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/wheel-of-law-18.jpg?w=150&h=112" title="Wheel of Law 18" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
</dl>
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/wheel-of-law-20.jpg" title="Wheel of Law 20"><img alt="Wheel of Law 20" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3916" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1600,1200" height="112" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/wheel-of-law-20.jpg?w=150&h=112" title="Wheel of Law 20" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
</dl>
<br style="clear: both;" />
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/wheel-of-law-22.jpg" title="Wheel of Law 22"><img alt="Wheel of Law 22" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3917" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1600,1200" height="112" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/wheel-of-law-22.jpg?w=150&h=112" title="Wheel of Law 22" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
</dl>
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/wheel-of-law-24.jpg" title="Wheel of Law 24"><img alt="Wheel of Law 24" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3918" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1600,1200" height="112" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/wheel-of-law-24.jpg?w=150&h=112" title="Wheel of Law 24" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
</dl>
<br style="clear: both;" />
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/wheel-of-law-74.jpg" title="Wheel of Law 74"><img alt="Wheel of Law 74" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3919" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1600,1200" height="112" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/wheel-of-law-74.jpg?w=150&h=112" title="Wheel of Law 74" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
</dl>
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/wheel-of-law-28.jpg" title="Wheel of Law 28"><img alt="Wheel of Law 28" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3921" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1600,1200" height="112" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/wheel-of-law-28.jpg?w=150&h=112" title="Wheel of Law 28" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
</dl>
<br style="clear: both;" />
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/wheel-of-law-30.jpg" title="Wheel of Law 30"><img alt="Wheel of Law 30" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3923" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1600,1200" height="112" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/wheel-of-law-30.jpg?w=150&h=112" title="Wheel of Law 30" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
</dl>
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/wheel-of-law-32.jpg" title="Wheel of Law 32"><img alt="Wheel of Law 32" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3924" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1600,1200" height="112" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/wheel-of-law-32.jpg?w=150&h=112" title="Wheel of Law 32" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
</dl>
<br style="clear: both;" />
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/wheel-of-law-34.jpg" title="Wheel of Law 34"><img alt="Wheel of Law 34" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3925" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1600,1200" height="112" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/wheel-of-law-34.jpg?w=150&h=112" title="Wheel of Law 34" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
</dl>
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/wheel-of-law-36.jpg" title="Wheel of Law 36"><img alt="Wheel of Law 36" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3926" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1600,1200" height="112" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/wheel-of-law-36.jpg?w=150&h=112" title="Wheel of Law 36" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
</dl>
<br style="clear: both;" />
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/wheel-of-law-38.jpg" title="Wheel of Law 38"><img alt="Wheel of Law 38" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3927" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1600,1200" height="112" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/wheel-of-law-38.jpg?w=150&h=112" title="Wheel of Law 38" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
</dl>
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/wheel-of-law-40.jpg" title="Wheel of Law 40"><img alt="Wheel of Law 40" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3928" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1600,1200" height="112" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/wheel-of-law-40.jpg?w=150&h=112" title="Wheel of Law 40" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
</dl>
<br style="clear: both;" />
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/wheel-of-law-42.jpg" title="Wheel of Law 42"><img alt="Wheel of Law 42" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3929" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1600,1200" height="112" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/wheel-of-law-42.jpg?w=150&h=112" title="Wheel of Law 42" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
</dl>
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/wheel-of-law-44.jpg" title="Wheel of Law 44"><img alt="Wheel of Law 44" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3930" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1600,1200" height="112" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/wheel-of-law-44.jpg?w=150&h=112" title="Wheel of Law 44" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
</dl>
<br style="clear: both;" />
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/wheel-of-law-46.jpg" title="Wheel of Law 46"><img alt="Wheel of Law 46" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3931" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1600,1200" height="112" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/wheel-of-law-46.jpg?w=150&h=112" title="Wheel of Law 46" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
</dl>
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/wheel-of-law-48.jpg" title="Wheel of Law 48"><img alt="Wheel of Law 48" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3932" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1600,1200" height="112" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/wheel-of-law-48.jpg?w=150&h=112" title="Wheel of Law 48" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
</dl>
<br style="clear: both;" />
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/wheel-of-law-50.jpg" title="Wheel of Law 50"><img alt="Wheel of Law 50" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3933" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1600,1200" height="112" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/wheel-of-law-50.jpg?w=150&h=112" title="Wheel of Law 50" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
</dl>
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/wheel-of-law-52.jpg" title="Wheel of Law 52"><img alt="Wheel of Law 52" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3934" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1600,1200" height="112" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/wheel-of-law-52.jpg?w=150&h=112" title="Wheel of Law 52" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
</dl>
<br style="clear: both;" />
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/wheel-of-law-54.jpg" title="Wheel of Law 54"><img alt="Wheel of Law 54" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3935" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1600,1200" height="112" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/wheel-of-law-54.jpg?w=150&h=112" title="Wheel of Law 54" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
</dl>
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/wheel-of-law-56.jpg" title="Wheel of Law 56"><img alt="Wheel of Law 56" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3936" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1600,1200" height="112" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/wheel-of-law-56.jpg?w=150&h=112" title="Wheel of Law 56" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
</dl>
<br style="clear: both;" />
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/wheel-of-law-58.jpg" title="Wheel of Law 58"><img alt="Wheel of Law 58" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3937" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1600,1200" height="112" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/wheel-of-law-58.jpg?w=150&h=112" title="Wheel of Law 58" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
</dl>
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/wheel-of-law-60.jpg" title="Wheel of Law 60"><img alt="Wheel of Law 60" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3938" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1600,1200" height="112" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/wheel-of-law-60.jpg?w=150&h=112" title="Wheel of Law 60" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
</dl>
<br style="clear: both;" />
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/wheel-of-law-62.jpg" title="Wheel of Law 62"><img alt="Wheel of Law 62" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3939" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1600,1200" height="112" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/wheel-of-law-62.jpg?w=150&h=112" title="Wheel of Law 62" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
</dl>
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/wheel-of-law-64.jpg" title="Wheel of Law 64"><img alt="Wheel of Law 64" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3940" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1600,1200" height="112" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/wheel-of-law-64.jpg?w=150&h=112" title="Wheel of Law 64" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
</dl>
<br style="clear: both;" />
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/wheel-of-law-66.jpg" title="Wheel of Law 66"><img alt="Wheel of Law 66" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3941" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1600,1200" height="112" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/wheel-of-law-66.jpg?w=150&h=112" title="Wheel of Law 66" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
</dl>
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/wheel-of-law-68.jpg" title="Wheel of Law 68"><img alt="Wheel of Law 68" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3942" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1600,1200" height="112" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/wheel-of-law-68.jpg?w=150&h=112" title="Wheel of Law 68" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
</dl>
<br style="clear: both;" />
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/wheel-of-law-70.jpg" title="Wheel of Law 70"><img alt="Wheel of Law 70" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3943" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1600,1200" height="112" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/wheel-of-law-70.jpg?w=150&h=112" title="Wheel of Law 70" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
</dl>
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/wheel-of-law-72.jpg" title="Wheel of Law 72"><img alt="Wheel of Law 72" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3944" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1600,1200" height="112" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/wheel-of-law-72.jpg?w=150&h=112" title="Wheel of Law 72" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
</dl>
<br style="clear: both;" />
<br style="clear: both;" /></div>
</div>
<div class="postmetadata">
Tags:<a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/tag/buddhism/" rel="tag">Buddhism</a>, <a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/tag/history/" rel="tag">history</a>, <a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/tag/india/" rel="tag">India</a>, <a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/tag/infotainment/" rel="tag">infotainment</a>, <a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/tag/religion/" rel="tag">religion</a><br />
Posted in <a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/category/religion/" rel="category tag" title="View all posts in religion">religion</a>, <a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/category/history/" rel="category tag" title="View all posts in history">history</a>, <a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/category/infotainment-2/" rel="category tag" title="View all posts in Infotainment">Infotainment</a>, <a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/category/india/" rel="category tag" title="View all posts in India">India</a> | <a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/2011/06/08/when-buddha-ended-the-extreme-asceticism-and-begun-the-middle-way-continued/#respond" title="Comment on When Buddha ended the Extreme asceticism and begun the Middle Way: continued">Leave a Comment »</a></div>
</div>
<div class="post-3903 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-buddhism category-history category-infotainment-2 category-myanmar category-religion category-travel tag-buddhism tag-history tag-infotainment tag-myanmar tag-travel">
<h3 id="post-3903">
<a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/2011/06/08/places-i-want-to-visit-the-4-remaining-tharakhan-buddha-images/" rel="bookmark" title="Permanent Link to Places I want to visit: The 4 remaining ThaRaKhan Buddha images">Places I want to visit: The 4 remaining ThaRaKhan Buddha images</a></h3>
<small>June 8, 2011</small>
<br />
<div class="entry">
<div class="wp-caption aligncenter" id="attachment_3908" style="width: 460px;">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/shwetantint-payar-090525.jpg"><img alt="" class="size-full wp-image-3908" height="337" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/shwetantint-payar-090525.jpg?w=450&h=337" title="ShweTanTint Payar 090525" width="450" /></a><br />
<div class="wp-caption-text">
the Shwe Tant Tit Tharakhan Buddha</div>
</div>
I have been to the <i>ShweTannTit</i> pagoda where one of the <i>Tharakhan Buddha </i>images reside, for several times, but still have not visited the remaining 4 <i>Tharakhan Buddha </i>images. I first heard of the <i>Tharakhan Buddha </i>images when the <i>AhNyar ThihaTaw Buddha </i>image made a visit to Yangon around 1990. I did not visit the <i>AhNyar ThihaTaw Buddha </i>image in Yangon and it was only when I worked at the Road to Mandalay that I first heard of the <i>Tharakhan Buddha </i>images (I did not know about them and that the <i>AhNyar ThihaTaw Buddha </i>image was a <i>Tharakhan Buddha </i>image previously.<br />
The Road to Mandalay makes a weekly trip between Bagan and
ShweKyetYet for a 4 day upriver and a 3 day down river trips, with night
stops on the.way. On down river trips, the night stop is near the <i>ShweTannTit</i> pagoda and I had the opportunity to see the 2 <i>Chinthe</i> / lions guarding the entrance. The peculiarity of the guarding <i>Chinthe</i> / lions is that they differ in size.<br />
<br />
<div class="wp-caption aligncenter" id="attachment_3909" style="width: 460px;">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/p-ako-shwetantint-payar-090525.jpg"><img alt="" class="size-full wp-image-3909" height="337" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/p-ako-shwetantint-payar-090525.jpg?w=450&h=337" title="P AKO ShweTanTint Payar 090525" width="450" /></a><br />
<div class="wp-caption-text">
the 2 guardian Chinthes at the south entrance of the Shwe Tant Tit pagoda</div>
</div>
<br />
There was only one <i>Chinthe</i> of 75 ft height at first but when it became damaged, 2 <i>Chinthes</i> of different sizes were built by artesians of 2 different towns in the <i>Myanmar year 1182,</i> 1802 AD. The east <i>Chinthe</i> is 56 ft high and was built by <i>PaKhan</i> artesans and the west <i>Chinthe</i> is 67.5 ft high and was built by <i>Mandalay</i> artesans. It was on such mornings that I heard about the 5 <i>Tharakhan Buddha </i>images.<br />
The history of the <i>Tharakhan Buddha </i>images is related to king <i>AhLaung Sithu</i> and is mythological with reference to the <i>ThaGyarMinn, </i>king of the <i>TharWaTeinThar Nat Pyay</i> / celestial abode / <i>Moe Nat Minn.</i><br />
The following is the history of the <i>Tharakhan Buddha </i>images from the Glass Palace Chronicle / <i>HmanNann Yarzawin</i>:<br />
While king <i>AhLaung Sithu</i> went around his country, the local rulers paid homage to him. On reaching <i>ThainGo </i>/ <i>Thiho </i>/ <i>Thiri LinKar </i>/ Sri Lanka, the Sri Lankan king offered the <i>Maha Kathapha</i> image that is being worshipped by the Sri Lankan kings, the huge <i>ThitKaNet </i>ship and daughter Princess <i>Sao Oo Htwe.</i><br />
King <i>AhLaung Sithu</i> continued on his journey to the <i>ZamBu DiPar Kyunn</i> where<i> ZamBu. ThaPyay Pin </i>/ tree grew. Then king <i>AhLaung Sithu</i> decided to continue his journey to the <i>MyinyMo </i>mountain but was dissuaded by the <i>ThaGyarMinn</i> through the <i>Wi.Tha Kyone NatTharr</i> and also by the ministers and the courtiers.<br />
The <i>Tharakhan Buddha </i>images were sclptured from the <i>Tharakhan</i> incence wood offered to king <i>AhLaung Sithu</i> by the <i>ThaGyarMinn, </i>king of the <i>TharWaTeinThar Nat Pyay</i> / celestial abode / <i>Moe Nat Minn. </i>During his travels, king <i>AhLaung Sithu</i> reached <i>Malayu </i>and there an orgress dropped her child while looking at the king. The orgress asked the king to rescue her child and king <i>AhLaung Sithu </i>whipped the sea with the cane, saying why the <i>ManiMayKhaLar Nathamee </i>did not rescue! <i>ManiMayKhaLar Nathamee</i> rescued the child and gave to the king <i>AhLaung Sithu</i> who returned it to the orgress. The orgress offered various incense to king <i>AhLaung Sithu. </i>The <i>ThaGyarMinn, </i>king of the <i>TharWaTeinThar Nat Pyay</i> / celestial abode / <i>Moe Nat Minn</i> also offered the <i>MahaBodhi DetKhiNa TharKhar </i>and the <i>Tharakhan</i> incence wood to the king.<br />
On his return to Bagan, king <i>AhLaung Sithu</i> had 5 Buddha statutes made from the <i>Tharakhan</i> incence wood. The Abbot <i>Shin AhRaHan </i>advised to have the images to be distributed so as to be available to all. King <i>AhLaung Sithu</i> went upriver with the 5 <i>Tharakhan Buddha </i>images and the <i>MyatPaung Myitzu </i>Buddha image. At <i>KunnYwa, </i>there
were many birds in the sky and the soothsayers said that it is an
auspicious place where the Buddha image want to reside. The king have
the Buddha images placed on white elephants to find where they rest in
order to find the place for the Buddha images. Thus, the 4 <i>Tharakhan Buddha </i>images were placed in pagodas at <i>KunnYwa, ShinMa Taung, Pakhan, </i>and <i>HsinKyoe</i>.<br />
The remaining <i>Tharakhan Buddha </i>image could not be placed on
white elephant and when the king asked about it, the soothsayers replied
that once when the king was further up river at <i>AhNyar ThihaTaw</i>, a jungle hen landed on the royal barge and laid egg on the front end. This is the place where the remaining <i>Tharakhan Buddha </i>image want to reside. King <i>AhLaung Sithu</i> went up the Ayeyarwaddy to the <i>AhNyar ThihaTaw </i>and have a pagoda built on the island in the middle of Ayeyarwaddy and placed the remaining <i>Tharakhan Buddha </i>image there.<br />
Nowadays, the <i>AhNyar ThihaTaw Buddha </i>image resides in Mandalay at the <i>Shwe ?? </i>pagoda and only went to the <i>AhNyar ThihaTaw</i> pagoda during its pagoda festival.<br />
The <i>Shin TaungMa </i>(<i>Shin MaTaung</i>) <i>Buddha </i>image now resides at <i>PakhanGyi. </i><br />
<i>KunnYwa </i>is the current <i>ShweTannTit.</i><br />
The height of the <i>Tharakhan Buddha </i>images were only about 4 fingers width / <i>Let Lay Thit</i> and with the elephant / <i>HsinKhan</i> throne / <i>Palin</i> the difference in them is the number of elephants sculptured on the elephant throne / <i>HsinKhan Palin.</i><br />
<br />
The following is the history of the <i>Tharakhan Buddha </i>images from the <i>ShweTannTit</i> pagoda history / <i>Phayarr Thamaing </i>by <i>AhShin PyaNyar WunTha</i>:<br />
The <i>ThaGyarMinn, </i>king of the <i>TharWaTeinThar Nat Pyay</i> / celestial abode / <i>Moe Nat Minn</i> gave the <i>Tharakhan </i>incence which gives out fragrance for the 15 <i>yuzana</i> diameter area to king <i>AhLaung Sithu</i> and told the king that if 5 <i>Gautama </i>Buddha statutes are to be made from it and worshipped, there will be great results from it. When the king handled the <i>Tharakhan </i>wood he remarked how 5 Buddha statutes can be made from it as it is so small, the <i>ThaGyarMinn</i> told the king that he would do it and got it back. Although the <i>ThaGyarMinn</i> could make the Buddha statutes from the <i>Tharakhan </i>wood
by his power, he only created small carpentry tools and have the 5
Buddha statutes of 4 finger breadth height sculptured and from the small
pieces that result from the sculpturing, have a Buddha image made with <i>Thit Say</i> and gave all 6 Buddha statutes to the king<i>.</i><br />
King <i>AhLaung Sithu</i> remarked that the thrones are too small
and it would be better to have elephant thrones beneath. The ministers
and courtiers agreed and royal painters were called in they painted the
first <i>Tharakhan Buddha </i>image with 15 elephant throne, the second <i>Tharakhan Buddha </i>image with 14 elephant throne, the third <i>Tharakhan Buddha </i>image with 13 elephant throne, the fourth <i>Tharakhan Buddha </i>image with 12 elephant throne, the fifth <i>Tharakhan Buddha </i>image with 11 elephant throne and the sixth <i>Tharakhan Buddha </i>image
with 10 elephant throne and the paintings were shown to the king. The
king liked the paintings and ordered the carpenters to sculpture them.
The royal carpenters asked with what wood are the elephant thrones to be
made but the king did not have any answer and the carpenters went back
to their boat.<br />
During the night, the <i>Nats</i> of the island, jungle and hills
came to worship the Buddha images and heard the king talking in his
sleep about what wood to make the elephant thrones. They took the 6
pieces of wood from the tree that looks like elephant hide that grows in
the Himalayas and placed them in front of the Buddha images on the
royal boat.<br />
The king found them the next morning, gave them to the carpenters and
has the elephant thrones made from them. After they were finished the
king was very pleased and gave 10 ticals of gold and a gold bowl as a
reward to the carpenters and have the <i>Tharakhan Buddha </i>images placed on the elephant thrones.<br />
King <i>AhLaung Sithu</i> after looking closely at the <i>Tharakhan Buddha </i>images, remarked about the smallness of the <i>Tharakhan Buddha </i>images and the <i>ThaGyarMinn</i> told the king that having the <i>Tharakhan Buddha </i>images placed within the larger <i>Buddha </i>images made from <i>ZamBu. ThaPyay </i>wood would be a good thing. The king liked the idea and as he requested the <i>ThaGyarMinn</i> for it, the <i>ThaGyarMinn</i> told the <i>Wi.Tha Kyone NatTharr </i>to carry out the task. The wood was not enough for the 6<sup>th</sup> <i>ZamBu. ThaPyay Buddha </i>image and <i>BawDi </i>wood was used to finish it. When the <i>Wi.Tha Kyone NatTharr </i>offered the 6 <i>ThaPyay Buddha </i>images to theking, the king noticed that the right arm of the 6<sup>th</sup> <i>ZamBu. ThaPyay Buddha </i>image is different and remarked so.<br />
King <i>AhLaung Sithu</i> asked the <i>ThaGyarMinn</i> whether to have the Buddha images in Bagan or not and the <i>ThaGyarMinn</i> replied that 3 and a half <i>yuzana</i> north of Bagan is a hill where medicinal plants and <i>Thanatkharr</i> trees are in abundance. Southeast of the hill is the auspicious place for the Buddha images. Once there, the good <i>Nats</i> will show the places where to have them placed.<br />
Afterwards, the <i>ThaGayarMinn</i> had the <i>Wi.Tha Kyone NatTharr</i> arrange for the <i>Nats </i>and <i>Nathamees </i>to entertain beneath the <i>ZamBu. ThaPyay </i>tree with dances and music. The music which is similar to the sound of the wind on the <i>ZamBu. ThaPyay </i>branches and leaves and that of the small, large and ripe <i>ZamBu. ThaPyay </i>fruits fall was very much entertaining and king <i>AhLaung Sithu</i> had it copied as <i>Byaw</i> music.<br />
King <i>AhLaung Sithu</i> decided to return to Bagan and reached <i>BaLaWar MokeKha</i> and then to the <i>Malayu kyun. </i>(the sequence of this event is different from the Glass Palace Chronicle / <i>HmanNann Yarzawin</i>)
There people came to the shore to watch the procession and among them
was an orgress who dropped her child into the water while gazing and the
<i>Mani MayKhaLar </i>rescued it.<br />
After king <i>AhLaung Sithu</i> reached back to Bagan, he went upriver of the <i>Ayeyarwaddy</i> with the Buddha images. On reaching <i>PaikKun Ywa, </i>there
were many birds flying in the sky and asked about the significance and
was told by the learned ministers that . the place will be the <i>Maha Nagara Hsainda </i>country in the future and that the Buddha images want to reside there. The king placed the second <i>Tharakhan Buddha </i>image on the back of the <i>Narga ShweGyi</i> white elephant and allow it to roam about. The <i>Narga ShweGyi</i>
white elephant stopped at a place pointing at a shrub with its trunk.
When the shrub was cleared, a small stupa was found. It was one of the
84000 stupas built by king Asoka. King <i>AhLaung Sithu</i> had the stupa rebuilt.<br />
The place was called <i>Hsin TannTit </i>as the <i>Narga ShweGyi</i> white elephant did not proceed any further. This later becomes <i>ShweTannTit </i>as time passed<br />
<br />
Although I have seen the the <i>ShweTannTit</i> pagoda weekly during the down <i>Ayeyarwaddy</i>
trips on the Road to Mandalay, my first visit came several months after
I joined the ship. One evening on the down river cruise, I heard that
Captain Ba Nyan was planning a trip to shore to visit the the <i>ShweTannTit</i> pagoda and I went along with him on the ship’s boat. Although it was late at night, the Sayardaws took out the the <i>ShweTannTit</i> <i>Tharakhan Buddha </i>image from in the chambe for us to see and worship.<br />
The second time I visited the <i>ShweTannTit</i> pagoda was near the end of the season on the last trip from Mandalay to Yangon. On this special trip guests were taken to <i>Pakokku</i> and we all got off from the Road to Mandalay in the morning and first visited the the <i>ShweTannTit</i> pagoda before getting on the buses to <i>Pakokku. </i>However I could not view the <i>ShweTannTit</i> <i>Tharakhan Buddha </i>image this time as it was enclosed in the chamber.<br />
My last visit to the <i>ShweTannTit</i> pagoda was in 2009 May when
Pyone and I went to Bagan and Aung Ko Oo joined us from Magway where he
was posted. On discussing about where to go on the day before we were
to return we discussed whether to visit Popa or more of Bagan. Aung Ko
Oo mentioned about the the <i>ShweTannTit</i> pagoda which he have never visited and we went to <i>Pakokku</i> in the morning by boat from <i>Nyaung Oo</i>. We arranged for a tricycle / sidecar to come and take us to the <i>Nyaung Oo</i> jetty in time for the 6 a.m. boat to <i>Pakokku</i>.
When we got there a boat was just leaving and we missed it. It was the
late boat that came from lower parts and should have reached <i>Nyaung Oo</i>
and went upriver the previous evening. We waited for our boat in the
teashop which had the most customers and had breakfast. When the time
came, we boarded the boat. There were few passengers as the usual ones
went along in the earlier late boat. The most conspicuous item on board
was a large pile of covered ice for <i>Pakokku.</i> There is no ice factory in <i>Pakokku!</i>
It took a long time, nearly 3 hours to get there. Once there, we had
only about 2 hours time in order to make it by the return boat to <i>Nyaung Oo</i>
which have to take passengers to the Yangon highway bus. When we got up
the bank, there were only horse carts and although the cartman said he
could make the trip to the <i>ShweTannTit</i> pagoda and back in time, I was worried and when I saw a <i>tuk tuk</i> after going a while, I stopped the horse cart and talked with the <i>tuk tuk</i> man and then transferred to the <i>tuk tuk</i> after peasing the hosecart man. This way, we got to the <i>ShweTannTit</i> pagoda for the 3<sup>rd</sup> time.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
After the <i>Pakokku</i> bridge is finished, I plan to visit the west bank of the <i>Ayeyarwaddy </i>and <i>Mandalay</i> and the <i>AhNyar Thihataw</i> pagoda to visit the <i>Tharakhan </i>Buddha images that are related to king king <i>AhLaung Sithu</i> and the <i>ThaGyarMinn </i>/<i> </i>king of the <i>TharWaTeinThar Nat Pyay</i> / celestial abode / <i>Moe Nat Minn,</i> and I will get to the ancient town of <i>YarSaGyo</i> which I have always wanted to visit for a long time but still could not as getting to the west bank is difficult with boat.<br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="gallery galleryid-3903 gallery-columns-2 gallery-size-thumbnail snap_nopreview" data-carousel-extra="["10906670","http:\/\/nyiwin.wordpress.com\/2011\/06\/08\/places-i-want-to-visit-the-4-remaining-tharakhan-buddha-images\/","1a4d10a02d"]" id="gallery-3">
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/shwetantint-payar-090525.jpg" title="ShweTanTint Payar 090525"><img alt="the Shwe Tant Tit Tharakhan Buddha" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3908" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1600,1200" height="112" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/shwetantint-payar-090525.jpg?w=150&h=112" title="ShweTanTint Payar 090525" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">the Shwe Tant Tit Tharakhan Buddha
</dd></dl>
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/p-ako-shwetantint-payar-090525.jpg" title="P AKO ShweTanTint Payar 090525"><img alt="the 2 guardian Chinthes at the south entrance of the Shwe Tant Tit pagoda" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3909" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1600,1200" height="112" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/p-ako-shwetantint-payar-090525.jpg?w=150&h=112" title="P AKO ShweTanTint Payar 090525" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">the 2 guardian Chinthes at the south entrance of the Shwe Tant Tit pagoda
</dd></dl>
<br style="clear: both;" />
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/img_0397.jpg" title="IMG_0397"><img alt="the 2 guardian Chinthes at the south entrance of the Shwe Tant Tit pagoda" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3911" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1600,1200" height="112" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/img_0397.jpg?w=150&h=112" title="IMG_0397" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">the 2 guardian Chinthes at the south entrance of the Shwe Tant Tit pagoda
</dd></dl>
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/img_0398.jpg" title="IMG_0398"><img alt="the GandaGuri Taik where the Shwe Tant Tit Tharakhan Buddha statute resides" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3920" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1600,1200" height="112" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/img_0398.jpg?w=150&h=112" title="IMG_0398" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">the GandaGuri Taik where the Shwe Tant Tit Tharakhan Buddha statute resides
</dd></dl>
<br style="clear: both;" />
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/img_0396.jpg" title="IMG_0396"><img alt="the Shwe Tant Tit Tharakhan Buddha statute" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3922" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1200,1600" height="150" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/img_0396.jpg?w=112&h=150" title="IMG_0396" width="112" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">the Shwe Tant Tit Tharakhan Buddha statute
</dd></dl>
<br style="clear: both;" /></div>
</div>
<div class="postmetadata">
Tags:<a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/tag/buddhism/" rel="tag">Buddhism</a>, <a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/tag/history/" rel="tag">history</a>, <a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/tag/infotainment/" rel="tag">infotainment</a>, <a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/tag/myanmar/" rel="tag">Myanmar</a>, <a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/tag/travel/" rel="tag">Travel</a><br />
Posted in <a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/category/religion/buddhism/" rel="category tag" title="View all posts in Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, <a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/category/history/" rel="category tag" title="View all posts in history">history</a>, <a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/category/infotainment-2/" rel="category tag" title="View all posts in Infotainment">Infotainment</a>, <a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/category/myanmar/" rel="category tag" title="View all posts in Myanmar">Myanmar</a>, <a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/category/religion/" rel="category tag" title="View all posts in religion">religion</a>, <a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/category/travel/" rel="category tag" title="View all posts in Travel">Travel</a> | <a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/2011/06/08/places-i-want-to-visit-the-4-remaining-tharakhan-buddha-images/#respond" title="Comment on Places I want to visit: The 4 remaining ThaRaKhan Buddha images">Leave a Comment »</a></div>
</div>
<div class="post-3881 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-buddhism category-history category-infotainment-2 category-religion tag-history tag-infotainment tag-buddhism">
<h3 id="post-3881">
<a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/2011/05/24/when-buddha-ended-the-extreme-asceticism-dukkhasariyar-and-begun-the-middle-way-mizzimapadipadar/" rel="bookmark" title="Permanent Link to When Buddha ended the Extreme asceticism / DukkaraSaRiYar and begun the Middle Way / Mizzimapadipadar">When Buddha ended the Extreme asceticism / DukkaraSaRiYar and begun the Middle Way / Mizzimapadipadar</a></h3>
<small>May 24, 2011</small>
<br />
<div class="entry">
Ko Ko Gyi wrote: “Buddha Gautama underwent prolonged fasting,
breath-holding, and exposure to pain. He almost starved himself to death
in the process. He realized that he had taken this kind of practice to
its limit, and had not put an end to suffering. So <b>in a pivotal moment he accepted milk and rice from a village girl and changed his approach</b>. He <b>devoted himself to anapanasati meditation, through which he discovered what Buddhists call the Middle Wa</b>y (Skt. madhyamā-pratipad: a path of moderation between the extremes of self-indulgence and self-mortification. Wikipedia”<br />
This version of the timing of the discovery of the Middle Way, after
meeting Sujata is different from what I know. I looked up in Wikipedia
and found:<br />
According to the early Buddhist texts,[35] after realizing that <span style="text-decoration: underline;">meditative jhana was the right path to awakening, but that extreme asceticism didn’t work,</span> Gautama discovered what Buddhists call <b>the Middle Way</b>[35]—<span style="text-decoration: underline;">a path of moderation away from the extremes of self-indulgence and self-mortification.</span>[35] In a famous incident<b>, <span style="text-decoration: underline;">after becoming starved and weakened, he is said to have accepted milk and rice pudding from a village girl named Sujata</span></b>.[36] Such was his <span style="text-decoration: underline;">emaciated appearance that she wrongly believed him to be a spirit that had granted her a wish</span>.[36]<br />
This version of the meeting with Sujata is also different from what I know.<br />
In BaJi U Ba Kyi’s portrayal of the offering of the rice milk to the
would be Buddha, He was not portrayed as an emaciated being, but with
well fed features.<br />
<div class="wp-caption aligncenter" id="attachment_3890" style="width: 460px;">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/p1190024-r.jpg"><img alt="" class="size-full wp-image-3890" height="337" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/p1190024-r.jpg?w=450&h=337" title="P1190024 r" width="450" /></a><br />
<div class="wp-caption-text">
the path to the DukKha SaRiYar cave (near the white building in the distance)</div>
</div>
The distance from the U-Ru WaiLa <i>DukkaraSaRiYar</i> mountain
ridge to the place of offering of the rice milk is not near and it is
unlikely that He met Sujata before he discovered the Middle Way.<br />
<div class="wp-caption aligncenter" id="attachment_3888" style="width: 460px;">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/p1190045-r.jpg"><img alt="" class="size-full wp-image-3888" height="337" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/p1190045-r.jpg?w=450&h=337" title="P1190045 r" width="450" /></a><br />
<div class="wp-caption-text">
view of former U-Ru WaiLa forest from the DukKha SaRiYar cave</div>
</div>
These led me to look for more data on the internet. There, I found
data that backs both the Wikipedia version and the version I know.<br />
I googled “Sujata and the rice milk offering”.<br />
<span style="text-decoration: underline;">Here are the results of the google search, including my blog in the 5<sup>th</sup> place:</span><br />
<h3>
· <a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&cd=1&ved=0CBUQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.angelfire.com%2Felectronic%2Fawakening101%2Fsujata.html&rct=j&q=Sujata%20and%20the%20rice%20milk%20offering&ei=WmbYTePHB5DwrQf35oiIBg&usg=AFQjCNGN_EB3YX5mwjLz1FY-7QoIUNRAdA&cad=rja"><i>Sujata</i></a></h3>
When she had obtained what she wished for, she cooked the <i>milk rice</i> as an <i>offering</i> in thanks. Before the day she was to cook the <i>rice</i>, <i>Sujata</i> had some of <b>…</b><br />
<cite>www.angelfire.com/electronic/awakening101/<b>sujata</b>.html</cite> – <a href="http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:4AYjSPX5xd0J:www.angelfire.com/electronic/awakening101/sujata.html+Sujata+and+the+rice+milk+offering&cd=1&hl=en&ct=clnk&client=firefox-a&source=www.google.com">Cached</a> – <a href="http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&client=firefox-a&hs=LLy&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&channel=s&biw=1024&bih=578&q=related:www.angelfire.com/electronic/awakening101/sujata.html+Sujata+and+the+rice+milk+offering&tbo=1&sa=X&ei=WmbYTePHB5DwrQf35oiIBg&ved=0CBsQHzAA">Similar</a><br />
►<br />
<h3>
· <a href="http://www.buddhanet.net/e-learning/buddhism/lifebuddha/15lbud.htm">Life of Buddha: The Golden Bowl (Part One)</a></h3>
<i>Sujata</i> too was happy and excited and danced with joy with the servant. They then took even more pains to prepare the <i>milk</i>-<i>rice</i>, pouring it into a golden <b>…</b><br />
<cite>www.buddhanet.net/e-learning/buddhism/lifebuddha/15lbud.htm</cite> – <a href="http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:9gu1kZqbSDQJ:www.buddhanet.net/e-learning/buddhism/lifebuddha/15lbud.htm+Sujata+and+the+rice+milk+offering&cd=2&hl=en&ct=clnk&client=firefox-a&source=www.google.com">Cached</a><br />
<h3>
· <a href="http://eng.buddhapia.com/_service/buddhapia/0000000090/default.asp?clss_cd=0002148067&top_menu_cd=0000000090&Menu_code=0000005619">Abandonment of Asceticism – Buddhist World Portal Site, Buddhism …</a></h3>
<i>Sujata’s Offering</i> of <i>Rice Milk</i> Porridge <b>…</b> <i>Sujata</i> had uttered a wish to a Banyan Tree, and vowed a yearly <i>offering</i> to it if she should have a son. <b>…</b><br />
<cite>eng.buddhapia.com/_service/buddhapia/…/default.asp?…</cite> – <a href="http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:X3c01qPX4LgJ:eng.buddhapia.com/_service/buddhapia/0000000090/default.asp%3Fclss_cd%3D0002148067%26top_menu_cd%3D0000000090%26Menu_code%3D0000005619+Sujata+and+the+rice+milk+offering&cd=3&hl=en&ct=clnk&client=firefox-a&source=www.google.com">Cached</a><br />
<h3>
· <a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/The_Buddha/message/51">The_Buddha : Message: The <i>offering</i> of Ghana <i>milk</i>-<i>rice</i> by <i>Sujata</i></a></h3>
25 Apr 2003 <b>…</b> The <i>offering</i> of Ghana <i>milk</i>-<i>rice</i> by <i>Sujata</i>. After dreaming the Five Great Dreams and having himself interpreted their meaning, the Bodhisatta <b>…</b><br />
<cite>groups.yahoo.com/group/The_Buddha/message/51</cite> – <a href="http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:dAUiP0Z7reEJ:groups.yahoo.com/group/The_Buddha/message/51+Sujata+and+the+rice+milk+offering&cd=4&hl=en&ct=clnk&client=firefox-a&source=www.google.com">Cached</a><br />
<h3>
· <a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/2011/01/12/in-the-footsteps-of-buddha-sujata-thu-zartar-places-and-the-grass-temple/">In the footsteps of Buddha: <i>Sujata</i> / Thu.ZarTar Places and the …</a></h3>
12 Jan 2011 <b>…</b> In the footsteps of Buddha: <i>Sujata</i> / Thu.ZarTar Places and the Grass temple. By nyiwin. at the <i>Sujata</i> / Thu.zarTar <i>milk rice offering</i> pagoda <b>…</b><br />
<cite>nyiwin.wordpress.com/…/in-the-footsteps-of-buddha-<b>sujata</b>-thu-zartar-places-and-the-grass-temple/</cite> – <a href="http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:_bBz3BNKGj8J:nyiwin.wordpress.com/2011/01/12/in-the-footsteps-of-buddha-sujata-thu-zartar-places-and-the-grass-temple/+Sujata+and+the+rice+milk+offering&cd=5&hl=en&ct=clnk&client=firefox-a&source=www.google.com">Cached</a><br />
<h3>
· <a href="http://www.moovyshoovy.com/watch-online/hindi_movie_Sujata/Video/Place-where-Sujata-offered-milk-rice-milk-porridge-to-the-future-Lord-Buddha-/crs=youtube/vid_ID=4icoearY2q_">Hindi movie <i>Sujata</i> Video (Place where <i>Sujata</i> offered <i>milk rice</i> …</a></h3>
Watch Hindi movie <i>Sujata</i> Video Place where <i>Sujata</i> offered milk <i>rice milk</i> porridge to the future Lord Buddha.<br />
<cite>www.moovyshoovy.com/…<b>Sujata</b>/…<b>Sujata</b>…<b>milk</b>-<b>rice</b>-<b>milk</b>…/vid_ID=4icoearY2q_</cite> – <a href="http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:uEuHE0FgD7QJ:www.moovyshoovy.com/watch-online/hindi_movie_Sujata/Video/Place-where-Sujata-offered-milk-rice-milk-porridge-to-the-future-Lord-Buddha-/crs%3Dyoutube/vid_ID%3D4icoearY2q_+Sujata+and+the+rice+milk+offering&cd=6&hl=en&ct=clnk&client=firefox-a&source=www.google.com">Cached</a><br />
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: left; width: 0px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td colspan="2"><h3>
· · <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_q2Yraeoci4">Place where <i>Sujata</i> offered <i>milk</i>-<i>rice</i> (<i>milk</i>-porridge) to the future …</a></h3>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="1%"><br /></td>
<td valign="top">5 min – 25 Feb 2009 – Uploaded by isharak<br />
About <i>Sujata</i> ignca.nic.in www.sacred-texts.com<br />
<cite>www.youtube.com/watch?v=_q2Yraeoci4</cite></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<a href="http://www.google.com/search?q=Sujata+and+the+rice+milk+offering&hl=en&client=firefox-a&hs=LLy&sa=G&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&channel=s&biw=1024&bih=578&prmd=ivns&source=univ&tbm=vid&tbo=u&ei=WmbYTePHB5DwrQf35oiIBg&ved=0CEIQqwQ">More videos for <i>Sujata and the rice milk offering</i> »</a><br />
<h3>
· <a href="http://www.ignca.nic.in/jatak088.htm">Jataka Stories – <i>Sujata</i></a></h3>
Last in the list is Gotama Buddha, who accepted the <i>milk</i>-<i>rice</i> from <i>Sujata</i>. <i>Sujata offering milk</i>-<i>rice</i> to the Buddha and the slave girl Punna is watching <b>…</b><br />
<i>www.ignca.nic.in › … › <a href="http://www.google.com/url?url=http://www.ignca.nic.in/jatak.htm&rct=j&sa=X&ei=WmbYTePHB5DwrQf35oiIBg&ved=0CEgQ6QUoADAH&q=Sujata+and+the+rice+milk+offering&usg=AFQjCNEDse5sT0QjzBzMVOHT-2cb25CoBg">Jataka Stories</a></i> – <a href="http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:0JVmmCakj54J:www.ignca.nic.in/jatak088.htm+Sujata+and+the+rice+milk+offering&cd=8&hl=en&ct=clnk&client=firefox-a&source=www.google.com">Cached</a> – <a href="http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&client=firefox-a&hs=LLy&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&channel=s&biw=1024&bih=578&q=related:www.ignca.nic.in/jatak088.htm+Sujata+and+the+rice+milk+offering&tbo=1&sa=X&ei=WmbYTePHB5DwrQf35oiIBg&ved=0CEsQHzAH">Similar</a><br />
<h3>
· <a href="http://www.indianetzone.com/22/sujata.htm"><i>Sujata</i> , Jatak Stories , Buddhism</a></h3>
19 Jan 2011 <b>…</b> A woman, named <i>Sujata</i> fulfilled his desire by <i>offering</i> him the <i>milk</i>-<i>rice</i>. <i>Sujata</i> was the daughter of the landowner of the Senani village <b>…</b><br />
<i>www.indianetzone.com › … › <a href="http://www.google.com/url?url=http://www.indianetzone.com/5/buddhism.htm&rct=j&sa=X&ei=WmbYTePHB5DwrQf35oiIBg&ved=0CFEQ6QUoADAI&q=Sujata+and+the+rice+milk+offering&usg=AFQjCNFilxTUYjYzUEZUrZ6jEneu7ZGHHQ">Buddhism</a> › <a href="http://www.google.com/url?url=http://www.indianetzone.com/33/jataka_sacred_book_buddhists.htm&rct=j&sa=X&ei=WmbYTePHB5DwrQf35oiIBg&ved=0CFIQ6QUoATAI&q=Sujata+and+the+rice+milk+offering&usg=AFQjCNFeQvZNnBACsMbKkU8DJtClQ8gqsg">Jataka</a></i> – <a href="http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:by1rmKfwqYkJ:www.indianetzone.com/22/sujata.htm+Sujata+and+the+rice+milk+offering&cd=9&hl=en&ct=clnk&client=firefox-a&source=www.google.com">Cached</a> – <a href="http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&client=firefox-a&hs=LLy&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&channel=s&biw=1024&bih=578&q=related:www.indianetzone.com/22/sujata.htm+Sujata+and+the+rice+milk+offering&tbo=1&sa=X&ei=WmbYTePHB5DwrQf35oiIBg&ved=0CFUQHzAI">Similar</a><br />
<ul>
<li>[PDF]</li>
</ul>
<h3>
<a href="http://www.sjsu.edu/people/shantanu.phukan/courses/rels142/s1/Strong-Laywoman%20Sujata.pdf">Laywoman <i>Sujata</i></a></h3>
File Format: PDF/Adobe Acrobat – <a href="http://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:9UIl6-WfSM0J:www.sjsu.edu/people/shantanu.phukan/courses/rels142/s1/Strong-Laywoman%2520Sujata.pdf+Sujata+and+the+rice+milk+offering&hl=en&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESipv2Z5hFTDGAER9i6fZTI5T9OYDCYermcv_6hvW10UYW406x8Btxd873niY9Ig5uCVdfS7Ak2v5CCRlPKoe2TawevutJ742gdduHkRFW_d_NOJBuyqLGGC-Txyw6BjzHAv1gi9&sig=AHIEtbSOuywjUFhxzCSut405SeXbm8W5DQ">Quick View</a><br />
1 it is she who gives the Buddha the <i>offering</i> of <i>milk</i>-<i>rice</i> that marks the <b>…</b> <i>Sujata</i>, however, has no idea that she is making an <i>offering</i> to the <b>…</b><br />
<cite>www.sjsu.edu/people/shantanu.phukan/…/Strong-Laywoman%20<b>Sujata</b>.pdf</cite><br />
<b><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Here are relevant extracts</span></b><br />
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: left; width: 553px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><b>Abandonment of Asceticism </b></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<a href="http://eng.buddhapia.com/_Service/_ContentView/ETC_CONTENT_2.ASP?pk=0001507920&sub_pk=&clss_cd=0002148067&top_menu_cd=0000000090&menu_cd=&menu_code=0000005619&image_folder=color_11&bg_color=2B5137&line_color=3A6A4A&menu_type">http://eng.buddhapia.com/_Service/_ContentView/ETC_CONTENT_2.ASP?pk=0001507920&sub_pk=&clss_cd=0002148067&top_menu_cd=0000000090&menu_cd=&menu_code=0000005619&image_folder=color_11&bg_color=2B5137&line_color=3A6A4A&menu_type</a>=<br />
At this time there lived at Uruvela a house-holder by name Senani. Sujata was his daughter<br />
Sujata came and offered Gautama the food prepared by her in a golden bowl.<br />
He took the bowl to the river bank, bathed at a ford or a bathing place called Suppatitthita and ate the food.<br />
Thus ended his trial of asceticism.<br />
The five ascetics who were with Gautama became angry with him for
having given up the life of austerity and self-mortification and in
disgust left him.<br />
<b>Life of the Buddha (Part One) 15. The Golden Bowl</b><br />
http://www.buddhanet.net/e-learning/buddhism/lifebuddha/15lbud.htm<br />
Taking the delicious milk-rice both of them went to the banyan tree and Sujata saw what she perceived to be a holy man. <b>He was handsome and golden looking and sat serenely in meditation</b>.
She did not know that he was in fact Ascetic Gotama. She bowed with
respect and said, “Lord, accept my donation of milk-rice. May you be
successful in obtaining your wishes as I have been.”<br />
<div class="wp-caption aligncenter" id="attachment_3892" style="width: 460px;">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/p1190068-r.jpg"><img alt="" class="size-full wp-image-3892" height="337" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/p1190068-r.jpg?w=450&h=337" title="P1190068 r" width="450" /></a><br />
<div class="wp-caption-text">
the images at the place where Sujata / Thuzarta offered rice porridge to the would be Buddha</div>
</div>
Ascetic Gotama ate the sweet thick milk-rice and then bathed in the river Neranjara. <b>This was the last food and bath he would have for seven weeks.</b><br />
<div class="wp-caption aligncenter" id="attachment_3896" style="width: 460px;">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/p1190077-r.jpg"><img alt="" class="size-full wp-image-3896" height="337" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/p1190077-r.jpg?w=450&h=337" title="P1190077 r" width="450" /></a><br />
<div class="wp-caption-text">
the Indian images of Sujata offering milk porridge to the would be Buddha</div>
</div>
When he finished he took the golden bowl and threw it in the river,
saying, “If I am to succeed in becoming a Buddha today, let this bowl go
upstream, but if not, let it go downstream.” The golden bowl went
upstream, all the while keeping in the middle of the river.<br />
<div class="wp-caption aligncenter" id="attachment_3894" style="width: 460px;">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/p1190085-r.jpg"><img alt="" class="size-full wp-image-3894" height="337" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/p1190085-r.jpg?w=450&h=337" title="P1190085 r" width="450" /></a><br />
<div class="wp-caption-text">
the place where the gold bowl was placed into the Narinjara Nadi</div>
</div>
<div>
<b>SUJATA</b></div>
<a href="http://www.angelfire.com/electronic/awakening101/sujata.html">http://www.angelfire.com/electronic/awakening101/sujata.html</a><br />
Look up at the url for the 2 of BaJi U Ba Kyi’s Buddha drawings.<br />
<div class="wp-caption aligncenter" id="attachment_3883" style="width: 460px;">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/sujata3.jpg"><img alt="" class="size-full wp-image-3883" height="278" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/sujata3.jpg?w=450&h=278" title="sujata3" width="450" /></a><br />
<div class="wp-caption-text">
Buddha's Extreme asceticism / the DukKhaSariyar method</div>
</div>
From the day the Great Being had gone forth from the household life
until the day depicted in this picture, six years had elapsed. Here <span style="text-decoration: underline;">he has resumed eating normal food and his body has returned to a normal state</span>.
This day was the fifteenth of the waxing moon of the sixth lunar month,
45 years before the Buddha’s passing away [parinibbana].<br />
<div class="wp-caption aligncenter" id="attachment_3884" style="width: 460px;">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/sujata4.jpg"><img alt="" class="size-full wp-image-3884" height="248" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/sujata4.jpg?w=450&h=248" title="sujata4" width="450" /></a><br />
<div class="wp-caption-text">
Sujata offering the future Buddha milk porridge</div>
</div>
The lady offering things to the Great Being in the picture is <b><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Sujata</span></b>. She was the daughter of a householder in a village in Uruvela Senanigama. She is <b>offering a dish of Rice Gruel with Milk</b> [<a href="http://www.angelfire.com/electronic/awakening101/sujata.html#N1"><b>madhupayasa</b></a>],
rice cooked with pure cow’s milk. It was a vegetarian food, containing
no meat or fish, used especially as an offering to deities.<br />
When the rice was cooked, Sujata sent a servant girl <b>to clean up the area around the banyan tree</b>. The servant girl came back to Sujata with a report that <b>the deity [deva]</b> who was to receive the offerings <b>had materialized</b>, and was already sitting at the foot of the banyan tree. Excited, <b>Sujata lifted the tray of milk rice to her head and carried it to the banyan tree</b>, together with her servant girl. Seeing that it was as her servant had told her, she came forward and <b>proffered the tray of milk rice</b>. The Great Being received it and looked at Sujata. She <b>understood</b> from his look <b>that he had no bowl or any other dish with which to eat the food</b>, and so she <b>made an offering of both the rice and the dish.</b><br />
Having offered the rice, she walked back to her house, full of happiness, believing that she had made offerings to a deva.<br />
<b>A SECOND VERSION:</b><b></b><br />
Early on the full moon day of Kason (April) in the year 103 of the
Great Era, i.e. 2551 years ago, counting back from the year 1324 of the
Burmese Era, <b>the now emaciated prince sat down under the Bo Tree near the big village of Senanigãma awaiting the hour of going for alms food</b>.
At that time, Sujãtã, the daughter of a rich man from the village, was
making preparations to give an offering to the tree-spirit of the Bo
tree. She sent her maid ahead to tidy up the area under the spread of
the holy tree. <b>At the sight of the starving man</b> seated
under the tree, the maid thought the deity had made himself visible to
receive their offering in person. She ran back in great excitement to
inform her mistress.<br />
<b>Sujãtã put the milk rice</b> which she had cooked early in the morning <b>in a golden bowl</b>
worth a hundred thousand pieces of money. She covered the same with
another golden bowl. She then proceeded with the bowls to the foot of
the banyan tree where the prince remained seated and <b>put the bowls in the hand of the soon to be Great Bodhisattva</b>, saying, “May your wishes prosper like mine have.” So saying, she departed.<br />
<b><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Conclusion</span></b><br />
It is not for me to say which version is the correct one.<br />
Whether Buddha ended the Extreme asceticism <b>at the time of meeting with Sujata</b> or whether it was ended <b>earlier in the U-RuWaiLa forest near the <i>DukkaraSaRiYar</i> cave</b>
and the would be Buddha met Sujata on His way to the Aung Myay, Gaya,
which is on the other side of the Narinjara Nadi / river and had
Sujata’s milk porridge as His last meal before Enlightenment.<br />
I think the 2 versions will never be settled as there is <b>no existing direct contemporary evidence.</b><br />
Most will know of only one version unless they come to hear or read about the other version.</div>
<div class="postmetadata">
Tags:<a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/tag/history/" rel="tag">history</a>, <a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/tag/infotainment/" rel="tag">infotainment</a>, <a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/tag/buddhism/" rel="tag">Buddhism</a><br />
Posted in <a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/category/religion/buddhism/" rel="category tag" title="View all posts in Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, <a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/category/history/" rel="category tag" title="View all posts in history">history</a>, <a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/category/infotainment-2/" rel="category tag" title="View all posts in Infotainment">Infotainment</a>, <a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/category/religion/" rel="category tag" title="View all posts in religion">religion</a> | <a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/2011/05/24/when-buddha-ended-the-extreme-asceticism-dukkhasariyar-and-begun-the-middle-way-mizzimapadipadar/#respond" title="Comment on When Buddha ended the Extreme asceticism / DukkaraSaRiYar and begun the Middle Way / Mizzimapadipadar">Leave a Comment »</a></div>
</div>
<div class="post-3850 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-history category-infotainment-2 category-myanmar tag-history tag-infotainment tag-myanmar">
<h3 id="post-3850">
<a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/2011/05/19/indian-migration-into-myanmar/" rel="bookmark" title="Permanent Link to Indian migration into Myanmar">Indian migration into Myanmar</a></h3>
<small>May 19, 2011</small>
<br />
<div class="entry">
Myanmar has a long history of contact with neighboring
countries. Trade is part of life and from local trade, distant trade was
done along the trade routes. Since the early years of the 1st
millineum, there was an India – China trade route that passed through
upper Myanmar in the upper reaches of the Ayeyarwaddy. Another passed
from the Champa / Cambodian city of Oc Eo (in present day Vietnam)
through Thailand and the eastern Myanmar to reach the Sriksetra. Another
branch of this trade route is to the west, across the Rakhine yoma
along the TaunGup pass till Vesali / Waytharli and from there sea
trading to India is a regular trading route. All these trading led to
contact with and arrival of Indians to Myanmar since time immemorial.<br />
There also was a sea trading route from India, and even Sri Lanka to Myanmar and beyond.<br />
Indian trade to Suvanabhumi was done even before the time of Buddha
as is told in the Maha ZaNetKa Jakata. ZaNetKa went to Suvanabhumi in
search of riches. Suvanabhumi is the land of gold and is different from
Suvanadipa, the gold island / peninsula which is either the Malaysia or
one of the Indonesia islands. Although it is controversial, Suvanabhumi,
the gold land with its riches is believed to be in the area around
Thaton.<br />
The first Indians that arrive would be Hindus as Buddha’s time has
not come yet prior to 540 B.C. Later, those who came and settle in
Myanmar were Buddhist Indians and they established the cities of
Dhanyawaddy and Waytharli, ruling over the local Rakhines and other
ethnic groups as they have superior culture and administrative
knowledge.<br />
All the Arakan Chronicles mention the coming to Arakan of Indo-Aryan
peoples from the Ganges valley and the founding of the cities of
Dhanyawaddy and Vesali by their kings. The Indian chiefs who came over
probably ruled over the the native population, gradually impressing on
them their culture and religion.<br />
According to tradition Indo-Aryan people reached Arakan from India
Gangha delta and settled in Kaladan Valley at the very early time.
Before migrating to Arakan, those Indo-Aryan are thought to have mixed
and intermarried with a migrant Mongoloid tribe in eastern India and
Arakan.<br />
An eminent Arakanese archaeologist, U San Shwe Bu, pointed out that the <b>Indo-Aryan</b> came to Arakan from <b>Majjhimadesa</b> who were living on the <b><span style="text-decoration: underline;">bank of river Ganges.</span></b><br />
Ancient Arakanese belonged to <b>Magadha</b> region as their ancestral places who later <b>settled in Arakan region</b> and consequently found their first capital city at <b>Dynyawaddy</b>.<br />
Arakanese chronicles date the history of Arakan back to <b>5000 BC</b> when <span style="text-decoration: underline;">2 migratory waves</span> from the <span style="text-decoration: underline;">eastern part of India</span> coming with a group settled at <b>Kira-brin</b>, <span style="text-decoration: underline;">16 miles north of Mrauk-U</span>, and the other settled at <b>Dwarawaddy</b> (<span style="text-decoration: underline;">Thandway</span>). Later on the group at Thandway dispersed and joined with Kira-brin group to establish <b>Vesali. </b>Local dynasty ruled Vesali up to 3325 BC.<br />
<b>Sakkya</b> migration <span style="text-decoration: underline;">into Rakhine</span>. <b>1st gr: Vasudeva</b>_ruled <b>Dwarawady </b>[Thantwe]. <b>2nd gr: Ahzona</b>_married daughter of local chief. [son] <b>Marayu </b>conquered old Vesali and founded <b>Dhanyawaddy 3000 B.C.</b> 55 kings<br />
A group led by <b>Marayu</b> an Indian prince, <span style="text-decoration: underline;">came
down the Kaladan river and subdued the savages. He then established the
first city of Dhanyawaddy on the east bank of the Kaladan </span>and began to rule Rakhine from <b>3325 BC</b>. The dynasty set up by Marayu kept the throne <b>till 1059 BC</b>.
During this period there were 3 instances of disposition with 7 rulers
outside the dynasty ruling for 23 years. In Arakanese chronicles,
Dhanyawaddy existed 3325 BC – 788 AD. But Shitethaung temple <b>Anandacandra inscription</b> dated the <span style="text-decoration: underline;">founding of <b>Vesali</b> to 350 / 370 AD.</span> So Dhanyawaddy existed until 350 or 370 AD.<br />
Historically, the origin of the Indians that reach Myanmar was from the <b>Majjhimadesa</b><br />
<b>1st Tagaung </b>Established by<b> AbiYarzar</b> who came from India. Succeeded by younger son <b>KanYarzarNge</b>.<br />
Tagaung has also been settled by king <b>AhBiYarZar</b> in pre Buddha time.His son <b>Kan Yarzar Nge</b> succeeded him in Tagaung, whereas the elder son <b>Kan Yarzar Gyi </b>went down the Ayeyarwaddy to finally reach the <b>Kyauk Padaung</b> near Paletwa on the Kaladan.<br />
<b>1st Tagaung </b>Established by<b> AbiYarzar</b> who came from India. Succeeded by younger son <b>KanYarzarNge</b>. <b>KanYarzarGyi</b> went to KaleTaunNyo and stayed for 6 mths. During the period Pyus, Kanyans asked for king and his son <b>Dusetta</b> was installed in ThunarParanta. KanYarzarGyi moved to Rakhine.<b></b><br />
<b>Dusetta</b>, son of Kanyarzargyi, ruled ThuNarParanta (LeKaing-SaKu) after Pyu king <b>Thambula</b> was taken away by Dhanyawaddy army<br />
In <b>1531 BC</b>, another migratory wave from Kamarupa (Assam) under <b>Kammaraja</b> came and settled at <b>Kyauk-Badaung</b> (near Paletwa, on the Kaladan). 24 years later the king came downstream and set up the <b>second</b> city of <b>Dhnyawaddy</b> in <b>1483 BC</b>.<br />
<div class="wp-caption aligncenter" id="attachment_3860" style="width: 460px;">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/shitthaung-pillar-0504100-2.jpg"><img alt="" class="size-full wp-image-3860" height="600" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/shitthaung-pillar-0504100-2.jpg?w=450&h=600" title="ShitThaung pillar 0504100 2" width="450" /></a><br />
<div class="wp-caption-text">
the ShitThaung pillar, also originally from Vesali, at the ShitThaung pagoda, Mrauk U</div>
</div>
<div class="wp-caption aligncenter" id="attachment_3857" style="width: 460px;">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/ananda-candra-inscription-0504101-2.jpg"><img alt="" class="size-full wp-image-3857" height="600" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/ananda-candra-inscription-0504101-2.jpg?w=450&h=600" title="Ananda Candra inscription 0504101 2" width="450" /></a><br />
<div class="wp-caption-text">
Ananda Candra inscription, formerly from Vesali, now at the ShitThaung pagoda, Mrauk U</div>
</div>
The <b>inscription of Anandacanda</b> , written around <b>728 AD</b> , gives the names and reign periods of eighteen of his predecessors , the earlier of whom may have ruled at <b>Dhanyawadi</b>. The kings of earliest <b>Candra dynasty</b> , who ruled from <span style="text-decoration: underline;">end of the 4th to the beginning of the 7th centuries</span>, are said to have descended from the lineage of the Hindu god Siva , and the lineage is mentioned again in connection with <span style="text-decoration: underline;">Anandacandra’s grandfather</span> , <b>Vajrasakti</b>.
The inscription describes Anandacanda’s grandfather, Vajrasakti. The
inscription describes Anandacandra and his immediate predecessors as <b>Mahayana Buddhists</b>. This would not, however, have precluded the existence of a <b>Hindu royal cult</b> as was the case in both India and elsewhere in Southeast Asia. The Candra kings certainly did not neglect to <b>support the local Brahmins</b>, the bearers of Sanskritic culture at court. Anandacandra says that he <span style="text-decoration: underline;">built four temples,</span> named after himself, <span style="text-decoration: underline;">for the Brahmins as well as providing them with land, servants and musicians.</span><br />
<b>Kyauk Padaung</b> 1507-1483 B.C. <b>Kanyarzargyi</b> from Tagaung settled and married 2 daughters of last Rakhine Queen. 4300 ft above sea level, 14 m E of Paletwa.<br />
Then came <b>Kanrazagri </b>and his twenty eight kingly descendents<br />
Dhanyawaddy (Dhannavati), the earliest city in Rakhine. Legendary
accounts say that it was founded in 580 B.C. and was the capital till
350 or 370 A.D.<br />
the third Dynyawaddy (580-B.C. to 326 A.D.) was found by King Canda Suriya.<br />
<b>3rd Dhanyawaddy 580 B.C</b>.- 326 / 350 / 370 A.D. <b>Suriya kings</b> 25 kings. 906 yrs.<br />
<div class="wp-caption aligncenter" id="attachment_3852" style="width: 460px;">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dhanyawaddy-palace-gate-2-2.jpg"><img alt="" class="size-full wp-image-3852" height="337" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dhanyawaddy-palace-gate-2-2.jpg?w=450&h=337" title="Dhanyawaddy palace gate 2 2" width="450" /></a><br />
<div class="wp-caption-text">
Dhanya palace entrance with the Mahamuni pagoda in the background</div>
</div>
The dynasty founded by Kanrazagri was succeeded by the Suriya kings the first of whom was <b>Canda Suriya</b>. He founded the third city of Dhanyawadi. According to the chronicles it was during his reign that the <b>Buddha visited Arakan with his five hundred disciples. </b>It was mentioned that the famous <b>Mahamuni image</b> (which is at present in Mandalay) was cast with his consent as a memento of his sojourn in the country. <span style="text-decoration: underline;">A palm- leaf manuscript </span>entitled, <b>Sappadanapakarana</b>,
provides a detailed accound of the casting of this image. The Suriya
dynasty consisted of forty eight kings and was succeeded by the Candra
dynasty.<br />
During <b>Sanda/CandaSuriya king’s 26th year of reign</b>, Buddha visited Rakhine with 500 disciples: 554 B.C<br />
<div class="wp-caption aligncenter" id="attachment_3863" style="width: 460px;">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/salagiri-hill-05041013-2.jpg"><img alt="" class="size-full wp-image-3863" height="337" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/salagiri-hill-05041013-2.jpg?w=450&h=337" title="Salagiri hill 05041013 2" width="450" /></a><br />
<div class="wp-caption-text">
Buddha and 500 disciples visited Rakhine</div>
</div>
<div class="wp-caption aligncenter" id="attachment_3854" style="width: 460px;">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/mahamuni-e-05041002-2.jpg"><img alt="" class="size-full wp-image-3854" height="337" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/mahamuni-e-05041002-2.jpg?w=450&h=337" title="Mahamuni E 05041002 2" width="450" /></a><br />
<div class="wp-caption-text">
Buddha preaching king Sanda/CandaSuriya while visit Rakhine with 500 disciples: 554 B.C.</div>
</div>
In prehistoric times Myanmarwas inhabited along its coasts and its
river valleys. During most of the 1st millennium AD the overland trade
route between China and <a href="http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-214184"><b>India</b></a>
passed through Myanmar’s borders, and merchant ships from India, Sri
Lanka, and even farther west converged on its ports, some of which also
were the termini of the portage routes from the Gulf of Thailand across
the narrow Isthmus of Kra on theMalay Peninsula. Thus,Myanmar often was
the western gateway of mainlandSoutheast Asia.<br />
<div class="wp-caption aligncenter" id="attachment_3855" style="width: 460px;">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/salagiri-hill-05041003-2.jpg"><img alt="" class="size-full wp-image-3855" height="337" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/salagiri-hill-05041003-2.jpg?w=450&h=337" title="Salagiri hill 05041003 2" width="450" /></a><br />
<div class="wp-caption-text">
Salagiri hill where Buddha and disciples descended</div>
</div>
<b>Waythali-A.D. 310 to 776.</b><br />
<div class="wp-caption aligncenter" id="attachment_3870" style="width: 460px;">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/vesali-1-2.jpg"><img alt="" class="size-full wp-image-3870" height="337" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/vesali-1-2.jpg?w=450&h=337" title="Vesali 1 2" width="450" /></a><br />
<div class="wp-caption-text">
Vesali excavation 2005</div>
</div>
The ancient city of <b>Wethali</b> was founded by King <b>Dvan Sandra</b> in 327 A.D.<br />
On <b>Maha Sandra</b> coming to the throne in <b>A.D. 310</b> he had <span style="text-decoration: underline;">shifted from Danyawaddy to</span> the more accessible place <b>Waythali</b>. Danyawaddy had been the capital for a total period of 3651 years, from the reign of Marayu in B.C. 3341 to A.D. 310. The <span style="text-decoration: underline;">Rakhaing
came to Zenith of power during the reign of 9 Sandra Kings of Waythali
from A.D. 310 to 752 or for a total period of 442 years</span>. The
power was due to the very pious King Maha Sandra receiving from Theekra
Min Cellestial Spear, the Cellestial Horse and the Cellestial Ruby Ring
similar to Wathudaywa. There are problems which we cannot understand
today.<br />
The crowing event in the history of Rakhine was the <b>Convention of the Buddhist Council</b> at the <b>top of golden hill of Vesali</b> under the royal patronage of King <b>Dhammawizaya i</b>n <b>638 AD</b> through <b>joint effort of two countries, Rakhine and Ceylon</b>. This momentous triumph of the great council was participated by <b>one thousand monks from Ceylon</b> and <b>one thousand monks from Rakhine</b>
kingdom. As a fitting celebration of the occasion, the lavish
construction of pagodas, statues and monasteries were undertaken for the
purpose of inscribing the Tripitaka.<br />
After Vesali, Pyinsa was found by <b>Lemro dynasty in 818 AD</b>; the great king of dynasty (AD 818-1430) was King <b>Mim-Yin-Phru</b>, who turned his attention towards the development of Buddhism, and <b>in 847 AD he convened the second Buddhist council in Rakhine</b> attended by <b>800 Arahants.</b>
Rakhine chronicles report that therein the Tripitaka and Atthakatha
were inscribed on the golden plate and enshrined. Never has there been
impediment in the practice of Theravada Buddhist faith since it has
introduced in Rakhine. The copious findings of inscription Ye Dhamma
verse were practical evidence that Theravada was dominant faith if
epigraphic and archaeological sources were to be believed. The Royal
patronage has always been significant factor contribution to stability
and progress of the religion in Rakhine.<br />
During 33rd <b>Tagaung</b> king <b>Beindaka</b>‘s rule, Chinese invaded and destroyed <b>1st Tagaung</b>. Beindaka retreated to MaLe chaung and died there.<br />
<b>2nd Tagaung.</b> Built during Buddha’s time by <b>DazaYarzar</b> who came from <b>India</b>. Married <b>Nargasein</b> queen of last king of 1st Tagaung. 17kings. 17th king <b>ThadoeMahaRaza</b> had 2 sons MahaThambawa and SulaThambawa<b></b><br />
Later, after the desruction of Tagaung, <b>DhazaYarzar</b> escaped from <b>India</b> during Buddha’s time and settled in Tagaung, marrying the widow queen and establishing another dynasty.<br />
Small oval flat piece of agate (stone seal) inscribed with the word
Daya-danam in 5th Century South Indian characters (similar pieces with
Pali words found in Oc-eo in the Hindunised state of Funan in Indochina.
1 bear identical name as this one) found in <b>Halin. </b>By the fifth century AD, the Mon as well as the Pyu peoples had adopted the <b>Indianized cultural life</b>
then widely practiced throughout mainland Southeast Asia which included
elements of both Hinduism (Brahamanism) as well as aspects of
Theravada, Mahayana, and Tantric Buddhism.<br />
Prince <b>Gopala </b>left <b>Hastinapura</b> in <b>Ganges</b> (north central India) and founded <b>Tagaung</b> after various wars with the <b>Mlech-chlas</b>. Inscribed stone slab 416 A.D.<b> Tagaung</b>. Buddha image with Gupta inscription.<br />
4 large stone funerary urns inscribed in Pyu at <b>Srikshetra</b> reveal that it was ruled by a succession of kings bearing the name of <b>Vikrama</b> from the 7th-8th centuries. <b>Suryavikrama, Harivikrama, Sihavikrama.</b><br />
The names of the <b>Pyu kings</b> show that the <b>Vikrama dyansty</b> ruled <b>Sriksetra</b> and they are most likely to be of Indian descent. It is the same with the Rakhine kings of the <b>Suriya, Candra</b> dynasties.<br />
It is only during the time of <b>Lemro</b> cities that the <b>names of the kings are no longer Indian but Rakhine.</b> The <b>Indian rule over Rakhines ended by the fall of Waytharli / Vesali</b><br />
<b><br />
</b><br />
In prehistoric times Myanmarwas inhabited along its coasts and its
river valleys. During most of the 1st millennium AD the overland trade
route between China and <a href="http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-214184"><b>India</b></a>
passed through Myanmar’s borders, and merchant ships from India, Sri
Lanka, and even farther west converged on its ports, some of which also
were the termini of the portage routes from the Gulf of Thailand across
the narrow Isthmus of Kra on theMalay Peninsula. Thus,Myanmar often was
the western gateway of mainlandSoutheast Asia.<br />
The Indian merchants brought with them not only precious cargoes but
their religious, political, and legal ideas; and within a few decades
Indian cultural traditions had remolded indigenous society, thought, and
arts and crafts. Yet important components ofMyanmar’s own native
culture were retained, creating a lasting synthesis with Indian culture.
Surrounded on three sides by mountains and on the fourth by the
sea,Myanmaralways has been somewhat isolated; as a consequence, its
culture has remained distinct in spite of the many Indian influences and
in spite of its close affinity with the cultures of the other countries
ofSoutheast Asia.<br />
<b> <b>Rakhaing Mythological history</b></b><br />
When writing history, mythological history will also have to be
written for that will convey ideas of migrations. The Rakhaing history
will here be related in brief showing when contest was made with Pagan
with dates. This will show that Pagan is very recent and could not thus
influence the other four Kingdoms. The Rakhaing mythological history
relates about the first formation of kingdom by <b>Maha Thamada</b> was called <b>Thagewon</b>, and the Thagewon Kings took great pride in upholding correct principles when governing their subjects. <b>Gautama Buddha</b> was born in the <b>Thagewon Khattreya Family</b> and the <span style="text-decoration: underline;">Rakhaings of old have taken pride in their country being <b>governed by Thagewon Kings</b> from mythological times</span>. Mythological history states that the <span style="text-decoration: underline;">seat of Government was first at</span> <b>Ramawady</b> or <b>Ramapura</b>, the <b>Ramree Island</b>. Ramawady is <span style="text-decoration: underline;">an Indian word, Ram meaning God</span>. Hence Ramawady would mean land of God. History then relates about the formation of <span style="text-decoration: underline;">16 Provinces in India</span> during the reign of <b>Wara Aza Raza</b>. There 16 Provinces which <span style="text-decoration: underline;">become Kingdom were formed before the time of <b>Kakuthan Buddha</b>.</span>
In the course of time 85 smaller Kingdoms were formed. Hence the whole
of India is known in ancient times as the land of 101 kings. This came
to be called <b>Myitzima Daytha</b> ending in the East at the
mountain called Rakhaing Yomas today. The present day conception of
Rakhapura being in Myanmar is wrong geographically, the Yomas bring the
proof. Rakhapura was included in Myanmar on British conquest for
administrative purposes. In ancient times Rakhapura and Ahyusapura were
under one Government. <span style="text-decoration: underline;">Rakhapura
included the whole of modern Bengal. Bengal was referred to as 12 Bunga
towns, to capital being mauk-thu-za meaning the food of Mauk.</span> The Rakhaings are still known as mauk (Mog) in Bengal.<br />
<div class="wp-caption aligncenter" id="attachment_3872" style="width: 460px;">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/vesali-image-2.jpg"><img alt="" class="size-full wp-image-3872" height="600" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/vesali-image-2.jpg?w=450&h=600" title="Vesali image 2" width="450" /></a><br />
<div class="wp-caption-text">
The Great Wethali Payagyi</div>
</div>
<b>Wathudaywa-About B.C. 4500.</b><br />
<b>Wathudaywa and his 9 brothers</b> after conquering the whole of India lastly conquered <b>Dwarawady</b>, the <span style="text-decoration: underline;">present <b>Thandwe</b> area.</span>
For his greatness, the people of India worshipped him as a god,
Krishna. We, Rakhaings, however, revere Wathudaywa, as one of our great
kings. On the death of Wathudaywa and his 9 brothers at Dwarawady
through very unfortunate circumstances, the sister of Wathudaywa, <b>Asiana Daywee</b> and <b>Bramana Poona</b> migrated to Waythali and <b>Bramana Poona was made King by the people of Waythali (Vesali)</b>
for his great learning. 6 Kings descended from Bramana Raza and 16
Kings of the Tharaban Dynasty ruled over the country with Waythali as
the Capital. Waythali came to an end when the last King <b>Brama Theida</b> met his <span style="text-decoration: underline;">death</span> at the hand of <span style="text-decoration: underline;">Cannibals led by</span> <b>Nga Sat Dan</b>.<br />
Marayu B.C. 3341 to 3279.<br />
Marayu the son of Arzuna the ascetic and Einda Maru became king in
B.C. 3341 after defeating and extermination the cannibals. Marayu
founded the Capital of Danyawaddy on becoming King. Danyawaddy is a town
and not a province as thought by many today. Arzuna was King of
Kapilawat before he took the life of wandering Ascetic. Indian
historians traced his wanderings as far as Manipore, from genealogical
tree. From Gautama Buddha we learn that the class in which Gautama
Buddha was born is related to the clan that Arzuna belonged to.<br />
<b><br />
Kan Raza Gree B.C. 1523 to 1486.</b><br />
54 successors of Marayu reigned over the country till we come to the reign of <b>Kan Raza Gree</b>. On the death of the refugee from India, <b>Abei Raza</b> at <b>Tagoung</b> the two sons Kan Raza Gree, the elder, and Kan Raza Nge, the younger, had differences about succession. <b>Kan Raza Nge</b> <span style="text-decoration: underline;">succeeded his father’s place</span> and hence Kan Raza Gree accompanied by his followers <span style="text-decoration: underline;">migrated southward.</span> He followed the course of the Irrawaddy, branched out towards the Chindwin and finally arrived at <b>Kyaukpandaung</b> over land. <b>Min Nge Pyaw Hla</b> had been <span style="text-decoration: underline;">murdered by his Ministers at Danyawaddy and succeeded by 3 Ministers</span>, one acting for eight months, one acting for 2 months and the 3rd acting for 6 months. When the third was dethroned <b>Kan Raza Gree became King.</b> He <span style="text-decoration: underline;">took as Queen Saw Pyinya Naree of Rakhaing Royality</span> and <span style="text-decoration: underline;">governed from <b>Kyauk-pan-daung for 24 years</b>, and finally shifted to the old capital, <b>Danyawaddy</b></span>. This is a case of claim to the throne through the female line, Saw Pyinya Naree.<br />
King<b> Sanda Thuria B.C. 596 to 544.</b><br />
This is the <span style="text-decoration: underline;">most important reign in the whole history of Rakhapura</span> and or it is during this reign the <b>Gautama Buddha visited Danyawaddy</b> and <span style="text-decoration: underline;">at the request by King Sanda Thuria left behind the </span><b>Mahamuni Image</b>.
The image is not an ordinary one but due to the blessing given by
Gautama Buddha after completion was addressed as “My Representative” by
Gautama Buddha.<br />
<b><br />
</b></div>
<div class="postmetadata">
Tags:<a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/tag/history/" rel="tag">history</a>, <a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/tag/infotainment/" rel="tag">infotainment</a>, <a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/tag/myanmar/" rel="tag">Myanmar</a><br />
Posted in <a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/category/history/" rel="category tag" title="View all posts in history">history</a>, <a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/category/infotainment-2/" rel="category tag" title="View all posts in Infotainment">Infotainment</a>, <a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/category/myanmar/" rel="category tag" title="View all posts in Myanmar">Myanmar</a> | <a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/2011/05/19/indian-migration-into-myanmar/#respond" title="Comment on Indian migration into Myanmar">Leave a Comment »</a></div>
</div>
<div class="post-3631 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-travel category-history category-infotainment-2 category-thailand tag-history tag-infotainment tag-thailand">
<h3 id="post-3631">
<a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/2011/05/13/sukhothai-thaukkatae/" rel="bookmark" title="Permanent Link to Sukhothai / ThaukKaTae">Sukhothai / ThaukKaTae</a></h3>
<small>May 13, 2011</small>
<br />
<div class="entry">
<div class="wp-caption aligncenter" id="attachment_3832" style="width: 460px;">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/img_0317-sukothai-historical-park.jpg"><img alt="" class="size-full wp-image-3832" height="337" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/img_0317-sukothai-historical-park.jpg?w=450&h=337" title="IMG_0317 sukothai historical park" width="450" /></a><br />
<div class="wp-caption-text">
Sukhothai Historical Park entrance</div>
</div>
Although not well known as Ayutthia, as Thailand’s first capital, Sukhothai (rising of happiness) flourished from the mid 13<sup>th</sup> century to the late 14<sup>th</sup>
century. I planned to visit it on the way to Bangkok from Chiang Mai
because Sukhothai / ThaukKaTae is closely related to Myanmar during the
wars we had with the Thais.<br />
Sukhothai was the first kingdom of Siam <b>established some 800 years ago</b>. The exact year is unknown but according to the Fine Arts Office it was <b>between 1238 and 1257.</b><br />
Established in around 1238 to 1257, Sukhothai literally means “<i><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Dawn of Happiness</span></i>.” <b>Phokhun Si Intharathit</b> was the founder of the <b>Phra Ruang Dynasty</b>, <span style="text-decoration: underline;">Sukhothai’s first Dynasty</span>. For 120 years as the capital of Siam, Sukhothai was ruled by many kings. In this connection, <span style="text-decoration: underline;">the most dynamic monarch </span>being <b>King Ramkhamhaeng the Great</b>, who <i><span style="text-decoration: underline;">created the Thai alphabet</span></i>, laid the foundation for politics, monarchy, and religion, as well as, expanded its boundary of influence.<br />
I planned to stay the night in modern Sukhothai and then visit the
old city the next morning as mentioned in the tour articles I got from
the internet. However, the bus did not reach Sukhothai at sunset and
soon darkness fell. After some time, the lights were switched on and I
knew some stop is near. I went to the front of the bus and asked the
contuctress whether it was Sukothai. The reply was Old Sukothai. I told
her I will get off at Old Sukothai near some guest house. After we got
all our luggage and the bus had driven off we found out we were right in
front of the VITOON guest house. It was of good quality, clean and new
and we checked in. There weren’t any other guests seen but we find
several the next morning.<br />
After having a bath we went around the corner to have dinner. There were several shops and we had dinner at <b>The Coffee Cup</b>.
It was a nice one with an atmosphere! The shop is styled for Westerners
and apart from us the other patrons were French. It has been in
business since 2001 and there were 3 photos of the early 2001 – 2003,
mid 2003 – 2007 and later 2007 to present years with different styles of
the shop.<br />
<div class="wp-caption aligncenter" id="attachment_3738" style="width: 460px;">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05187-2.jpg"><img alt="" class="size-full wp-image-3738" height="253" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05187-2.jpg?w=450&h=253" title="DSC05187 2" width="450" /></a><br />
<div class="wp-caption-text">
The Coffee Cup in the years 2001 2003 2007</div>
</div>
<div class="wp-caption aligncenter" style="width: 460px;">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05188-2.jpg"><img alt="" class="size-full wp-image-3739" height="253" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05188-2.jpg?w=450&h=253" title="DSC05188 2" width="450" /></a><br />
<div class="wp-caption-text">
The Coffee Cup of Old Sukothai where we had dinner and lunch</div>
</div>
The girls can speak good English which seems to be a criteria for employment.<br />
<div class="wp-caption aligncenter" id="attachment_3645" style="width: 460px;">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04923-2.jpg"><img alt="" class="size-full wp-image-3645" height="253" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04923-2.jpg?w=450&h=253" title="DSC04923 2" width="450" /></a><br />
<div class="wp-caption-text">
The Coffee Cup</div>
</div>
The next morning, we hired a motorcycle from the place we stayed and
we intended to have breakfast at the same place. However, we got into
another shop by error and realized it only when we sat down. We did not
go over to The Coffee Cup and had the Sukhothai noodle recommended by
the tour article. It is different from the usual Kwai Ti Oh, and more
like our Shan “AhSee” / bundle rice noodles in “AhYay Phyaw” / “in soup”
style. This shop, the “Kacha Restaurant”, also has a Western
atmosphere. The majority of tourists being Whites!<br />
<div class="wp-caption aligncenter" id="attachment_3649" style="width: 460px;">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04928-2.jpg"><img alt="" class="size-full wp-image-3649" height="800" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04928-2.jpg?w=450&h=800" title="DSC04928 2" width="450" /></a><br />
<div class="wp-caption-text">
Sukothai noodles for breakfast at the "Kacha Restaurant”</div>
</div>
Traditional massage is offered at all places. I wonder whether the Whites really like it.<br />
There is a Sukhothai Museum nearby and the entrance to the Sukhothai old city is just in front of the museum.<br />
<div class="wp-caption aligncenter" id="attachment_3827" style="width: 460px;">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05205-2.jpg"><img alt="" class="size-full wp-image-3827" height="253" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05205-2.jpg?w=450&h=253" title="DSC05205 2" width="450" /></a><br />
<div class="wp-caption-text">
Sukhothai Historical Park entrance</div>
</div>
The Sukhothai Old City is not populated any more and only the chedis /
stupas and temples / Wats remain among the well kept gardens. This is
different from the Chiang Mai, Lamphun, Phitsanulok and Ayutthia cities
where continuous habitation is still present. Therefore, apart from the
style, Sukhothai is similar to Bagan (the local population of Bagan were
moved to the Thiripyitsayar village in 1989).<br />
The Sukhothai Historical Park is <b>open daily from 8.30 a.m. to 4.30 p.m.</b> though there are occasional nights the park is open and illuminated by floodlights.<br />
<div class="wp-caption aligncenter" id="attachment_3667" style="width: 460px;">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04936-2.jpg"><img alt="" class="size-full wp-image-3667" height="253" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04936-2.jpg?w=450&h=253" title="DSC04936 2" width="450" /></a><br />
<div class="wp-caption-text">
Wat Chana Songkhram</div>
</div>
Once inside the Old Sukhothai, our first stop was the <b>Wat Chana Songkhram</b>.
Although this was of Sukhothai era, the subordinate chedi in the east
was built in the Ayutthia period at a later date than when Sukhothai was
the capital of the Thai Lanna kingdom. Earlier periods were the Mon
Dravawadi era prior to the Tai migration into present Thailand. I only
noticed just now and wonder whether the “Songkhram” of the Wat’s name is
the same as the Songkran = Thingyan. It is too late as I cannot ask
this of anyone. The stupa / chedi has a rectangular <i>“DatTaw Taik”</i> near the top, on the bell, similar to the Sri Lanka style “HsatPaDa” stupa at Nyaung Oo.<br />
One strange feature of the Sukhothai stupas and wats is the presence
of assembly halls / Vihara that are built with laterite pillars. The
roofs have long since gone but the pillars are still there (unlike brick
walled assembly halls of the Ayutthia era). The old Thai cities in
movies showing Buddha statutes with these stone pillars have been shot
in Sukhothai!<br />
<div class="wp-caption aligncenter" id="attachment_3673" style="width: 460px;">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04941-2.jpg"><img alt="" class="size-full wp-image-3673" height="800" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04941-2.jpg?w=450&h=800" title="DSC04941 2" width="450" /></a><br />
<div class="wp-caption-text">
Monument of king Ramkhamhaeng the Great</div>
</div>
Next we visited the nearby modern <b>Monument of king Ramkhamhaeng the Great</b>.
I have read of the adjective “the Great” being conferred to many
Western kings: Alexander (Greek), Henry (English), Peter (Russian), but
king Ramkhamhaeng is the only Eastern or African king being mentioned
thus. Maybe there are others I have not heard about as there are a
great many warrior kings who established nations and dynasties:
Anawratha (Myanmar), Jayavarman (Khmer), Genghis Khan (Mongol)<br />
<b>Wat Mahathat </b><br />
When you enter the <b>Historic Park</b>, the first complex you will notice is that of <b>Wat Mahathat</b>, the main Wat of Historic Sukhothai.<br />
One thing typical for the Sukhothai era are the Buddha Images and
Monk-images, in walking position. Almost everywhere in Thailand,
whenever you see a Buddha Image, you will see it sitting down or
standing. Hardly anywhere -except in Sukhothai- you will see <i>walking</i> Buddha Images.<br />
On several places in the area that was formerly <b>Wat Mahathat</b> other remains of the buildings that belonged to the “Wat” can be seen, like the pillars.<br />
The Buddha Image is a very high one, as can clearly be seen. This is one of the two <b>Phra Attharot Buddha Images</b> belonging to Wat Mahathat. The name refers to their height.<br />
The temple’s <span style="text-decoration: underline;">main ‘chedi’ is intact showing the traditional ‘<b>Lotus’ style</b> which demonstrates the <b>Khmer influence</b> particular to this area.</span>
The chedi sports Buddha images on its pedestal and images of a number
of Buddhist disciples in adoration at its foot. Inside the temple’s
‘viharn’ is an 8-metre-high Bronze Buddha image. The site also features <span style="text-decoration: underline;">figures of demons and animals with angels riding on their backs</span>.<br />
<div class="wp-caption aligncenter" id="attachment_3706" style="width: 460px;">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04974-2.jpg"><img alt="" class="size-full wp-image-3706" height="253" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04974-2.jpg?w=450&h=253" title="DSC04974 2" width="450" /></a><br />
<div class="wp-caption-text">
Wat Mahathat main chedi</div>
</div>
The <b>central part</b> is <span style="text-decoration: underline;">a brick tower standing on top of a stacked set of pedestals, plinths, throne, and base ments, which are all made from laterite.</span>
The upper part is set apart from the lower part by its five re-entrant
angles on each corner which stop short of the lotus bud and tapering
spire but include the capital of the shaft, the shaft of the tower, and a
pair of asym met ri cal oc tag o nal lotus pedestals made of laterite.
Around the base of the lotus bud tower, there are individual niches
housing standing Buddha images.<br />
<h1>
Wat Mahathat Sukhothai [ Inside the City Walls ]</h1>
<a href="http://www.thailandsworld.com/index.cfm?p=348">http://www.thailandsworld.com/index.cfm?p=348</a><br />
<ul>
<li>Wat Mahathat translates as “great relic”, and it is one of the oldest and most important Buddhist temples in Thailand.</li>
<li>Historians believe that Wat Mahathat was established in the 13 th
century, and rebuilt in the first half of the 14 th century. Its
structures are a main vihara, a single ubosot, 10 other viharas and 200
secondary chedi. The wealth of monuments indicates the significance of
this wat as being the religious centre of the town of Sukhothai. The
stucco frieze work on the monuments has been restored.</li>
<li>Wat Mahathat is built of laterite and surrounded by brick walls and a
moat. The main chedi is in the characteristic Sukhothai shape of a
lotus bud. It is believed to contain relics of Buddha. Two huge Buddhas
reside at the entrance. Of the eight smaller surrounding chedi, the four
brick ones at the cardinal points reflect Khmer style, and the four on
the sides indicate Lan Na art. The niches of these smaller chedi contain
28 Buddha images and stucco reliefs which illustrate the life of
Buddha. The artwork here reflects that of the Singhalese and Burmese.</li>
<li>At the base of the main chedi Buddhist disciples in adoration are depicted in stucco relief.</li>
<li>In front of this chedi are columns, the only remains of the main
vihara which was believed to have contained a remarkable seated bronze
Buddha image of the Sukhothai style, cast and installed by King Lithai
of Sukhothai in 1362.</li>
<li>At the end of the 18th century, the image was removed to the <a href="http://www.thailandsworld.com/en/bangkok/bangkok-temples/wat-suthat-bangkok/index.cfm" target="_blank ">Wat Suthat</a> in Bangkok by the order of <a href="http://www.thailandsworld.com/en/thai-people/chao-phraya-chakri-rama-1/index.cfm" target="_blank ">King Rama I</a> and has since been named Phra Si Sakaya Muni.</li>
<li>Further on are the remains of another smaller vihara which was
probably built during the Ayutthaya period. Its eight metre high Buddha
image was installed inside a separate building.</li>
<li>The whole area is filled with minor chedi, most of which were probably funerary monuments.</li>
<li>On the south stands a pedestal of a large built up chedi, the base
of which is adorned with beautiful stucco figures of devils, elephants,
lions and three headed elephants.</li>
</ul>
<h1>
The Royal Palace / Wat Mahathat in Sukhothai</h1>
<a href="http://www.discoverythailand.com/Sukhothai_The_Royal_Palace_Wat_Mahathat.asp">http://www.discoverythailand.com/Sukhothai_The_Royal_Palace_Wat_Mahathat.asp</a><br />
<b>The Royal Palace / Wat Mahathat</b><br />
Sukhothai<br />
The Royal Palace is in the centre of old Sukothai. This is a large site covering around 160,000 square meters containing <span style="text-decoration: underline;">two main compounds</span> and <span style="text-decoration: underline;">completely surrounded by a water moat.</span><br />
<div class="wp-caption aligncenter" id="attachment_3700" style="width: 460px;">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04966-2.jpg"><img alt="" class="size-full wp-image-3700" height="253" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04966-2.jpg?w=450&h=253" title="DSC04966 2" width="450" /></a><br />
<div class="wp-caption-text">
The Royal Palace is in the centre of old Sukothai and is completely surrounded by a water moat.</div>
</div>
The first of the main compounds is <b>Noen Phrasat</b> (<span style="text-decoration: underline;">the Royal Building</span>), a site containing a stone inscribed by King Ramhamhaeng. The second is <b>Wat Mahathat</b>, <span style="text-decoration: underline;">Sukhothai’s largest temple</span>. The temple’s <span style="text-decoration: underline;">main ‘chedi’ is intact showing the traditional ‘<b>Lotus’ style</b> which demonstrates the <b>Khmer influence</b> particular to this area.</span>
The chedi sports Buddha images on its pedestal and images of a number
of Buddhist disciples in adoration at its foot. Inside the temple’s
‘viharn’ is an 8-metre-high Bronze Buddha image. The site also features <span style="text-decoration: underline;">figures of demons and animals with angels riding on their backs</span>.
The temple offers authentic Sukothai art and its crypt has a number of
excellent murals. Wat Mahathat is a very important temple, supposedly
the spiritual centre of the old Sukhothai. <span style="text-decoration: underline;">There are around 200 chedis within the temple compound</span> and so there’s plenty to see and wander around. Well worth a visit.<br />
<b>Details: </b>Sukhothai Historical Park is open daily
from 08.30 to 16.30. The Royal Palace / Wat Mahathat are in the central
zone and admission is 40 Baht.<br />
<h1>
The Main Chedi of Wat Maha That, Sukhothai</h1>
In front of the main chedi of Wat Maha That stands the <span style="text-decoration: underline;">base of Phra Sri Sakya Muni</span>.
The main chedi or the relic tower is made of brick and laterite. Each
side of the square base, which is about 20 meters long, is ornamented
with <span style="text-decoration: underline;">stucco motifs of walking Buddha images with palms pressed together</span>. A staircase leads from the terrace to the upper part of the central tower and the throne. <span style="text-decoration: underline;">Above the throne</span> are decorations in the form of <span style="text-decoration: underline;">lotuses which are made of laterite</span>. The <b>central part</b> is <span style="text-decoration: underline;">a brick tower standing on top of a stacked set of pedestals, plinths, throne, and base ments, which are all made from laterite.</span>
The upper part is set apart from the lower part by its five re-entrant
angles on each corner which stop short of the lotus bud and tapering
spire but include the capital of the shaft, the shaft of the tower, and a
pair of asym met ri cal oc tag o nal lotus pedestals made of laterite.
Around the base of the lotus bud tower, there are in di vid u al niches
housing standing Buddha images.<br />
<h1>
Sukhothai</h1>
The ancient capital of Thailand, Sukhothai is the historical and cultural center of the same name period (from the <b>middle of XIII century to the mid XV century</b>), which is located in the <b>north central plains</b> (almost <b>400 kilometers from Bangkok</b>). This region is <b>surrounded by hills</b> and the river <b>Mannam Yom</b>. This well-developed historical center is located <b>12 km from the modern city of Sukhothai</b>, which you can reach by taxi or by bus.<br />
For almost 149 years Sukhothai was the capital of a vast empire. <span style="text-decoration: underline;">According to legend</span> the <b>city was founded in about 500</b>, and one of its rulers is the King of <b>Chao Aluna Kmara</b> (also known as <b>Phra Ruang</b>, “Son of twilight”), the <b>son of a man and a mystical princess Nighy</b>. <b>Phra Ruang dynasty</b> took the name of <b>8 kings</b>, who ruled the empire. The first regent was <b>Si Indratitja (1235 -1279),</b> who managed to <b>break the Khmer rule in 1238</b>.<br />
<i>Sukhothai became an independent kingdom when two princes</i>-<b>Pho Khun Pha Muang</b> and <b>Pho Khun Bang Klang</b> Hao <i>combined their forces and drove the Khmers out of Sukhothai, then a major frontier post of the Angkor Empire</i>.<br />
In fact, <span style="text-decoration: underline;">his empire itself consisted of only two cities of</span> <b>Sukhothai</b> and <b>Si Satchanalai</b>. If the King Si Indratitja contributed to the formation of an independent Thai culture, <span style="text-decoration: underline;">his grandson</span> <b>Ramkhamhaeng (1279-1299)</b> has <span style="text-decoration: underline;">moved much further</span>. <span style="text-decoration: underline;">His empire stretches to <b>Vientiane</b> (the north-east) and <b>Pegu</b> in the west (modern Myanmar) </span>and <b>Nakhon Si Thammarat</b> <span style="text-decoration: underline;">in the south </span>(almost 2 / 3 of the modern state). The events of this period (such as the <span style="text-decoration: underline;">first diplomatic contact with</span> the ruler of neighboring Thailand, <b>China</b>) do not escape from the rest of the world. The <b>inscription, carved in stone</b>, which is <span style="text-decoration: underline;">stored in the National Museum in Bangkok</span>, perhaps, is <span style="text-decoration: underline;">a kind of inaugural speech</span>. King invented the Thai alphabet, has launched the production of porcelain and earthenware according to the Chinese sample.<br />
During the reign of the heir of Ramkhamhaeng, <b>Loe Thai (1299-1347)</b> <span style="text-decoration: underline;">most of the conquered territories were lost,</span> and his son <b>Liu Thai (1347-1368),</b> who took the name <b>Mahadharmaraya</b> was <span style="text-decoration: underline;">unable to restore its former power</span>. <i>King of Ayutthaya</i> <b>Boromaradja I </b><i>won Sukhothai in 1378, and the city has finally become part of Ayutthaya Empire in 1438.</i><br />
<i>When the Burmese destroyed Ayutthaya in 1767, residents of Sukkoth, too, left their city.</i> But <span style="text-decoration: underline;">11
years later, Rama I, the first king of the Chakri Dynasty, who ruled
Bangkok, founded a new town on the left bank of the river Menam Yom</span>. The city was <i>badly damaged by fire in 1968, all houses in the city center had to be rebuilt</i>.<br />
<div class="wp-caption aligncenter" id="attachment_3770" style="width: 460px;">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05058-2.jpg"><img alt="" class="size-full wp-image-3770" height="253" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05058-2.jpg?w=450&h=253" title="DSC05058 2" width="450" /></a><br />
<div class="wp-caption-text">
North city wall near the San Luang Gate.</div>
</div>
<h1>
North of Ancient Sukhothai the City Walls</h1>
North of the Sukhothai city walls the main monuments are:<br />
<ul>
<li>Wat Phra Phai Luang</li>
<li><a href="http://www.thailandsworld.com/en/sukhothai/sukhothai-historical-park/wat-si-chum-sukhothai/index.cfm" target="_blank ">Wat Si Chum</a></li>
<li>The Turiang Kilns</li>
<li>Wat Sangkhawat</li>
</ul>
[ 1 ] <b>Wat Phra Phai Luang<br />
</b>This large temple is situated about 1000 metres north of the city walls, and is surrounded by a moat. It’s <span style="text-decoration: underline;">original structure of three laterite and stucco prang</span> indicates that it <span style="text-decoration: underline;">dates from the late 12th century when Sukhothai was part of the Kymer empire.</span> As the <span style="text-decoration: underline;">present city walls date from the 13th century,</span> it is thought that <span style="text-decoration: underline;">this wat was the centre of the original city</span>, before the town centre was moved south.<br />
Of the three prangs, the southern and central ones have crumbled. The
northern one is decorated with stucco figures of Buddha and his
devotees. In front of these prangs are a viharn and a crumbled chedi
with a pedestal decorated with stucco Buddha images. Originally it was a
pyramid with Buddhas in niches on each level however the heads of the
Buddhas were stolen between 1953 and 1960. Southeast of this chedi
stands a brick mondop depicting the remains of stucco images of Buddha
walking, standing, sitting and reclining. There is a small viharn north
of the prang. The bot would have stood west of the prang.<br />
<b>Wat Si Chum</b><br />
DSC05142 2<br />
<div class="wp-caption aligncenter" id="attachment_3806" style="width: 460px;">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05142-2.jpg"><img alt="" class="size-full wp-image-3806" height="800" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05142-2.jpg?w=450&h=800" title="DSC05142 2" width="450" /></a><br />
<div class="wp-caption-text">
Wat Si Chum, north of Old Sukhothai</div>
</div>
The view of the Buddha image in Wat Si Chum is unique. As one
approaches from the far side of the hall, one sees a relatively narrow
high opening through which one sees a glimpse of the Buddha. DSC05142 2
As one gets nearer, beyond the hall, more of the image can be seen and
the entrance is not really narrow, but seems to be due to its height.
DSC05151 2<br />
Wat Si Chum reminds me of the Manuha pagoda in Myingabar, Bagan. The
huge Buddha statute lies within a closed structure with little room
inside. DSC05146 2<br />
<div class="wp-caption aligncenter" id="attachment_3807" style="width: 460px;">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05146-2.jpg"><img alt="" class="size-full wp-image-3807" height="800" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05146-2.jpg?w=450&h=800" title="DSC05146 2" width="450" /></a><br />
<div class="wp-caption-text">
The huge Buddha statute lies within a closed structure with little room inside.</div>
</div>
DSC05143 2 hall of Wat Si Chum<br />
DSC05154 2 Wat Si Chum structure which enclose the Buddha<br />
DSC05128 2 DSC05137 2 DSC05166 2 stalls at Wat Si Chum<br />
<div class="gallery galleryid-3631 gallery-columns-2 gallery-size-thumbnail snap_nopreview" data-carousel-extra="["10906670","http:\/\/nyiwin.wordpress.com\/2011\/05\/13\/sukhothai-thaukkatae\/","1a4d10a02d"]" id="gallery-4">
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04921-2.jpg" title="DSC04921 2"><img alt="dinner at The Coffee Cup" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3642" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1080,1920" height="150" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04921-2.jpg?w=84&h=150" title="DSC04921 2" width="84" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">dinner at The Coffee Cup
</dd></dl>
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04923-2.jpg" title="DSC04923 2"><img alt="The Coffee Cup" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3645" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04923-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC04923 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">The Coffee Cup
</dd></dl>
<br style="clear: both;" />
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04928-2.jpg" title="DSC04928 2"><img alt="Sukothai noodles for breakfast at the "Kacha Restaurant”" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3649" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1080,1920" height="150" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04928-2.jpg?w=84&h=150" title="DSC04928 2" width="84" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">Sukothai noodles for breakfast at the “Kacha Restaurant”
</dd></dl>
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04929-2.jpg" title="DSC04929 2"><img alt="the famous Sukothai noodles; a must have while in Sukhothai" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3651" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04929-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC04929 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">the famous Sukothai noodles; a must have while in Sukhothai
</dd></dl>
<br style="clear: both;" />
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04930-2.jpg" title="DSC04930 2"><img alt="Kacha Restaurant" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3653" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04930-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC04930 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">Kacha Restaurant
</dd></dl>
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04931-2.jpg" title="DSC04931 2"><img alt="Kacha Restaurant" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3655" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04931-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC04931 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">Kacha Restaurant
</dd></dl>
<br style="clear: both;" />
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04932-2.jpg" title="DSC04932 2"><img alt="Kacha Restaurant" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3657" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04932-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC04932 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">Kacha Restaurant
</dd></dl>
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04933-2.jpg" title="DSC04933 2"><img alt="DSC04933 2" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3659" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04933-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC04933 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
</dl>
<br style="clear: both;" />
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04934-2.jpg" title="DSC04934 2"><img alt="Wat Chana Songkhram" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3661" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1080,1920" height="150" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04934-2.jpg?w=84&h=150" title="DSC04934 2" width="84" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">Wat Chana Songkhram
</dd></dl>
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04935-2.jpg" title="DSC04935 2"><img alt="we went around Sukhhothai on hired motorcycle" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3665" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04935-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC04935 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">we went around Sukhhothai on hired motorcycle
</dd></dl>
<br style="clear: both;" />
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04936-2.jpg" title="DSC04936 2"><img alt="Wat Chana Songkhram" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3667" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04936-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC04936 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">Wat Chana Songkhram
</dd></dl>
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04937-2.jpg" title="DSC04937 2"><img alt="Wat Chana Songkhram with laterite pillars of the assembly halls / Vihara" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3669" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04937-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC04937 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">Wat Chana Songkhram with laterite pillars of the assembly halls / Vihara
</dd></dl>
<br style="clear: both;" />
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04939-2.jpg" title="DSC04939 2"><img alt="Monument of king Ramkhamhaeng the Great" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3671" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04939-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC04939 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">Monument of king Ramkhamhaeng the Great
</dd></dl>
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04940-2.jpg" title="DSC04940 2"><img alt="The bell of king Ramkhamhaeng" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3672" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04940-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC04940 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">The bell of king Ramkhamhaeng
</dd></dl>
<br style="clear: both;" />
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04941-2.jpg" title="DSC04941 2"><img alt="Monument of king Ramkhamhaeng the Great" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3673" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1080,1920" height="150" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04941-2.jpg?w=84&h=150" title="DSC04941 2" width="84" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">Monument of king Ramkhamhaeng the Great
</dd></dl>
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04942-2.jpg" title="DSC04942 2"><img alt="Monument of king Ramkhamhaeng the Great" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3674" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04942-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC04942 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">Monument of king Ramkhamhaeng the Great
</dd></dl>
<br style="clear: both;" />
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04943-2.jpg" title="DSC04943 2"><img alt="Monument of king Ramkhamhaeng the Great" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3677" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04943-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC04943 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">Monument of king Ramkhamhaeng the Great
</dd></dl>
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04945-2.jpg" title="DSC04945 2"><img alt="Monument of king Ramkhamhaeng the Great" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3681" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04945-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC04945 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">Monument of king Ramkhamhaeng the Great
</dd></dl>
<br style="clear: both;" />
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04946-2.jpg" title="DSC04946 2"><img alt="DSC04946 2" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3683" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1080,1920" height="150" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04946-2.jpg?w=84&h=150" title="DSC04946 2" width="84" /></a>
</dt>
</dl>
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04948-2.jpg" title="DSC04948 2"><img alt="DSC04948 2" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3685" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04948-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC04948 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
</dl>
<br style="clear: both;" />
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04950-2.jpg" title="DSC04950 2"><img alt="DSC04950 2" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3687" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04950-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC04950 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
</dl>
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04951-2.jpg" title="DSC04951 2"><img alt="Wat Sa Si" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3688" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1080,1920" height="150" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04951-2.jpg?w=84&h=150" title="DSC04951 2" width="84" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">Wat Sa Si
</dd></dl>
<br style="clear: both;" />
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04955-2.jpg" title="DSC04955 2"><img alt="Wat Sa Si: typical walking Buddha style of Sukothai" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3690" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1080,1920" height="150" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04955-2.jpg?w=84&h=150" title="DSC04955 2" width="84" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">Wat Sa Si: typical walking Buddha style of Sukothai
</dd></dl>
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04957-2.jpg" title="DSC04957 2"><img alt="Wat Sa Si ordination hall (Ubosatha)" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3691" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04957-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC04957 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">Wat Sa Si ordination hall (Ubosatha)
</dd></dl>
<br style="clear: both;" />
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04944-2.jpg" title="DSC04944 2"><img alt="Monument of king Ramkhamhaeng the Great" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3694" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04944-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC04944 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
</dl>
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04958-2.jpg" title="DSC04958 2"><img alt="Wat Sa Si assembly hall (vihara)" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3695" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04958-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC04958 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">Wat Sa Si assembly hall (vihara)
</dd></dl>
<br style="clear: both;" />
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04959-2.jpg" title="DSC04959 2"><img alt="Wat Sa Si assembly hall (vihara)" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3696" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1080,1920" height="150" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04959-2.jpg?w=84&h=150" title="DSC04959 2" width="84" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">Wat Sa Si assembly hall (vihara)
</dd></dl>
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04963-2.jpg" title="DSC04963 2"><img alt="Wat Sa Si with Sinhalese style upper rectangular relic chamber" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3697" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1080,1920" height="150" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04963-2.jpg?w=84&h=150" title="DSC04963 2" width="84" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">Wat Sa Si with Sinhalese style upper rectangular relic chamber
</dd></dl>
<br style="clear: both;" />
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04964-2.jpg" title="DSC04964 2"><img alt="DSC04964 2" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3698" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1080,1920" height="150" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04964-2.jpg?w=84&h=150" title="DSC04964 2" width="84" /></a>
</dt>
</dl>
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04965-2.jpg" title="DSC04965 2"><img alt="DSC04965 2" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3699" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04965-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC04965 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
</dl>
<br style="clear: both;" />
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04966-2.jpg" title="DSC04966 2"><img alt="The Royal Palace is in the centre of old Sukothai and is completely surrounded by a water moat." class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3700" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04966-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC04966 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">The Royal Palace is in the centre of old Sukothai and is completely surrounded by a water moat.
</dd></dl>
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04967-2.jpg" title="DSC04967 2"><img alt="DSC04967 2" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3701" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04967-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC04967 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
</dl>
<br style="clear: both;" />
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04968-2.jpg" title="DSC04968 2"><img alt="DSC04968 2" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3702" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04968-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC04968 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
</dl>
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04969-2.jpg" title="DSC04969 2"><img alt="Wat Sa Si assembly hall (vihara) with Buddha image" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3703" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04969-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC04969 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">Wat Sa Si assembly hall (vihara) with Buddha image
</dd></dl>
<br style="clear: both;" />
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04970-2.jpg" title="DSC04970 2"><img alt="Wat Sa Si assembly hall (vihara) with Buddha image" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3704" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04970-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC04970 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">Wat Sa Si assembly hall (vihara) with Buddha image
</dd></dl>
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04972-2.jpg" title="DSC04972 2"><img alt="Wat Sa Si assembly hall (vihara)" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3705" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04972-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC04972 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">Wat Sa Si assembly hall (vihara)
</dd></dl>
<br style="clear: both;" />
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04974-2.jpg" title="DSC04974 2"><img alt="Wat Mahathat main chedi" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3706" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04974-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC04974 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">Wat Mahathat main chedi
</dd></dl>
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04975-2.jpg" title="DSC04975 2"><img alt="Wat Mahathat" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3707" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1080,1920" height="150" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04975-2.jpg?w=84&h=150" title="DSC04975 2" width="84" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">Wat Mahathat
</dd></dl>
<br style="clear: both;" />
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04976-2.jpg" title="DSC04976 2"><img alt="central part of Wat Mahathat" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3708" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1080,1920" height="150" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04976-2.jpg?w=84&h=150" title="DSC04976 2" width="84" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">central part of Wat Mahathat
</dd></dl>
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04977-2.jpg" title="DSC04977 2"><img alt="the laterite pillars of Wat Mahathat" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3709" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1080,1920" height="150" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04977-2.jpg?w=84&h=150" title="DSC04977 2" width="84" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">the laterite pillars of Wat Mahathat
</dd></dl>
<br style="clear: both;" />
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04978-2.jpg" title="DSC04978 2"><img alt="a detail of the central part of Wat Mahathat, decorated with walking Monks." class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3710" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04978-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC04978 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">a detail of the central part of Wat Mahathat, decorated with walking Monks.
</dd></dl>
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04980-2.jpg" title="DSC04980 2"><img alt="Wat Mahathat central structure" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3712" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04980-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC04980 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">Wat Mahathat central structure
</dd></dl>
<br style="clear: both;" />
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04982-2.jpg" title="DSC04982 2"><img alt="Wat Mahathat" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3713" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04982-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC04982 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">Wat Mahathat
</dd></dl>
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04983-2.jpg" title="DSC04983 2"><img alt="Buddha image pedestal" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3714" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04983-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC04983 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">Buddha image pedestal
</dd></dl>
<br style="clear: both;" />
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04984-2.jpg" title="DSC04984 2"><img alt="laterite pillars of the Wat Mahathat vihara" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3716" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04984-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC04984 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">laterite pillars of the Wat Mahathat vihara
</dd></dl>
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04987-2.jpg" title="DSC04987 2"><img alt="Wat Mahathat" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3717" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1080,1920" height="150" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04987-2.jpg?w=84&h=150" title="DSC04987 2" width="84" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">Wat Mahathat
</dd></dl>
<br style="clear: both;" />
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04988-2.jpg" title="DSC04988 2"><img alt="Wat Sa Si seen through the Wat Mahathat vihara laterite pillars" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3718" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04988-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC04988 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">Wat Sa Si seen through the Wat Mahathat vihara laterite pillars
</dd></dl>
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04989-2.jpg" title="DSC04989 2"><img alt="Wat Mahathat" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3720" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1080,1920" height="150" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04989-2.jpg?w=84&h=150" title="DSC04989 2" width="84" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">Wat Mahathat
</dd></dl>
<br style="clear: both;" />
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04991-2.jpg" title="DSC04991 2"><img alt="Wat Mahathat" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3721" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04991-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC04991 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">Wat Mahathat
</dd></dl>
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04994-2.jpg" title="DSC04994 2"><img alt="Wat Mahathat" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3722" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1080,1920" height="150" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04994-2.jpg?w=84&h=150" title="DSC04994 2" width="84" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">Wat Mahathat
</dd></dl>
<br style="clear: both;" />
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04995-2.jpg" title="DSC04995 2"><img alt="Wat Mahathat" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3724" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04995-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC04995 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">Wat Mahathat
</dd></dl>
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04998-2.jpg" title="DSC04998 2"><img alt="Wat Mahathat" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3725" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04998-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC04998 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">Wat Mahathat
</dd></dl>
<br style="clear: both;" />
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05004-2.jpg" title="DSC05004 2"><img alt="the moat of the Royal Palace of Sukhothai" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3727" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05004-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC05004 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">the moat of the Royal Palace of Sukhothai
</dd></dl>
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05006-2.jpg" title="DSC05006 2"><img alt="Thai vendor at Wat Mahathat" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3728" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05006-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC05006 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">Thai vendor at Wat Mahathat
</dd></dl>
<br style="clear: both;" />
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05007-2.jpg" title="DSC05007 2"><img alt="DSC05007 2" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3729" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05007-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC05007 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
</dl>
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05008-2.jpg" title="DSC05008 2"><img alt="Wat Mahathat" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3730" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05008-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC05008 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">Wat Mahathat
</dd></dl>
<br style="clear: both;" />
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05010-2.jpg" title="DSC05010 2"><img alt="Wat Mahathat" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3732" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05010-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC05010 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">Wat Mahathat
</dd></dl>
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05011-2.jpg" title="DSC05011 2"><img alt="Wat Mahathat" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3733" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05011-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC05011 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">Wat Mahathat
</dd></dl>
<br style="clear: both;" />
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05013-2.jpg" title="DSC05013 2"><img alt="Wat Mahathat" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3734" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05013-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC05013 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">Wat Mahathat
</dd></dl>
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05014-2.jpg" title="DSC05014 2"><img alt="Wat Mahathat" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3735" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1080,1920" height="150" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05014-2.jpg?w=84&h=150" title="DSC05014 2" width="84" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">Wat Mahathat
</dd></dl>
<br style="clear: both;" />
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05016-2.jpg" title="DSC05016 2"><img alt="Wat Mahathat" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3736" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05016-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC05016 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">Wat Mahathat
</dd></dl>
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05017-2.jpg" title="DSC05017 2"><img alt="DSC05017 2" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3737" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05017-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC05017 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
</dl>
<br style="clear: both;" />
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05187-2.jpg" title="DSC05187 2"><img alt="The Coffee Cup in the years 2001 2003 2007" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3738" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05187-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC05187 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">The Coffee Cup in the years 2001 2003 2007
</dd></dl>
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05188-2.jpg" title="DSC05188 2"><img alt="The Coffee Cup of Old Sukothai where we had dinner and lunch" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3739" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05188-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC05188 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">The Coffee Cup of Old Sukothai where we had dinner and lunch
</dd></dl>
<br style="clear: both;" />
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05194-2.jpg" title="DSC05194 2"><img alt="DSC05194 2" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3740" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05194-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC05194 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
</dl>
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05195-2.jpg" title="DSC05195 2"><img alt="DSC05195 2" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3741" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05195-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC05195 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
</dl>
<br style="clear: both;" />
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05197-2.jpg" title="DSC05197 2"><img alt="DSC05197 2" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3743" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1080,1920" height="150" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05197-2.jpg?w=84&h=150" title="DSC05197 2" width="84" /></a>
</dt>
</dl>
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05198-2.jpg" title="DSC05198 2"><img alt="DSC05198 2" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3744" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05198-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC05198 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
</dl>
<br style="clear: both;" />
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05199-2.jpg" title="DSC05199 2"><img alt="DSC05199 2" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3745" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05199-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC05199 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
</dl>
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05200-2.jpg" title="DSC05200 2"><img alt="DSC05200 2" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3746" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05200-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC05200 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
</dl>
<br style="clear: both;" />
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05201-2.jpg" title="DSC05201 2"><img alt="DSC05201 2" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3748" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05201-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC05201 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
</dl>
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05203-2.jpg" title="DSC05203 2"><img alt="DSC05203 2" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3749" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05203-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC05203 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
</dl>
<br style="clear: both;" />
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05009-2.jpg" title="DSC05009 2"><img alt="Thai vendor at Wat Mahathat" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3750" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05009-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC05009 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">Thai vendor at Wat Mahathat
</dd></dl>
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05019-2.jpg" title="DSC05019 2"><img alt="DSC05019 2" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3752" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05019-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC05019 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
</dl>
<br style="clear: both;" />
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05021-2.jpg" title="DSC05021 2"><img alt="Wat Si Sawai" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3755" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05021-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC05021 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">Wat Si Sawai
</dd></dl>
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05022-2.jpg" title="DSC05022 2"><img alt="Wat Si Sawai" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3757" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05022-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC05022 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">Wat Si Sawai
</dd></dl>
<br style="clear: both;" />
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05023-2.jpg" title="DSC05023 2"><img alt="Wat Si Sawai" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3758" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1080,1920" height="150" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05023-2.jpg?w=84&h=150" title="DSC05023 2" width="84" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">Wat Si Sawai
</dd></dl>
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05026-2.jpg" title="DSC05026 2"><img alt="Wat Si Sawai" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3759" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05026-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC05026 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">Wat Si Sawai
</dd></dl>
<br style="clear: both;" />
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05027-2.jpg" title="DSC05027 2"><img alt="Wat Si Sawai" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3760" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05027-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC05027 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">Wat Si Sawai
</dd></dl>
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05037-2.jpg" title="DSC05037 2"><img alt="Wat Si Sawai" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3762" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05037-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC05037 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">Wat Si Sawai
</dd></dl>
<br style="clear: both;" />
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05039-2.jpg" title="DSC05039 2"><img alt="Wat Si Sawai" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3764" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05039-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC05039 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">Wat Si Sawai
</dd></dl>
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05046-2.jpg" title="DSC05046 2"><img alt="Wat Si Sawai" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3765" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05046-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC05046 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">Wat Si Sawai
</dd></dl>
<br style="clear: both;" />
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05050-2.jpg" title="DSC05050 2"><img alt="Wat Si Sawai" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3766" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05050-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC05050 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">Wat Si Sawai
</dd></dl>
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05051-2.jpg" title="DSC05051 2"><img alt="Wat Si Sawai" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3767" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1080,1920" height="150" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05051-2.jpg?w=84&h=150" title="DSC05051 2" width="84" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">Wat Si Sawai
</dd></dl>
<br style="clear: both;" />
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05052-2.jpg" title="DSC05052 2"><img alt="Wat Si Sawai" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3768" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1080,1920" height="150" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05052-2.jpg?w=84&h=150" title="DSC05052 2" width="84" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">Wat Si Sawai
</dd></dl>
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05057-2.jpg" title="DSC05057 2"><img alt="tour bus at Sukhothai" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3769" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05057-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC05057 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">tour bus at Sukhothai
</dd></dl>
<br style="clear: both;" />
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05058-2.jpg" title="DSC05058 2"><img alt="North city wall near the San Luang Gate." class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3770" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05058-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC05058 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">North city wall near the San Luang Gate.
</dd></dl>
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05060-2.jpg" title="DSC05060 2"><img alt="DSC05060 2" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3771" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05060-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC05060 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
</dl>
<br style="clear: both;" />
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05061-2.jpg" title="DSC05061 2"><img alt="moat near the San Luang Gate." class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3772" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05061-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC05061 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">moat near the San Luang Gate.
</dd></dl>
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05064-2.jpg" title="DSC05064 2"><img alt="DSC05064 2" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3773" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05064-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC05064 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
</dl>
<br style="clear: both;" />
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05065-2.jpg" title="DSC05065 2"><img alt="Wat Phra Phai Luang" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3774" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1080,1920" height="150" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05065-2.jpg?w=84&h=150" title="DSC05065 2" width="84" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">Wat Phra Phai Luang
</dd></dl>
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05069-2.jpg" title="DSC05069 2"><img alt="Wat Phra Phai Luang" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3775" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05069-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC05069 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">Wat Phra Phai Luang
</dd></dl>
<br style="clear: both;" />
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05082-2.jpg" title="DSC05082 2"><img alt="Wat Phra Phai Luang" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3776" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05082-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC05082 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">Wat Phra Phai Luang
</dd></dl>
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05085-2.jpg" title="DSC05085 2"><img alt="Wat Phra Phai Luang" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3777" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05085-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC05085 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">Wat Phra Phai Luang
</dd></dl>
<br style="clear: both;" />
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05087-2.jpg" title="DSC05087 2"><img alt="Wat Phra Phai Luang" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3778" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05087-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC05087 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">Wat Phra Phai Luang
</dd></dl>
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05089-2.jpg" title="DSC05089 2"><img alt="Wat Phra Phai Luang" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3779" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05089-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC05089 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">Wat Phra Phai Luang
</dd></dl>
<br style="clear: both;" />
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05091-2.jpg" title="DSC05091 2"><img alt="Wat Phra Phai Luang" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3780" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1080,1920" height="150" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05091-2.jpg?w=84&h=150" title="DSC05091 2" width="84" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">Wat Phra Phai Luang
</dd></dl>
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05092-2.jpg" title="DSC05092 2"><img alt="Wat Phra Phai Luang" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3781" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05092-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC05092 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">Wat Phra Phai Luang
</dd></dl>
<br style="clear: both;" />
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05093-2.jpg" title="DSC05093 2"><img alt="Wat Phra Phai Luang" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3782" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1080,1920" height="150" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05093-2.jpg?w=84&h=150" title="DSC05093 2" width="84" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">Wat Phra Phai Luang
</dd></dl>
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05094-2.jpg" title="DSC05094 2"><img alt="Wat Phra Phai Luang" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3783" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1080,1920" height="150" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05094-2.jpg?w=84&h=150" title="DSC05094 2" width="84" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">Wat Phra Phai Luang
</dd></dl>
<br style="clear: both;" />
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05098-2.jpg" title="DSC05098 2"><img alt="Wat Phra Phai Luang" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3784" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05098-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC05098 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">Wat Phra Phai Luang
</dd></dl>
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05105-2.jpg" title="DSC05105 2"><img alt="Wat Phra Phai Luang" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3785" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05105-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC05105 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">Wat Phra Phai Luang
</dd></dl>
<br style="clear: both;" />
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05107-2.jpg" title="DSC05107 2"><img alt="Wat Phra Phai Luang" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3786" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05107-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC05107 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">Wat Phra Phai Luang
</dd></dl>
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05109-2.jpg" title="DSC05109 2"><img alt="Wat Phra Phai Luang" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3787" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05109-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC05109 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">Wat Phra Phai Luang
</dd></dl>
<br style="clear: both;" />
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05107-21.jpg" title="DSC05107 2"><img alt="Wat Phra Phai Luang" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3788" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05107-21.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC05107 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">Wat Phra Phai Luang
</dd></dl>
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05109-21.jpg" title="DSC05109 2"><img alt="Wat Phra Phai Luang" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3789" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05109-21.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC05109 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">Wat Phra Phai Luang
</dd></dl>
<br style="clear: both;" />
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05113-2.jpg" title="DSC05113 2"><img alt="Wat Phra Phai Luang" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3791" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05113-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC05113 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">Wat Phra Phai Luang
</dd></dl>
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05116-2.jpg" title="DSC05116 2"><img alt="Wat Phra Phai Luang" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3792" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05116-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC05116 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">Wat Phra Phai Luang
</dd></dl>
<br style="clear: both;" />
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05118-2.jpg" title="DSC05118 2"><img alt="Wat Phra Phai Luang" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3794" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05118-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC05118 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">Wat Phra Phai Luang
</dd></dl>
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05119-2.jpg" title="DSC05119 2"><img alt="Wat Phra Phai Luang" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3795" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05119-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC05119 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">Wat Phra Phai Luang
</dd></dl>
<br style="clear: both;" />
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05120-2.jpg" title="DSC05120 2"><img alt="Wat Phra Phai Luang" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3796" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05120-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC05120 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">Wat Phra Phai Luang
</dd></dl>
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05121-2.jpg" title="DSC05121 2"><img alt="Wat Phra Phai Luang" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3797" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05121-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC05121 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">Wat Phra Phai Luang
</dd></dl>
<br style="clear: both;" />
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05122-2.jpg" title="DSC05122 2"><img alt="Wat Phra Phai Luang" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3798" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05122-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC05122 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">Wat Phra Phai Luang
</dd></dl>
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05124-2.jpg" title="DSC05124 2"><img alt="Wat Phra Phai Luang" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3799" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05124-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC05124 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">Wat Phra Phai Luang
</dd></dl>
<br style="clear: both;" />
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05128-2.jpg" title="DSC05128 2"><img alt="Wat Phra Phai Luang stalls" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3800" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05128-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC05128 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">Wat Phra Phai Luang stalls
</dd></dl>
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05131-2.jpg" title="DSC05131 2"><img alt="DSC05131 2" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3801" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05131-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC05131 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
</dl>
<br style="clear: both;" />
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05135-2.jpg" title="DSC05135 2"><img alt="DSC05135 2" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3802" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05135-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC05135 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
</dl>
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05136-2.jpg" title="DSC05136 2"><img alt="DSC05136 2" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3803" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05136-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC05136 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
</dl>
<br style="clear: both;" />
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05137-2.jpg" title="DSC05137 2"><img alt="Wat Phra Phai Luang stalls" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3804" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05137-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC05137 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">Wat Phra Phai Luang stalls
</dd></dl>
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05142-2.jpg" title="DSC05142 2"><img alt="Wat Si Chum, north of Old Sukhothai" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3806" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1080,1920" height="150" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05142-2.jpg?w=84&h=150" title="DSC05142 2" width="84" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">Wat Si Chum, north of Old Sukhothai
</dd></dl>
<br style="clear: both;" />
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05146-2.jpg" title="DSC05146 2"><img alt="The huge Buddha statute lies within a closed structure with little room inside." class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3807" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1080,1920" height="150" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05146-2.jpg?w=84&h=150" title="DSC05146 2" width="84" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">The huge Buddha statute lies within a closed structure with little room inside.
</dd></dl>
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05151-2.jpg" title="DSC05151 2"><img alt="DSC05151 2" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3808" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1080,1920" height="150" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05151-2.jpg?w=84&h=150" title="DSC05151 2" width="84" /></a>
</dt>
</dl>
<br style="clear: both;" />
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05154-2.jpg" title="DSC05154 2"><img alt="DSC05154 2" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3809" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05154-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC05154 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
</dl>
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05157-2.jpg" title="DSC05157 2"><img alt="DSC05157 2" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3810" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05157-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC05157 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
</dl>
<br style="clear: both;" />
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05158-2.jpg" title="DSC05158 2"><img alt="DSC05158 2" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3811" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05158-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC05158 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
</dl>
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05160-2.jpg" title="DSC05160 2"><img alt="DSC05160 2" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3812" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1080,1920" height="150" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05160-2.jpg?w=84&h=150" title="DSC05160 2" width="84" /></a>
</dt>
</dl>
<br style="clear: both;" />
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05166-2.jpg" title="DSC05166 2"><img alt="DSC05166 2" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3813" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05166-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC05166 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
</dl>
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05172-2.jpg" title="DSC05172 2"><img alt="DSC05172 2" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3814" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1080,1920" height="150" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05172-2.jpg?w=84&h=150" title="DSC05172 2" width="84" /></a>
</dt>
</dl>
<br style="clear: both;" />
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05173-2.jpg" title="DSC05173 2"><img alt="DSC05173 2" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3815" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1080,1920" height="150" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05173-2.jpg?w=84&h=150" title="DSC05173 2" width="84" /></a>
</dt>
</dl>
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05138-2.jpg" title="DSC05138 2"><img alt="at Wat Phra Phai Luang" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3816" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05138-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC05138 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">at Wat Phra Phai Luang
</dd></dl>
<br style="clear: both;" />
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05177-2.jpg" title="DSC05177 2"><img alt="Sukhothai moat" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3817" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05177-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC05177 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">Sukhothai moat
</dd></dl>
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05180-2.jpg" title="DSC05180 2"><img alt="Sukhothai moat" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3818" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05180-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC05180 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">Sukhothai moat
</dd></dl>
<br style="clear: both;" />
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05183-2.jpg" title="DSC05183 2"><img alt="DSC05183 2" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3819" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05183-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC05183 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
</dl>
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05204-2.jpg" title="DSC05204 2"><img alt="Sukhothai museum" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3820" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05204-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC05204 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">Sukhothai museum
</dd></dl>
<br style="clear: both;" />
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05205-2.jpg" title="DSC05205 2"><img alt="Sukhothai Historical Park entrance" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3827" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05205-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC05205 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">Sukhothai Historical Park entrance
</dd></dl>
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05207-2.jpg" title="DSC05207 2"><img alt="Sukhothai Historical Park entrance" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3828" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05207-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC05207 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">Sukhothai Historical Park entrance
</dd></dl>
<br style="clear: both;" />
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/img_0317-sukothai-historical-park.jpg" title="IMG_0317 sukothai historical park"><img alt="Sukhothai Historical Park entrance" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3832" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1600,1200" height="112" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/img_0317-sukothai-historical-park.jpg?w=150&h=112" title="IMG_0317 sukothai historical park" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">Sukhothai Historical Park entrance
</dd></dl>
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05143-2.jpg" title="DSC05143 2"><img alt="DSC05143 2" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3833" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05143-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC05143 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
</dl>
<br style="clear: both;" />
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05161-2.jpg" title="DSC05161 2"><img alt="DSC05161 2" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3834" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05161-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC05161 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
</dl>
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05163-2.jpg" title="DSC05163 2"><img alt="DSC05163 2" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3838" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc05163-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC05163 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
</dl>
<br style="clear: both;" />
<br style="clear: both;" /></div>
</div>
<div class="postmetadata">
Tags:<a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/tag/history/" rel="tag">history</a>, <a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/tag/infotainment/" rel="tag">infotainment</a>, <a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/tag/thailand/" rel="tag">Thailand</a><br />
Posted in <a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/category/travel/" rel="category tag" title="View all posts in Travel">Travel</a>, <a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/category/history/" rel="category tag" title="View all posts in history">history</a>, <a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/category/infotainment-2/" rel="category tag" title="View all posts in Infotainment">Infotainment</a>, <a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/category/thailand/" rel="category tag" title="View all posts in Thailand">Thailand</a> | <a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/2011/05/13/sukhothai-thaukkatae/#respond" title="Comment on Sukhothai / ThaukKaTae">Leave a Comment »</a></div>
</div>
<div class="post-3514 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-travel category-history category-infotainment-2 category-thailand tag-history tag-infotainment tag-thailand tag-travel">
<h3 id="post-3514">
<a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/2011/05/07/lamphun-haripunchai/" rel="bookmark" title="Permanent Link to Lamphun / Haripunchai">Lamphun / Haripunchai</a></h3>
<small>May 7, 2011</small>
<br />
<div class="entry">
I went to Lamphun because the proprietor of the Lux Thai where
we stayed in Chiang Mai told me to go there to see the early pure Thai
stupa / Chedi style as the stupas in Chiang Mai / Zinn Mae are of mixed
Myanmar Thai architecture. However, Pyone was tired and stayed behind in
Chaing Mai while I went there by bus. First I took a tuk tuk to the bus
stop which is near the <b>Narawat Bridge</b>. This place is beside the <b>Mae Nam Ping</b>
river with the Chiang Mai market on the opposite side of the road.
Narawat is a familiar word and being in Chiang Mai, I realized that it
is actually not a Myanmar word but a Pali one and also used in Thailand.
Maybe the use of this word arose from Myanmar rule at Chiang Mai but
there are also other Pali words.<br />
<div class="wp-caption aligncenter" id="attachment_3676" style="width: 460px;">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04322-2.jpg"><img alt="" class="size-full wp-image-3676" height="253" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04322-2.jpg?w=450&h=253" title="DSC04322 2" width="450" /></a><br />
<div class="wp-caption-text">
the Narawat bridge over the Mae (river) Nam Ping at Chiang Mai</div>
</div>
I was told that on the way to Lamphun, there are large trees and only
in the Chiang Mai province. Once inside Lamphun province, they are not
present anymore. The trees are much larger than I thought and lined both
sides of the highway and have cloths around them at about 5 feet high.
They look to be of the age before motorcars were invented and while
walking and carts were the main mode of travel. This highway would have
connected Chiang Mai and Hariphunchai. Lamphun is the modern city at the
site of the ancient Mon city of Haripunchai.<br />
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04331-2.jpg"><img alt="large trees on the side of the road to Lamphun" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-3597" height="253" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04331-2.jpg?w=450&h=253" title="DSC04331 2" width="450" /></a><br />
Follow <b>route 106</b> which takes you along a lovely country road lined with <b>200 year old giant gum trees</b> that provided great shade. As you approach to Saraphi district, the road is bordered with <b>longan orchards</b>. Somebody once said that Lamphun was famous for its <b>beautiful women</b> and <b>tasty longans</b>. <i>This is still true.</i><br />
Hariphunchai predates the Tai entry to present day Thailand from
present day Yunnan. The exodus of the Tais from their homeland of
Nanchao began when the Mongol empire, the Yuan dynasty became strong and
expanded into the “southern sky / top of the world” region.<br />
<div class="wp-caption aligncenter" id="attachment_3636" style="width: 460px;">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04414-2.jpg"><img alt="" class="size-full wp-image-3636" height="253" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04414-2.jpg?w=450&h=253" title="DSC04414 2" width="450" /></a><br />
<div class="wp-caption-text">
Hariphunchai moat at Lamphun</div>
</div>
I saw water canals in Lamphun and althugh most of the remaining
passengers got off, I continued in the bus till I got to the bus depot.
Luckily, it is not far from the canals. There, I found tourist map
signboard and learned that I had passed the chedi / stupa I intended to
visit. I walked to it and after visiting it went ahead till I got to the
canals. They actually are the Haripunchai or later moat maintained and
crossed by the many bridges. I did not see any old city wall around
there.<br />
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04355-2.jpg"><img alt="" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-3522" height="800" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04355-2.jpg?w=450&h=800" title="DSC04355 2" width="450" /></a><br />
<b>Wat Phra That Hariphunchai</b> (วัดพระธาตุหริภุญชัย) A
principal landmark is the 46-metre tall golden Chedi whose present
appearance was the result of the restoration work in 1443 by a king of
Chiang Mai. Other architectural works include the ancient-style brick
arch adorned with fine designs and the pair of sculptured lions at the
door.<br />
the monastery called Wat Phrathat Hariphunchai, which is the principal landmark of Lamphun province and dates back 958 years.<br />
The 46-metres tall golden Chedi there is of the original Hariphunchai
style and is said to contain relics of the Lord Buddha. A nine-tier
umbrella made of pure gold surmounts this Chedi, which is set in the
middle of the monastery.<br />
I had a cold drink and a girl there can speak English. She told me
where to go to take the bus back to Chiang Mai. However, her
instructions were vague so I decided to go back to the bus depot the
route I knew.<br />
There, I saw signboards for tourists and decided to tour Lamphun
before returning. I went around with a motorcycle taxi and reached
several Wats / temples and the monument of Queen <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamadevi">Jamadevi</a> / Phranang Chammathewi the first ruler of Nakhon Hariphynchai.<br />
<div class="wp-caption aligncenter" id="attachment_3594" style="width: 460px;">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04547-2.jpg"><img alt="" class="size-full wp-image-3594" height="253" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04547-2.jpg?w=450&h=253" title="DSC04547 2" width="450" /></a><br />
<div class="wp-caption-text">
old city wall, Lamphun. howver it is not of Hariphunchai era</div>
</div>
<div class="gallery galleryid-3514 gallery-columns-2 gallery-size-thumbnail snap_nopreview" data-carousel-extra="["10906670","http:\/\/nyiwin.wordpress.com\/2011\/05\/07\/lamphun-haripunchai\/","1a4d10a02d"]" id="gallery-5">
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04340-2.jpg" title="DSC04340 2"><img alt="200 year old giant gum tree on the Chiang Mai Lamphun road" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3516" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1080,1920" height="150" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04340-2.jpg?w=84&h=150" title="DSC04340 2" width="84" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">200 year old giant gum tree on the Chiang Mai Lamphun road
</dd></dl>
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04345-2.jpg" title="DSC04345 2"><img alt="Hariphunchai moat at Lamphun" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3517" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04345-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC04345 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">Hariphunchai moat at Lamphun
</dd></dl>
<br style="clear: both;" />
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04348-2.jpg" title="DSC04348 2"><img alt="Lamphun bus depot" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3519" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04348-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC04348 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">Lamphun bus depot
</dd></dl>
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04349-2.jpg" title="DSC04349 2"><img alt="at Lamphun bus depot" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3520" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04349-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC04349 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">at Lamphun bus depot
</dd></dl>
<br style="clear: both;" />
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04355-2.jpg" title="DSC04355 2"><img alt="Wat Phra That Hariphunchai founded in 1150 by King Adityaraja" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3522" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1080,1920" height="150" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04355-2.jpg?w=84&h=150" title="DSC04355 2" width="84" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">Wat Phra That Hariphunchai founded in 1150 by King Adityaraja
</dd></dl>
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04356-2.jpg" title="DSC04356 2"><img alt="Wat Phra That Hariphunchai" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3523" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04356-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC04356 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">Wat Phra That Hariphunchai
</dd></dl>
<br style="clear: both;" />
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04430-2.jpg" title="DSC04430 2"><img alt="Lamphun map" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3524" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04430-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC04430 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">Lamphun map
</dd></dl>
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04445-2.jpg" title="DSC04445 2"><img alt="Wat Phra Yeun (built 1370)" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3525" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04445-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC04445 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">Wat Phra Yeun (built 1370)
</dd></dl>
<br style="clear: both;" />
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04446-2.jpg" title="DSC04446 2"><img alt="DSC04446 2" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3526" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04446-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC04446 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
</dl>
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04485-2.jpg" title="DSC04485 2"><img alt="At Wat Ku Kut" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3529" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04485-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC04485 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">At Wat Ku Kut
</dd></dl>
<br style="clear: both;" />
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04486-2.jpg" title="DSC04486 2"><img alt="Wat Chamthewi or Wat Ku Kut (founded c. 1150, present buildings 1218 onward)" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3530" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1080,1920" height="150" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04486-2.jpg?w=84&h=150" title="DSC04486 2" width="84" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">Wat Chamthewi or Wat Ku Kut (founded c. 1150, present buildings 1218 onward)
</dd></dl>
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04498-2.jpg" title="DSC04498 2"><img alt="at Wat Ku Kut" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3532" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1080,1920" height="150" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04498-2.jpg?w=84&h=150" title="DSC04498 2" width="84" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">at Wat Ku Kut
</dd></dl>
<br style="clear: both;" />
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04502-2.jpg" title="DSC04502 2"><img alt="at Wat Ku Kut" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3533" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04502-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC04502 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">at Wat Ku Kut
</dd></dl>
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04507-2.jpg" title="DSC04507 2"><img alt="Queen Chama Thevi statute" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3534" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04507-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC04507 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">Queen Chama Thevi statute
</dd></dl>
<br style="clear: both;" />
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04512-2.jpg" title="DSC04512 2"><img alt="DSC04512 2" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3536" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1080,1920" height="150" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04512-2.jpg?w=84&h=150" title="DSC04512 2" width="84" /></a>
</dt>
</dl>
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04494-2.jpg" title="DSC04494 2"><img alt="Wat Ku Kut. the laterite base" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3537" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1080,1920" height="150" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04494-2.jpg?w=84&h=150" title="DSC04494 2" width="84" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">Wat Ku Kut. the laterite base
</dd></dl>
<br style="clear: both;" />
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04491-2.jpg" title="DSC04491 2"><img alt="at Wat Ku Kut" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3538" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04491-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC04491 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">at Wat Ku Kut
</dd></dl>
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04484-2.jpg" title="DSC04484 2"><img alt="DSC04484 2" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3539" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04484-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC04484 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
</dl>
<br style="clear: both;" />
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04353-21.jpg" title="DSC04353 2"><img alt="Wat Phra That Hariphunchai" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3540" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04353-21.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC04353 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">Wat Phra That Hariphunchai
</dd></dl>
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04351-2.jpg" title="DSC04351 2"><img alt="near Lamphun bus depot" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3541" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1080,1920" height="150" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04351-2.jpg?w=84&h=150" title="DSC04351 2" width="84" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">near Lamphun bus depot
</dd></dl>
<br style="clear: both;" />
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04347-2.jpg" title="DSC04347 2"><img alt="Lamphun bus depot" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3542" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04347-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC04347 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">Lamphun bus depot
</dd></dl>
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04448-2.jpg" title="DSC04448 2"><img alt="Wat Phra Yeun" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3544" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04448-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC04448 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">Wat Phra Yeun
</dd></dl>
<br style="clear: both;" />
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04452-2.jpg" title="DSC04452 2"><img alt="Wat Phra Yeun (built 1370)" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3546" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04452-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC04452 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">Wat Phra Yeun (built 1370)
</dd></dl>
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04456-2.jpg" title="DSC04456 2"><img alt="at Wat Phra Yeun" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3548" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04456-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC04456 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">at Wat Phra Yeun
</dd></dl>
<br style="clear: both;" />
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04464-2.jpg" title="DSC04464 2"><img alt="at Wat Phra Yeun" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3549" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04464-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC04464 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">at Wat Phra Yeun
</dd></dl>
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04465-2.jpg" title="DSC04465 2"><img alt="at Wat Phra Yeun" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3550" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04465-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC04465 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">at Wat Phra Yeun
</dd></dl>
<br style="clear: both;" />
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04466-2.jpg" title="DSC04466 2"><img alt="at Wat Phra Yeun" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3551" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04466-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC04466 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">at Wat Phra Yeun
</dd></dl>
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04467-2.jpg" title="DSC04467 2"><img alt="at Wat Phra Yeun" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3552" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04467-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC04467 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">at Wat Phra Yeun
</dd></dl>
<br style="clear: both;" />
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04473-2.jpg" title="DSC04473 2"><img alt="the Nam Mae (river) Kuang" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3574" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04473-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC04473 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">the Nam Mae (river) Kuang
</dd></dl>
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04474-2.jpg" title="DSC04474 2"><img alt="DSC04474 2" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3575" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04474-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC04474 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
</dl>
<br style="clear: both;" />
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04475-2.jpg" title="DSC04475 2"><img alt="DSC04475 2" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3577" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04475-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC04475 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
</dl>
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04476-2.jpg" title="DSC04476 2"><img alt="DSC04476 2" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3578" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04476-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC04476 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
</dl>
<br style="clear: both;" />
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04489-2.jpg" title="DSC04489 2"><img alt="at Wat Ku Kut" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3579" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04489-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC04489 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">at Wat Ku Kut
</dd></dl>
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04491-21.jpg" title="DSC04491 2"><img alt="At Wat Ku Kut" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3580" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04491-21.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC04491 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">At Wat Ku Kut
</dd></dl>
<br style="clear: both;" />
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04492-2.jpg" title="DSC04492 2"><img alt="At Wat Ku Kut" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3581" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04492-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC04492 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">At Wat Ku Kut
</dd></dl>
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04514-2.jpg" title="DSC04514 2"><img alt="Phra Nang Chamthewi Statue (อนุสาวรีย์พระนางจามเทวี) is located in the Nong Dok public park in town commemorating the first ruler of Hariphunchai." class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3582" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1080,1920" height="150" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04514-2.jpg?w=84&h=150" title="DSC04514 2" width="84" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">Phra Nang Chamthewi Statue (อนุสาวรีย์พระนางจามเทวี) is located in
the Nong Dok public park in town commemorating the first ruler of
Hariphunchai.
</dd></dl>
<br style="clear: both;" />
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04520-2.jpg" title="DSC04520 2"><img alt="wall at Queen Chama Thevi statute" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3585" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04520-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC04520 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">wall at Queen Chama Thevi statute
</dd></dl>
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04521-2.jpg" title="DSC04521 2"><img alt="wall at Queen Chama Thevi statute" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3586" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04521-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC04521 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">wall at Queen Chama Thevi statute
</dd></dl>
<br style="clear: both;" />
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04525-2.jpg" title="DSC04525 2"><img alt="wall at Queen Chama Thevi statute" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3588" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04525-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC04525 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">wall at Queen Chama Thevi statute
</dd></dl>
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04543-2.jpg" title="DSC04543 2"><img alt="DSC04543 2" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3591" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04543-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC04543 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
</dl>
<br style="clear: both;" />
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04545-2.jpg" title="DSC04545 2"><img alt="DSC04545 2" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3592" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04545-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC04545 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
</dl>
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04547-2.jpg" title="DSC04547 2"><img alt="old city wall, Lamphun. howver it is not of Hariphunchai era" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3594" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04547-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC04547 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">old city wall, Lamphun. howver it is not of Hariphunchai era
</dd></dl>
<br style="clear: both;" />
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04526-2.jpg" title="DSC04526 2"><img alt="at Queen Chama Thevi statute" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3595" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1080,1920" height="150" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04526-2.jpg?w=84&h=150" title="DSC04526 2" width="84" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">at Queen Chama Thevi statute
</dd></dl>
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04447-2.jpg" title="DSC04447 2"><img alt="at Wat Phra Yeun" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3596" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04447-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC04447 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">at Wat Phra Yeun
</dd></dl>
<br style="clear: both;" />
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04491-22.jpg" title="DSC04491 2"><img alt="at Wat Ku Kut" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3599" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04491-22.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC04491 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">at Wat Ku Kut
</dd></dl>
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04519-2.jpg" title="DSC04519 2"><img alt="wall at Queen Chama Thevi statute" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3602" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04519-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC04519 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">wall at Queen Chama Thevi statute
</dd></dl>
<br style="clear: both;" />
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04411-2.jpg" title="DSC04411 2"><img alt="DSC04411 2" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3606" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04411-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC04411 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
</dl>
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04559-2.jpg" title="DSC04559 2"><img alt="the 200 year old gum trees on Chiang Mai - Lamphun route 106" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3609" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04559-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC04559 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">the 200 year old gum trees on Chiang Mai – Lamphun route 106
</dd></dl>
<br style="clear: both;" />
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04549-2.jpg" title="DSC04549 2"><img alt="conductress on Lamphun - Chaing Mai bus (facing)" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3610" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04549-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC04549 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">conductress on Lamphun – Chaing Mai bus (facing)
</dd></dl>
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04524-2.jpg" title="DSC04524 2"><img alt="wall at Queen Chama Thevi statute" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3611" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04524-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC04524 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">wall at Queen Chama Thevi statute
</dd></dl>
<br style="clear: both;" />
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04516-2.jpg" title="DSC04516 2"><img alt="at Queen Chama Thevi statute" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3612" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04516-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC04516 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">at Queen Chama Thevi statute
</dd></dl>
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04511-2.jpg" title="DSC04511 2"><img alt="at Queen Chama Thevi statute" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3613" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04511-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC04511 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">at Queen Chama Thevi statute
</dd></dl>
<br style="clear: both;" />
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04508-2.jpg" title="DSC04508 2"><img alt="at Queen Chama Thevi statute" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3614" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04508-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC04508 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">at Queen Chama Thevi statute
</dd></dl>
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04504-2.jpg" title="DSC04504 2"><img alt="in front of Wat Ku Kut" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3615" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04504-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC04504 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">in front of Wat Ku Kut
</dd></dl>
<br style="clear: both;" />
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04503-2.jpg" title="DSC04503 2"><img alt="in front of Wat Ku Kut" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3616" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04503-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC04503 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">in front of Wat Ku Kut
</dd></dl>
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04501-2.jpg" title="DSC04501 2"><img alt="at Wat Ku Kut" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3617" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04501-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC04501 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">at Wat Ku Kut
</dd></dl>
<br style="clear: both;" />
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04471-2.jpg" title="DSC04471 2"><img alt="DSC04471 2" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3618" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04471-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC04471 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
</dl>
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04470-2.jpg" title="DSC04470 2"><img alt="DSC04470 2" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3619" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04470-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC04470 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
</dl>
<br style="clear: both;" />
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04461-2.jpg" title="DSC04461 2"><img alt="at Wat Phra Yeun" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3620" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04461-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC04461 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">at Wat Phra Yeun
</dd></dl>
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04440-2.jpg" title="DSC04440 2"><img alt="at Wat Phra Yeun" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3621" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04440-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC04440 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">at Wat Phra Yeun
</dd></dl>
<br style="clear: both;" />
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04425-2.jpg" title="DSC04425 2"><img alt="vegetable market Lamphun" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3622" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04425-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC04425 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">vegetable market Lamphun
</dd></dl>
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04424-2.jpg" title="DSC04424 2"><img alt="DSC04424 2" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3623" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04424-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC04424 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
</dl>
<br style="clear: both;" />
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04422-2.jpg" title="DSC04422 2"><img alt="vegetable market Lamphun" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3633" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04422-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC04422 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">vegetable market Lamphun
</dd></dl>
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04419-2.jpg" title="DSC04419 2"><img alt="cold drinks shop, Lamphun" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3634" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04419-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC04419 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">cold drinks shop, Lamphun
</dd></dl>
<br style="clear: both;" />
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04417-2.jpg" title="DSC04417 2"><img alt="fruit vendor, Lamphun" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3635" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04417-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC04417 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">fruit vendor, Lamphun
</dd></dl>
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04414-2.jpg" title="DSC04414 2"><img alt="Hariphunchai moat at Lamphun" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3636" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04414-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC04414 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">Hariphunchai moat at Lamphun
</dd></dl>
<br style="clear: both;" />
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04413-2.jpg" title="DSC04413 2"><img alt="DSC04413 2" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3637" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04413-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC04413 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
</dl>
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04408-2.jpg" title="DSC04408 2"><img alt="Wat Phra That Hariphunchai arch" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3638" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04408-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC04408 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">Wat Phra That Hariphunchai arch
</dd></dl>
<br style="clear: both;" />
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04333-2.jpg" title="DSC04333 2"><img alt="200 year old giant gum trees on the Chiang Mai Lamphun road" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3643" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04333-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC04333 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">200 year old giant gum trees on the Chiang Mai Lamphun road
</dd></dl>
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04339-2.jpg" title="DSC04339 2"><img alt="hospital near Lamphun" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3644" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04339-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC04339 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">hospital near Lamphun
</dd></dl>
<br style="clear: both;" />
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04357-2.jpg" title="DSC04357 2"><img alt="Wat Phra That Hariphunchai" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3646" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04357-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC04357 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">Wat Phra That Hariphunchai
</dd></dl>
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04358-2.jpg" title="DSC04358 2"><img alt="at Wat Phra That Hariphunchai" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3647" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04358-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC04358 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">at Wat Phra That Hariphunchai
</dd></dl>
<br style="clear: both;" />
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04359-2.jpg" title="DSC04359 2"><img alt="Wat Phra That Hariphunchai" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3648" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04359-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC04359 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">Wat Phra That Hariphunchai
</dd></dl>
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04362-2.jpg" title="DSC04362 2"><img alt="Wat Phra That Hariphunchai" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3650" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04362-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC04362 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">Wat Phra That Hariphunchai
</dd></dl>
<br style="clear: both;" />
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04366-2.jpg" title="DSC04366 2"><img alt="Wat Phra That Hariphunchai" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3654" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04366-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC04366 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">Wat Phra That Hariphunchai
</dd></dl>
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04368-2.jpg" title="DSC04368 2"><img alt="Wat Phra That Hariphunchai" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3656" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04368-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC04368 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">Wat Phra That Hariphunchai
</dd></dl>
<br style="clear: both;" />
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04332-2.jpg" title="DSC04332 2"><img alt="200 year old giant gum trees on the Chiang Mai Lamphun road" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3658" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04332-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC04332 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">200 year old giant gum trees on the Chiang Mai Lamphun road
</dd></dl>
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04363-21.jpg" title="DSC04363 2"><img alt="Wat Phra That Hariphunchai" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3660" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04363-21.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC04363 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">Wat Phra That Hariphunchai
</dd></dl>
<br style="clear: both;" />
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04331-21.jpg" title="DSC04331 2"><img alt="200 year old giant gum trees on the Chiang Mai Lamphun road" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3666" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04331-21.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC04331 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">200 year old giant gum trees on the Chiang Mai Lamphun road
</dd></dl>
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04320-2.jpg" title="DSC04320 2"><img alt="the Narawat bridge over the Mae (river) Nam Ping at Chiang Mai" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3675" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04320-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC04320 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">the Narawat bridge over the Mae (river) Nam Ping at Chiang Mai
</dd></dl>
<br style="clear: both;" />
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04322-2.jpg" title="DSC04322 2"><img alt="the Narawat bridge over the Mae (river) Nam Ping at Chiang Mai" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3676" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04322-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC04322 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">the Narawat bridge over the Mae (river) Nam Ping at Chiang Mai
</dd></dl>
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04324-2.jpg" title="DSC04324 2"><img alt="the Chiang Mai market near the Narawat bridge" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3678" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04324-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC04324 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">the Chiang Mai market near the Narawat bridge
</dd></dl>
<br style="clear: both;" />
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04326-2.jpg" title="DSC04326 2"><img alt="street vendors across the Chiang Mai market, near the Narawat bridge" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3682" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04326-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC04326 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">street vendors across the Chiang Mai market, near the Narawat bridge
</dd></dl>
<dl class="gallery-item">
<dt class="gallery-icon">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04564-2.jpg" title="DSC04564 2"><img alt="across the Mae Nam Ping" class="attachment-thumbnail" data-attachment-id="3684" data-liked="0" data-orig-size="1920,1080" height="84" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04564-2.jpg?w=150&h=84" title="DSC04564 2" width="150" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-text gallery-caption">across the Mae Nam Ping
</dd></dl>
<br style="clear: both;" />
<br style="clear: both;" /></div>
<br />
<b>Hariphunchai</b> (or <b>Haribhunjaya</b>)(Pali: Haripunjaya) was a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mon_%28ethnic_group%29" title="Mon (ethnic group)">Mon</a> kingdom in the north of present <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand">Thailand</a> in the centuries before the Thais moved into the area. Its capital was at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamphun">Lamphun</a>, which at the time was also called Hariphunchai. In 1292 the city was besieged and captured by the <a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314" title="Thai<br />
ethnic groups” href=”http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_ethnic_groups”>Thai</a> kingdom of <a href=">Lanna</a>.<br />
<h2>
Founding</h2>
According to the <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Camadevivamsa&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Camadevivamsa (page does not exist)">Camadevivamsa</a></i> and <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jinakalamali&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Jinakalamali (page does not exist)">Jinakalamali</a></i> chronicles, the city was founded by a hermit named <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suthep">Suthep</a> in 661 AD, and the Mon ruler of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lopburi">Lopburi</a> sent his daughter <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamadevi">Jamadevi</a>
to become its first queen. However, this date is now considered as too
early, and the actual beginning is placed at around 750 AD<sup>[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a></i>]</sup>. At that time, most of what is now central Thailand was under the rule of various Mon city states, known collectively as the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dvaravati">Dvaravati</a>
kingdom. Queen Jamadevi gave birth to twins, the older succeeding her
as the ruler of Lamphun, and the younger becoming ruler of neighboring <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampang">Lampang</a>.<br />
<h2>
Flourishing and downfall</h2>
The chronicles say that the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmer_Empire" title="Khmer Empire">Khmer</a>
unsuccessfully besieged Hariphunchai several times during the 11th
century. It is not clear if the chronicles describe actual or legendary
events, but the other Dvaravati Mon kingdoms did in fact fall to the
Khmers at this time. The early 13th century was a golden time for
Hariphunchai, as the chronicles talk only about religious activities or
constructing buildings, not about wars. Nevertheless, Hariphunchai was
besieged in 1292 by the Thai king <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mengrai" title="Mengrai">Mengrai</a>, who incorporated it into his <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lannathai" title="Lannathai">Lannathai</a> kingdom.<br />
Lamphun<br />
Lamphun is a neat city and as it is not so much heavily populated as
is Chiang Mai and Phitsanulok, would be a nice place to live. I did not
see any high rise buildings nor were there street buildings adjacent to
each other. However, the roads are superb and the traffic is not heavy.<br />
Today, Lamphun still retain its enchanting ambience of a small but
old community. It is some 670 kilometers from Bangkok and only 26
kilometers from Chiang Mai. Located on the bank of the Kuang River, its
attractions include ancient sites and relics as well as forests and
mountains and delightful lakes. Lamphun is the most famous producer of
longans<br />
If you want to get away from the hustle and bustle of the big city,
heading out of Chiang Mai for the small town of Lamphun. This northern
destination has abundance of atmosphere and history.<br />
Follow route 106 which takes you along a lovely country road lined
with 200 year old giant gum trees that provided great shade. As you
approach to Saraphi district, the road is bordered with longan orchards.
Somebody once said that Lamphun was famous for its beautiful women and
tasty longans. This is still true.<br />
The town was founded in the 9th century (CE) by Queen Chama Thevi as the capital of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haripunchai" title="Haripunchai">Haripunchai</a> kingdom, the last <a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04430-2.jpg"><img alt="" class="size-full wp-image-3524" height="253" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04430-2.jpg?w=450&h=253" title="DSC04430 2" width="450" /></a><br />
<div class="wp-caption-text">
Lamphun map</div>
</div>
Situated 26 km south of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiang_Mai">Chiang Mai</a>, this generally quiet town is said to be constructed in the shape of a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conch">conch</a> shell, following the Khuang River on its east side and divided by moats at the remaining points of the compass.<br />
Just 10 kilometres from Lamphun is Pa- Sang, a small village and on
both sides of the main road are notice boards saying: “Wanted, longan at
good prices”, in front of the dealer’s premises. The fruit is in season
during July and August. There are several species which are popular
among consumers.<br />
Today, 60 percent of the longans produced in Lamphun are exported to Europe and other countries in Asia.<br />
Over two decades ago, the district of Ban Pa-Sang was a handicraft
centre, famous for its hand-made cotton materials, mainly produced in
Ban Nong Nguak village. Most of the shops were crowded with tourists,
both Thais and foreigners, because it was the main stopping point and
the only access road to Chiang Mai. Since the construction of Highway
No.11 linking Chiang Mai with Lampang, Pa-Sang has been by-passed. It
has now become quiet and sleepy.<br />
<b>Wat Phra Yuen</b> (วัดพระยืน), an old temple from 11th
century about 1 km east of the old town centre. The huge chedi with a
large square base and four tall standing Buddha images dates from the
beginning of 20th century.<br />
<b>Lamphun</b> is host to one of the north’s most important <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wat" title="Wat">wats</a> (temples), <b>Wat Phra That Haripunchai</b>. The “Phra That” in the title indicates the presence of a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stupa" title="Gautama<br />
Buddha” href=”http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Buddha”>Buddha</a> relic, in this case one of His hairs, which was interred in a <a title=">chedi</a> in 897 and is probably the founding date of the Wat.<br />
The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dvaravati">Dvaravati</a> style chedi of Wat Phra That Haripunchai<br />
<b>Wat Phra That Hariphunchai</b> (วัดพระธาตุหริภุญชัย) A
principal landmark is the 46-metre tall golden Chedi whose present
appearance was the result of the restoration work in 1443 by a king of
Chiang Mai. Other architectural works include the ancient-style brick
arch adorned with fine designs and the pair of sculptured lions at the
door.<br />
the monastery called Wat Phrathat Hariphunchai, which is the principal landmark of Lamphun province and dates back 958 years.<br />
The 46-metres tall golden Chedi there is of the original Hariphunchai
style and is said to contain relics of the Lord Buddha. A nine-tier
umbrella made of pure gold surmounts this Chedi, which is set in the
middle of the monastery.<br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="wp-caption aligncenter" id="attachment_3582" style="width: 460px;">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04514-2.jpg"><img alt="" class="size-full wp-image-3582" height="800" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04514-2.jpg?w=450&h=800" title="DSC04514 2" width="450" /></a><br />
<div class="wp-caption-text">
Phra
Nang Chamthewi Statue (อนุสาวรีย์พระนางจามเทวี) is located in the Nong
Dok public park in town commemorating the first ruler of Hariphunchai.</div>
</div>
<br />
<b>Phra Nang Chamthewi Statue</b> (อนุสาวรีย์พระนางจามเทวี) is located in the Nong Dok public park in town commemorating the first ruler of Hariphunchai.<br />
<b>Wat Chamthewi</b> or <b>Wat Ku Kut</b>
(วัดจามเทวี หรือ วัดกู่กุด), commonly referred to a Ku Kut (กู่กุด),
built in the Lawo (Lopburi) style. The Chedi is a square structure
similar to Buddhagaya in India. Ashes of the queen are enshrined within
the Chedi.<br />
<div class="wp-caption aligncenter" id="attachment_3530" style="width: 460px;">
<a href="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04486-2.jpg"><img alt="" class="size-full wp-image-3530" height="800" src="http://nyiwin.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/dsc04486-2.jpg?w=450&h=800" title="DSC04486 2" width="450" /></a><br />
<div class="wp-caption-text">
Wat Chamthewi or Wat Ku Kut (founded c. 1150, present buildings 1218 onward)</div>
</div>
Queen Chama Thevi is remembered in the Wat of her name, which is said
to be the resting place of her ashes. Near the town’s main morning
market in the southwest of the city is a statue of the Queen at which
offerings are still made today by citizens.<br />
Past the town moat, just two kilometres away is Wat Chamthewee,
situated on the Chiang Mai-Sanpatong Road. Commonly known as Wat Ku Kut,
this temple was built in 1298 B.E. (755 A.D.)<br />
The stupa is a square structure similar to the one at Buddhagaya in
India. Around the stupa are levels of arches holding a total of 60
Buddha statues. Queen Chamthewee was the first ruler of Lamphun and her
ashes are enshrined within. She was the longest living ruler in the
Lanna Kingdom’s history and was over 100 years old when she passed away.<br />
The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haripunchai" title="Haripunchai">Haripunchai</a> kingdom Chama Thevi founded eventually fell under the control of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmer_empire" title="Khmer empire">Khmers</a> of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angkor">Angkor</a> in modern day <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodia">Cambodia</a>, probably at the end of the 10th century. After the fall of Angkor to Thai forces, King <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mengrai" title="Mengrai">Mengrai</a>, founder of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiang_Mai">Chiang Mai</a> finally seized Lamphun in 1281 and made it part of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanna">Lanna</a> Kingdom.<br />
After Burmese expansion in the sixteenth century, Lamphun was also
under Burmese rule for two centuries. In the eighteenth century, with
the rise of Thonburi and Bangkok against Burmese rule, local leaders
from Lampang agreed to be their allies. Lamphun was finally free from
the Burmese and ruled by relative of Lampang’s leader, gaining vassal
status from Bangkok. Eventually after the administrative reform of
Bangkok government in late nineteenth century, Lamphun became a part, as
a province, of Siam or late Kingdom of Thailand.<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamphun_Province#cite_note-0">[1]</a></sup><br />
The town is surrounded by lush countryside punctuated by rice fields and orchards of the popular fruit, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longan">longan</a>, which is celebrated in a festival every August.</div>
<div class="postmetadata">
Tags:<a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/tag/history/" rel="tag">history</a>, <a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/tag/infotainment/" rel="tag">infotainment</a>, <a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/tag/thailand/" rel="tag">Thailand</a>, <a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/tag/travel/" rel="tag">Travel</a><br />
Posted in <a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/category/travel/" rel="category tag" title="View all posts in Travel">Travel</a>, <a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/category/history/" rel="category tag" title="View all posts in history">history</a>, <a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/category/infotainment-2/" rel="category tag" title="View all posts in Infotainment">Infotainment</a>, <a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/category/thailand/" rel="category tag" title="View all posts in Thailand">Thailand</a> | <a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/2011/05/07/lamphun-haripunchai/#respond" title="Comment on Lamphun / Haripunchai">Leave a Comment »</a></div>
</div>
<div class="navigation">
<div class="alignleft">
<a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/tag/infotainment/page/2/">« Older Entries</a></div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="sidebar" style="text-align: justify;">
<ul>
<li>
<div>
<form action="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/" id="searchform" method="get" name="searchform">
<input id="livesearch" name="s" type="text" value="search this site" />
</form>
</div>
</li>
<li class="pagenav"><h2>
Pages</h2>
<ul>
<li class="page_item page-item-2"><a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/about/">About</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><h2>
Archives</h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/2012/03/" title="March 2012">March 2012</a></li>
<li><a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/2012/02/" title="February 2012">February 2012</a></li>
<li><a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/2012/01/" title="January 2012">January 2012</a></li>
<li><a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/2011/06/" title="June 2011">June 2011</a></li>
<li><a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/2011/05/" title="May 2011">May 2011</a></li>
<li><a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/2011/04/" title="April 2011">April 2011</a></li>
<li><a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/2011/01/" title="January 2011">January 2011</a></li>
<li><a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/2010/12/" title="December 2010">December 2010</a></li>
<li><a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/2010/11/" title="November 2010">November 2010</a></li>
<li><a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/2010/10/" title="October 2010">October 2010</a></li>
<li><a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/2010/09/" title="September 2010">September 2010</a></li>
<li><a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/2010/08/" title="August 2010">August 2010</a></li>
<li><a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/2010/07/" title="July 2010">July 2010</a></li>
<li><a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/2010/06/" title="June 2010">June 2010</a></li>
<li><a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/2010/05/" title="May 2010">May 2010</a></li>
<li><a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/2010/04/" title="April 2010">April 2010</a></li>
<li><a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/2010/03/" title="March 2010">March 2010</a></li>
<li><a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/2010/02/" title="February 2010">February 2010</a></li>
<li><a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/2010/01/" title="January 2010">January 2010</a></li>
<li><a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/2009/12/" title="December 2009">December 2009</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="categories"><h2>
Categories</h2>
<ul>
<li class="cat-item cat-item-1098"><a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/category/culture/" title="View all posts filed under Culture">Culture</a> (29)
</li>
<li class="cat-item cat-item-39338"><a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/category/geology/" title="View all posts filed under Geology">Geology</a> (1)
</li>
<li class="cat-item cat-item-337"><a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/category/health/" title="View all posts filed under Health">Health</a> (4)
</li>
<li class="cat-item cat-item-678"><a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/category/history/" title="View all posts filed under history">history</a> (67)
</li>
<li class="cat-item cat-item-3054"><a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/category/india/" title="View all posts filed under India">India</a> (1)
</li>
<li class="cat-item cat-item-38627887"><a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/category/infotainment-2/" title="View all posts filed under Infotainment">Infotainment</a> (61)
</li>
<li class="cat-item cat-item-725080"><a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/category/kachin/" title="View all posts filed under Kachin">Kachin</a> (2)
<ul class="children">
<li class="cat-item cat-item-46493287"><a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/category/kachin/festival-kachin/" title="View all posts filed under Festival">Festival</a> (2)
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="cat-item cat-item-124"><a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/category/life/" title="View all posts filed under Life">Life</a> (36)
</li>
<li class="cat-item cat-item-19934"><a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/category/myanmar/" title="View all posts filed under Myanmar">Myanmar</a> (39)
</li>
<li class="cat-item cat-item-2586857"><a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/category/pyu/" title="View all posts filed under Pyu">Pyu</a> (10)
</li>
<li class="cat-item cat-item-116"><a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/category/religion/" title="View all posts filed under religion">religion</a> (36)
<ul class="children">
<li class="cat-item cat-item-158"><a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/category/religion/buddhism/" title="View all posts filed under Buddhism">Buddhism</a> (35)
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="cat-item cat-item-10760"><a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/category/thailand/" title="View all posts filed under Thailand">Thailand</a> (6)
</li>
<li class="cat-item cat-item-200"><a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/category/travel/" title="View all posts filed under Travel">Travel</a> (56)
</li>
<li class="cat-item cat-item-1"><a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/category/uncategorized/" title="View all posts filed under Uncategorized">Uncategorized</a> (9)
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div id="footer" style="text-align: justify;">
Theme: <a href="http://theme.wordpress.com/themes/kubrick/">Kubrick</a>. <a href="http://wordpress.com/?ref=footer" rel="generator">Blog at WordPress.com</a>.
<br />
<a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/feed/">Entries (RSS)</a> and <a href="http://nyiwin.wordpress.com/comments/feed/">Comments (RSS)</a>. </div>
Rowannyahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11315383992304973275noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2089436399604203314.post-18123449023687180142012-04-03T03:06:00.000-07:002012-04-03T03:06:21.903-07:00162 - List of rulers of Bengal<div style="text-align: center;">
<h2 style="color: red;">
<span dir="auto">List of rulers of Bengal</span></h2>
</div>
<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading">
</h1>
<div id="bodyContent">
<div id="siteSub">
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div>
<div class="mw-jump" id="jump-to-nav">
Jump to: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Bengal#mw-head">navigation</a>,
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Bengal#p-search">search</a>
</div>
<div class="mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" id="mw-content-text" lang="en">
This is a <b>list of rulers of Bengal</b>. For much of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Bengal" title="History of Bengal">its history</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a> was split up into several independent kingdoms, completely unifying only several times. In <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdoms_of_Ancient_India" title="Kingdoms of Ancient India">ancient times</a>, Bengal consisted of the kingdoms of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pundra_Kingdom" title="Pundra Kingdom">Pundra</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suhma_Kingdom" title="Suhma Kingdom">Suhma</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anga_Kingdom" title="Anga Kingdom">Anga</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanga_Kingdom" title="Vanga Kingdom">Vanga</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangaridai" title="Gangaridai">Rarh</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harikela" title="Harikela">Harikela</a>. Along with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a>, parts of northwestern <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a> were also incorporated into the kingdom of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magadha" title="Magadha">Magadha</a>.<br />
Under the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauryas" title="Mauryas">Mauryas</a>, much of Bengal was conquered save for the far eastern Bengali kingdoms which continued to exist as <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tributary_states" title="Tributary states">tributary states</a> before succumbing to the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guptas" title="Guptas">Guptas</a>.
With the fall of the Gupta Empire, Bengal was united under a single
local ruler, Shashanka, for the first time. With the collapse of his
kingdom, Bengal split up into <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petty_kingdoms" title="Petty kingdoms">petty kingdoms</a> once more.<br />
With the rise of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gopala" title="Gopala">Gopala</a>, Bengal was united once more under the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala Empire</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandra_dynasty" title="Chandra dynasty">Chandra dynasty</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sena_dynasty" title="Sena dynasty">Sena dynasty</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deva_dynasty" title="Deva dynasty">deva dynasty</a>. After them, Bengal was ruled by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> dynasties followed by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British</a>. In 1947, Bengal was <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal" title="Partition of Bengal">partitioned</a>, making <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a> part of India and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Bengal" title="East Bengal">East Bengal</a> part of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>. East Bengal then became an independent country, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>, following the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">Bangladesh Liberation War</a>.<br />
<table class="toc" id="toc">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<div id="toctitle">
<h2>
Contents</h2>
<span class="toctoggle"> [<a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Bengal#" id="togglelink">hide</a>] </span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Bengal#Ancient_Period"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Ancient Period</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Bengal#Legendary_kings_of_Magadha:_Brihadratha_Dynasty_.28c._1700-799_BC.29"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Legendary kings of Magadha: Brihadratha Dynasty (c. 1700-799 BC)</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Bengal#Pradyota_Dynasty_.28799-684_BC.29"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Pradyota Dynasty (799-684 BC)</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Bengal#Shishunaga_Dynasty_.28684-424_BC.29"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Shishunaga Dynasty (684-424 BC)</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Bengal#Nanda_Dynasty_.28424-321_BC.29"><span class="tocnumber">1.4</span> <span class="toctext">Nanda Dynasty (424-321 BC)</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Bengal#Maurya_Dynasty_.28324-184_BC.29"><span class="tocnumber">1.5</span> <span class="toctext">Maurya Dynasty (324-184 BC)</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Bengal#Shunga_Dynasty_.28185-73_BC.29"><span class="tocnumber">1.6</span> <span class="toctext">Shunga Dynasty (185-73 BC)</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Bengal#Kanva_Dynasty_.2873-43_BC.29"><span class="tocnumber">1.7</span> <span class="toctext">Kanva Dynasty (73-43 BC)</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Bengal#Gupta_Empire_.28c._240-550_CE.29"><span class="tocnumber">1.8</span> <span class="toctext">Gupta Empire (c. 240-550 CE)</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Bengal#Gauda_Kingdom"><span class="tocnumber">1.9</span> <span class="toctext">Gauda Kingdom</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Bengal#Khadga_kingdom"><span class="tocnumber">1.10</span> <span class="toctext">Khadga kingdom</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Bengal#Pala_Empire"><span class="tocnumber">1.11</span> <span class="toctext">Pala Empire</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Bengal#Chandra_Dynasty"><span class="tocnumber">1.12</span> <span class="toctext">Chandra Dynasty</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Bengal#Sena_Dynasty"><span class="tocnumber">1.13</span> <span class="toctext">Sena Dynasty</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Bengal#Deva_Dynasty"><span class="tocnumber">1.14</span> <span class="toctext">Deva Dynasty</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Bengal#Medieval_Period"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Medieval Period</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Bengal#Khilji_Dynasty"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Khilji Dynasty</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Bengal#Governors_of_Bengal_under_Mameluk_rule_of_Delhi_Sultanate"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Governors of Bengal under Mameluk rule of Delhi Sultanate</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Bengal#Independent_Balban_Dynasty"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Independent Balban Dynasty</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Bengal#Governors_of_Bengal_under_Delhi_Sultanate_of_Tughlaqs"><span class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Governors of Bengal under Delhi Sultanate of Tughlaqs</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Bengal#Independent_Sultans_of_Bengal_during_Delhi_Sultanate_of_Tughlaqs"><span class="tocnumber">2.5</span> <span class="toctext">Independent Sultans of Bengal during Delhi Sultanate of Tughlaqs</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Bengal#First_rule_of_Ilyas_Shahi_dynasty"><span class="tocnumber">2.6</span> <span class="toctext">First rule of Ilyas Shahi dynasty</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Bengal#House_of_Raja_Ganesha"><span class="tocnumber">2.7</span> <span class="toctext">House of Raja Ganesha</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Bengal#Second_rule_of_Ilyas_Shahi_dynasty"><span class="tocnumber">2.8</span> <span class="toctext">Second rule of Ilyas Shahi dynasty</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Bengal#Habshi_dynasty"><span class="tocnumber">2.9</span> <span class="toctext">Habshi dynasty</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Bengal#Hussain_Shahi_dynasty"><span class="tocnumber">2.10</span> <span class="toctext">Hussain Shahi dynasty</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Bengal#Governors_of_the_Sur_dynasty"><span class="tocnumber">2.11</span> <span class="toctext">Governors of the Sur dynasty</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Bengal#Muhammad_Shahi_dynasty"><span class="tocnumber">2.12</span> <span class="toctext">Muhammad Shahi dynasty</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Bengal#Karrani_dynasty_.28Mughal_vassals.29"><span class="tocnumber">2.13</span> <span class="toctext">Karrani dynasty (Mughal vassals)</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Bengal#Mughal_Subahdars_of_Bengal_Subah_.281565_.E2.80.93_1717.29"><span class="tocnumber">2.14</span> <span class="toctext">Mughal <i>Subahdars</i> of Bengal Subah (1565 – 1717)</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-31"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Bengal#During_the_reign_of_Akbar"><span class="tocnumber">2.14.1</span> <span class="toctext">During the reign of Akbar</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-32"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Bengal#During_the_reign_of_Jahangir"><span class="tocnumber">2.14.2</span> <span class="toctext">During the reign of Jahangir</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-33"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Bengal#During_the_reign_of_Shah_Jahan"><span class="tocnumber">2.14.3</span> <span class="toctext">During the reign of Shah Jahan</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-34"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Bengal#During_the_reign_of_Aurangzeb"><span class="tocnumber">2.14.4</span> <span class="toctext">During the reign of Aurangzeb</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-35"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Bengal#Post_Aurangzeb_Subahdars"><span class="tocnumber">2.14.5</span> <span class="toctext">Post Aurangzeb Subahdars</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-36"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Bengal#Nawabs_of_Bengal"><span class="tocnumber">2.15</span> <span class="toctext">Nawabs of Bengal</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-37"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Bengal#Nawabs_of_Murshidabad"><span class="tocnumber">2.16</span> <span class="toctext">Nawabs of Murshidabad</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-38"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Bengal#Hindu_Raj"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Hindu Raj</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-39"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Bengal#Maharajas_of_Bhurshut"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Maharajas of Bhurshut</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-40"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Bengal#Maharajas_of_Bankura"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Maharajas of Bankura</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-41"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Bengal#Maharajas_of_Koch_kingdom"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Maharajas of Koch kingdom</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-42"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Bengal#Maharajas_of_Midnapore"><span class="tocnumber">3.4</span> <span class="toctext">Maharajas of Midnapore</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-43"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Bengal#Maharajas_of_Jessore_kingdom"><span class="tocnumber">3.5</span> <span class="toctext">Maharajas of Jessore kingdom</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-44"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Bengal#Maharajas_of_Khulna"><span class="tocnumber">3.6</span> <span class="toctext">Maharajas of Khulna</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-45"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Bengal#Maharajas_of_Sripur"><span class="tocnumber">3.7</span> <span class="toctext">Maharajas of Sripur</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-46"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Bengal#Maharajas_of_Nadia"><span class="tocnumber">3.8</span> <span class="toctext">Maharajas of Nadia</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-47"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Bengal#British_Colonial_Period"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">British Colonial Period</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-48"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Bengal#Chief_Agents_.281701.E2.80.931756.29"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Chief Agents (1701–1756)</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-49"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Bengal#Governors_.281757.E2.80.931854.29"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Governors (1757–1854)</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-50"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Bengal#Lieutenant-Governors_.281854.E2.80.931912.29"><span class="tocnumber">4.3</span> <span class="toctext">Lieutenant-Governors (1854–1912)</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-51"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Bengal#Governors_.281912.E2.80.931947.29"><span class="tocnumber">4.4</span> <span class="toctext">Governors (1912–1947)</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-52"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Bengal#After_Independence_of_India_and_Pakistan"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">After Independence of India and Pakistan</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-53"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Bengal#Governors_of_West_Bengal"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Governors of West Bengal</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-54"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Bengal#Chief_Ministers_of_West_Bengal"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Chief Ministers of West Bengal</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-55"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Bengal#Governor_of_East_Pakistan"><span class="tocnumber">5.3</span> <span class="toctext">Governor of East Pakistan</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-56"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Bengal#After_independence_of_Bangladesh"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">After independence of Bangladesh</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-57"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Bengal#Prime_Ministers_of_Bangladesh"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Prime Ministers of Bangladesh</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-58"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Bengal#References"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-59"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Bengal#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<h2>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_rulers_of_Bengal&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Ancient Period">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Ancient_Period">Ancient Period</span></h2>
<h3>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_rulers_of_Bengal&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Legendary kings of Magadha: Brihadratha Dynasty (c. 1700-799 BC)">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Legendary_kings_of_Magadha:_Brihadratha_Dynasty_.28c._1700-799_BC.29"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legendary_kings_of_Magadha" title="Legendary kings of Magadha">Legendary kings of Magadha</a>: Brihadratha Dynasty (c. 1700-799 BC)</span></h3>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brihadratha" title="Brihadratha">Brihadratha</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarasandha" title="Jarasandha">Jarasandha</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahadeva" title="Sahadeva">Sahadeva</a></li>
<li><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Somapi&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Somapi (la pagina non esiste)">Somapi</a> (1678-1618 BC)</li>
<li><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Srutasravas&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Srutasravas (la pagina non esiste)">Srutasravas</a> (1618-1551 BC)</li>
<li><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ayutayus&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Ayutayus (la pagina non esiste)">Ayutayus</a> (1551-1515 BC)</li>
<li><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Niramitra&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Niramitra (la pagina non esiste)">Niramitra</a> (1515-1415 BC)</li>
<li><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sukshatra&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Sukshatra (la pagina non esiste)">Sukshatra</a> (1415-1407 BC)</li>
<li><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brihatkarman&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Brihatkarman (la pagina non esiste)">Brihatkarman</a> (1407-1384 BC)</li>
<li><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Senajit&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Senajit (la pagina non esiste)">Senajit</a> (1384-1361 BC)</li>
<li><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Srutanjaya&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Srutanjaya (la pagina non esiste)">Srutanjaya</a> (1361-1321 BC)</li>
<li><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vipra&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Vipra (la pagina non esiste)">Vipra</a> (1321-1296 BC)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suchi" title="Suchi">Suchi</a> (1296-1238 BC)</li>
<li><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kshemya&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Kshemya (la pagina non esiste)">Kshemya</a> (1238-1210 BC)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subrata" title="Subrata">Subrata</a> (1210-1150 BC)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a> (1150-1145 BC)</li>
<li><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Susuma&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Susuma (la pagina non esiste)">Susuma</a> (1145-1107 BC)</li>
<li><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dridhasena&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Dridhasena (la pagina non esiste)">Dridhasena</a> (1107-1059 BC)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumati" title="Sumati">Sumati</a> (1059-1026 BC)</li>
<li><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Subhala&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Subhala (la pagina non esiste)">Subhala</a> (1026-1004 BC)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunita" title="Sunita">Sunita</a> (1004-964 BC)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satyajit" title="Satyajit">Satyajit</a> (964-884 BC)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biswajit" title="Biswajit">Biswajit</a> (884-849 BC)</li>
<li><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ripunjaya&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Ripunjaya (la pagina non esiste)">Ripunjaya</a> (849-799 BC)</li>
</ul>
<h3>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_rulers_of_Bengal&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Pradyota Dynasty (799-684 BC)">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Pradyota_Dynasty_.28799-684_BC.29"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pradyota_dynasty" title="Pradyota dynasty">Pradyota Dynasty</a> (799-684 BC)</span></h3>
<ul>
<li><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pradyota&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Pradyota (la pagina non esiste)">Pradyota</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaka" title="Palaka">Palaka</a></li>
<li><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Visakhayupa&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Visakhayupa (la pagina non esiste)">Visakhayupa</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajaka" title="Ajaka">Ajaka</a></li>
<li><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Varttivarddhana&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Varttivarddhana (la pagina non esiste)">Varttivarddhana</a></li>
</ul>
<h3>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_rulers_of_Bengal&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Shishunaga Dynasty (684-424 BC)">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Shishunaga_Dynasty_.28684-424_BC.29"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shishunaga_dynasty" title="Shishunaga dynasty">Shishunaga Dynasty</a> (684-424 BC)</span></h3>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shishunaga" title="Shishunaga">Shishunaga</a> (684-644 BC)</li>
<li><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kakavarna&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Kakavarna (la pagina non esiste)">Kakavarna</a> (644-618 BC)</li>
<li><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kshemadharman&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Kshemadharman (la pagina non esiste)">Kshemadharman</a> (618-582 BC)</li>
<li><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kshatraujas&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Kshatraujas (la pagina non esiste)">Kshatraujas</a> (582-558 BC)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bimbisara" title="Bimbisara">Bimbisara</a> (544-491 BC)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajatashatru" title="Ajatashatru">Ajatashatru</a> (491-461 BC)</li>
<li><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Darshaka&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Darshaka (la pagina non esiste)">Darshaka</a> (from 461 BC)</li>
<li><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Udayin&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Udayin (la pagina non esiste)">Udayin</a></li>
<li><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nandivardhana&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Nandivardhana (la pagina non esiste)">Nandivardhana</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahanandin" title="Mahanandin">Mahanandin</a> (until 424 BC)</li>
</ul>
<h3>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_rulers_of_Bengal&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Nanda Dynasty (424-321 BC)">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Nanda_Dynasty_.28424-321_BC.29"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanda_Dynasty" title="Nanda Dynasty">Nanda Dynasty</a> (424-321 BC)</span></h3>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahapadma_Nanda" title="Mahapadma Nanda">Mahapadma Nanda</a> (from 424 BC)</li>
<li><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pandhuka&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Pandhuka (la pagina non esiste)">Pandhuka</a></li>
<li><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Panghupati&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Panghupati (la pagina non esiste)">Panghupati</a></li>
<li><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bhutapala&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Bhutapala (la pagina non esiste)">Bhutapala</a></li>
<li><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rashtrapala&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Rashtrapala (la pagina non esiste)">Rashtrapala</a></li>
<li><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Govishanaka&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Govishanaka (la pagina non esiste)">Govishanaka</a></li>
<li><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dashasidkhaka&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Dashasidkhaka (la pagina non esiste)">Dashasidkhaka</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaivarta" title="Kaivarta">Kaivarta</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhana" title="Dhana">Dhana</a> (<i>Agrammes</i>, <i>Xandrammes</i>) (until 321 BC)</li>
</ul>
<h3>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_rulers_of_Bengal&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Maurya Dynasty (324-184 BC)">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Maurya_Dynasty_.28324-184_BC.29"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya Dynasty</a> (324-184 BC)</span></h3>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandragupta_Maurya" title="Chandragupta Maurya"><b>Chandragupta</b> Maurya</a> (<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandrakottos" title="Sandrakottos">Sandrakottos</a>) (324-301 BC)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bindusara_Amitraghata" title="Bindusara Amitraghata">Bindusara Amitraghata</a> (301-273 BC)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka"><b>Ashoka</b> Vardhana</a> (<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashoka_the_Great" title="Ashoka the Great">Ashoka the Great</a>) (273-232 BC),</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dasaratha_Maurya" title="Dasaratha Maurya">Dasaratha</a> (232-224 BC)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samprati" title="Samprati">Samprati</a> (224-215 BC)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salisuka" title="Salisuka">Salisuka</a> (215-202 BC)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devavarman" title="Devavarman">Devavarman</a> (202-195 BC)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satadhanvan" title="Satadhanvan">Satadhanvan</a> (195-187 BC)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brhadrata" title="Brhadrata">Brhadrata</a> (187-184 BC)</li>
</ul>
<h3>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_rulers_of_Bengal&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Shunga Dynasty (185-73 BC)">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Shunga_Dynasty_.28185-73_BC.29"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunga_Empire" title="Sunga Empire">Shunga Dynasty</a> (185-73 BC)</span></h3>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pusyamitra_Sunga" title="Pusyamitra Sunga">Pusyamitra Shunga</a> (185-149 BC)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnimitra" title="Agnimitra">Agnimitra</a> (149-141 BC)</li>
<li>Vasujyeshtha (141-131 BC)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasumitra" title="Vasumitra">Vasumitra</a> (131-124 BC)</li>
<li><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andhraka&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Andhraka (la pagina non esiste)">Andhraka</a> (124-122 BC)</li>
<li><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pulindaka&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Pulindaka (la pagina non esiste)">Pulindaka</a> (122-119 BC)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghosha" title="Ghosha">Ghosha</a></li>
<li><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vajramitra&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Vajramitra (la pagina non esiste)">Vajramitra</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagabhadra" title="Bhagabhadra">Bhagabhadra</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devabhuti" title="Devabhuti">Devabhuti</a> (83-73 BC)</li>
</ul>
<h3>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_rulers_of_Bengal&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Kanva Dynasty (73-43 BC)">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Kanva_Dynasty_.2873-43_BC.29"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanva_dynasty" title="Kanva dynasty">Kanva Dynasty</a> (73-43 BC)</span></h3>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasudeva" title="Vasudeva">Vasudeva</a> (from 73 BC)</li>
<li><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bhumimitra&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Bhumimitra (la pagina non esiste)">Bhumimitra</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narayana" title="Narayana">Narayana</a></li>
<li><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Susharman&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Susharman (la pagina non esiste)">Susharman</a> (Until 43 BC)</li>
</ul>
<h3>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_rulers_of_Bengal&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Gupta Empire (c. 240-550 CE)">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Gupta_Empire_.28c._240-550_CE.29"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gupta_dynasty" title="Gupta dynasty">Gupta Empire</a> (c. 240-550 CE)</span></h3>
<ul>
<li><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sri-Gupta_I&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Sri-Gupta I (la pagina non esiste)">Sri-Gupta I</a> (c. 240-290)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghatotkacha_%28Gupta_Ruler%29" title="Ghatotkacha (Gupta Ruler)">Ghatotkacha</a> (290-305)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandragupta_I" title="Chandragupta I">Chandra Gupta I</a> (305-335)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samudragupta" title="Samudragupta">Samudra Gupta</a> (335-370)</li>
<li><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rama_Gupta&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Rama Gupta (la pagina non esiste)">Rama Gupta</a> (370-375)</li>
<li><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandragupta_II" title="Chandragupta II">Chandra Gupta II</a></b> (<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandragupta_Vikramaditya" title="Chandragupta Vikramaditya">Chandragupta Vikramaditya</a>) (375-415)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumara_Gupta_I" title="Kumara Gupta I">Kumara Gupta I</a> (415-455)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skandagupta" title="Skandagupta">Skanda Gupta</a> (455-467)</li>
<li><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kumara_Gupta_II&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Kumara Gupta II (la pagina non esiste)">Kumara Gupta II</a> (467-477)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddha_Gupta" title="Buddha Gupta">Buddha Gupta</a> (477-496)</li>
<li><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chandra_Gupta_III&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Chandra Gupta III (la pagina non esiste)">Chandra Gupta III</a> (496-500)</li>
<li><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vainya_Gupta&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Vainya Gupta (la pagina non esiste)">Vainya Gupta</a> (500-515)</li>
<li><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Narasimha_Gupta&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Narasimha Gupta (la pagina non esiste)">Narasimha Gupta</a> (510-530)</li>
<li><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kumara_Gupta_III&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Kumara Gupta III (la pagina non esiste)">Kumara Gupta III</a> (530-540)</li>
<li><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vishnu_Gupta&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Vishnu Gupta (la pagina non esiste)">Vishnu Gupta</a> (c. 540-550)</li>
</ul>
<h3>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_rulers_of_Bengal&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Gauda Kingdom">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Gauda_Kingdom">Gauda Kingdom</span></h3>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shashanka" title="Shashanka">Shashanka</a> (c.590-625)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manava_%28king%29" title="Manava (king)">Manava</a> (625 for 8 months)</li>
</ul>
<h3>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_rulers_of_Bengal&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Khadga kingdom">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Khadga_kingdom">Khadga kingdom</span></h3>
<ul>
<li><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khadgodyama&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Khadgodyama (la pagina non esiste)">Khadgodyama</a> (625-640)</li>
<li><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jatakhadga&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Jatakhadga (la pagina non esiste)">Jatakhadga</a> (640-658)</li>
<li><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Devakhadga&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Devakhadga (la pagina non esiste)">Devakhadga</a> (658-673)</li>
<li><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rajabhata&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Rajabhata (la pagina non esiste)">Rajabhata</a> (673-690)</li>
<li><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Balabhata&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Balabhata (la pagina non esiste)">Balabhata</a> (690-705)</li>
<li><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Udirnakhadga&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Udirnakhadga (la pagina non esiste)">Udirnakhadga</a> (undetermined reign)</li>
</ul>
<h3>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_rulers_of_Bengal&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Pala Empire">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Pala_Empire"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala Empire</a></span></h3>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gopala_%28Pala_king%29" title="Gopala (Pala king)">Gopala I</a> c. 750-c. 770</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharmapala" title="Dharmapala">Dharmapala</a> c. 770-c. 810</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devapala" title="Devapala">Devapala</a> c. 810-c. 850</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vigrahapala" title="Vigrahapala">Vigrahapala</a> I c. 850-c. 875</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narayan_Pala" title="Narayan Pala">Narayanapala</a> c. 875-c. 908</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajyapala" title="Rajyapala">Rajyapala</a> c. 908-c. 935</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gopala_II" title="Gopala II">Gopala II</a> c. 935-c. 952</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vigrahapala_II" title="Vigrahapala II">Vigrahapala II</a> c. 952-c. 988</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahipala" title="Mahipala">Mahipala I</a> c. 988-c. 1038</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naya_Pala" title="Naya Pala">Nayapala</a> c. 1038-c. 1055</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vigrahapala_III" title="Vigrahapala III">Vigrahapala III</a> c. 1055-c. 1070</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahipala_II" title="Mahipala II">Mahipala II</a> c. 1070-c. 1075</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shurapala_II" title="Shurapala II">Shurapala</a> c. 1075-c. 1077</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramapala" title="Ramapala">Ramapala</a> c. 1077-c. 1120</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumarapala" title="Kumarapala">Kumarapala</a> c. 1120-c. 1125</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gopala_III" title="Gopala III">Gopala III</a> c. 1125-c. 1144</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madanapala" title="Madanapala">Madanapala</a> c. 1144-c. 1161</li>
</ul>
<h3>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_rulers_of_Bengal&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Chandra Dynasty">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Chandra_Dynasty"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandra_dynasty" title="Chandra dynasty">Chandra Dynasty</a></span></h3>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traillokyachandra" title="Traillokyachandra">Traillokyachandra</a> (900-930)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srichandra" title="Srichandra">Srichandra</a> (930-975)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalyanachandra" title="Kalyanachandra">Kalyanachandra</a> (975-1000)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladahachandra" title="Ladahachandra">Ladahachandra</a> (1000–1020)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Govindachandra" title="Govindachandra">Govindachandra</a> (1020–1050)</li>
</ul>
<h3>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_rulers_of_Bengal&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Sena Dynasty">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Sena_Dynasty"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sena_Dynasty" title="Sena Dynasty">Sena Dynasty</a></span></h3>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemanta_Sen" title="Hemanta Sen">Hemantasen</a> (1070–1096)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijay_Sen" title="Vijay Sen">Vijayasen</a> (1096–1159)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballal_Sen" title="Ballal Sen">Ballalsen</a> (1159–1179)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakshman_Sen" title="Lakshman Sen">Lakshmansen</a> (1179–1206)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishwarup_Sen" title="Vishwarup Sen">Vishwarupsen</a> (1206–1225)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keshab_Sen" title="Keshab Sen">Keshabsen</a> (1225–1230)</li>
</ul>
<h3>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_rulers_of_Bengal&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Deva Dynasty">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Deva_Dynasty"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deva_dynasty" title="Deva dynasty">Deva Dynasty</a></span></h3>
<ul>
<li><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Purushottamadeva&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Purushottamadeva (la pagina non esiste)">Purushottamadeva</a></li>
<li><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Madhusudanadeva&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Madhusudanadeva (la pagina non esiste)">Madhusudanadeva</a></li>
<li><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vasudeva_%28ruler%29&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Vasudeva (ruler) (la pagina non esiste)">Vasudeva</a></li>
<li><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Damodaradeva&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Damodaradeva (la pagina non esiste)">Damodaradeva</a> (1231–1243)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dasharathadeva" title="Dasharathadeva">Dasharathadeva</a> (around 1281)</li>
</ul>
<h2>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_rulers_of_Bengal&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Medieval Period">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Medieval_Period">Medieval Period</span></h2>
<h3>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_rulers_of_Bengal&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Khilji Dynasty">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Khilji_Dynasty">Khilji Dynasty</span></h3>
<ul>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikhtiyar_Uddin_Muhammad_Bin_Bakhtiyar_Khalji" title="Ikhtiyar Uddin Muhammad Bin Bakhtiyar Khalji">Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khilji</a> 1204-1206</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Shiran_Khilji" title="Muhammad Shiran Khilji">Muhammad Shiran Khilji</a> 1206-1208</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghiyasuddin_Iwaj_Shah" title="Ghiyasuddin Iwaj Shah">Ghiyasuddin Iwaj Shah</a> 1208-1210</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Mardan_Khilji" title="Ali Mardan Khilji">Ali Mardan Khilji</a> 1210-1212</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghiyasuddin_Iwaj_Shah" title="Ghiyasuddin Iwaj Shah">Ghiyasuddin Iwaj Shah</a> 1212-1227 (<i>second term as Husamuddin Iwaj Khilji</i>)</li>
</ul>
<h3>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_rulers_of_Bengal&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Governors of Bengal under Mameluk rule of Delhi Sultanate">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Governors_of_Bengal_under_Mameluk_rule_of_Delhi_Sultanate">Governors of Bengal under Mameluk rule of Delhi Sultanate</span></h3>
<ul>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasiruddin_Mahmud%28Bengal%29" title="Nasiruddin Mahmud(Bengal)">Nasiruddin Mahmud</a> 1227-1229</li>
<li><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alauddin_Daulat_Shah_Khalji&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Alauddin Daulat Shah Khalji (la pagina non esiste)">Alauddin Daulat Shah Khalji</a> 1229–1230<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-bpedia_0-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Bengal#cite_note-bpedia-0"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malik_Balkha_Khilji" title="Malik Balkha Khilji">Malik Balkha Khilji</a> 1230-1231</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alauddin_Jani" title="Alauddin Jani">Alauddin Jani</a> 1232-1233</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saifuddin_Aibak" title="Saifuddin Aibak">Saifuddin Aibak</a> 1233-1236</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awor_Khan_Aibak" title="Awor Khan Aibak">Awor Khan Aibak</a> 1236</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tughral_Tughan_Khan" title="Tughral Tughan Khan">Tughral Tughan Khan</a> 1236-1246</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tughlaq_Tamar_Khan" title="Tughlaq Tamar Khan">Tughlaq Tamar Khan</a> 1246-1247</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalaluddin_Masud_Jani" title="Jalaluddin Masud Jani">Jalaluddin Masud Jani</a> 1247-1251</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malik_Ikhtiyaruddin_Iuzbak" title="Malik Ikhtiyaruddin Iuzbak">Malik Ikhtiyaruddin Iuzbak</a> 1251-1257</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ijjauddin_Balban_Iuzbaki" title="Ijjauddin Balban Iuzbaki">Ijjauddin Balban Iuzbaki</a> 1257-1259</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatar_Khan" title="Tatar Khan">Tatar Khan</a> 1259-1268</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sher_Khan%28Bengal%29" title="Sher Khan(Bengal)">Sher Khan</a> 1268-1272</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amin_Khan" title="Amin Khan">Amin Khan</a> 1272-1272</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tughral_Tughan_Khan" title="Tughral Tughan Khan">Tughral Tughan Khan</a> 1272-1281 (<i>second term as Mughisuddin Tughral</i>)</li>
</ul>
<h3>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_rulers_of_Bengal&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Independent Balban Dynasty">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Independent_Balban_Dynasty">Independent Balban Dynasty</span></h3>
<table class="wikitable">
<tbody>
<tr>
<th width="180">Name</th>
<th width="80">Reign</th>
<th width="400">Notes</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasiruddin_Bughra_Khan" title="Nasiruddin Bughra Khan">Nasiruddin Bughra Khan</a></td>
<td>1281 –1291</td>
<td>As governor of Lakhnauti in 1281–1287 and as independent Sultan in 1287–1291.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rukunuddin_Kaikaus" title="Rukunuddin Kaikaus">Rukunuddin Kaikaus</a></td>
<td>1291–1300</td>
<td>First Muslim ruler to conquer <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satgaon" title="Satgaon">Satgaon</a> kingdom. Divided <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a> into two parts - <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakhnauti" title="Lakhnauti">Lakhnauti</a>.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamsuddin_Firoz_Shah" title="Shamsuddin Firoz Shah">Shamsuddin Firoz Shah</a></td>
<td>1300–1322</td>
<td>First Muslim ruler to conquer <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonargaon" title="Sonargaon">Sonargaon</a> region.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghiyasuddin_Bahadur_Shah" title="Ghiyasuddin Bahadur Shah">Ghiyasuddin Bahadur Shah</a></td>
<td>1322–1324</td>
<td>Lost independence of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a> to Delhi Sultan <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghiyasuddin_Tughlaq" title="Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq">Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq</a>.</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<h3>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_rulers_of_Bengal&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Governors of Bengal under Delhi Sultanate of Tughlaqs">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Governors_of_Bengal_under_Delhi_Sultanate_of_Tughlaqs">Governors of Bengal under Delhi Sultanate of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tughlaq_dynasty" title="Tughlaq dynasty">Tughlaqs</a></span></h3>
<table class="wikitable">
<tbody>
<tr>
<th width="180">Name</th>
<th width="100">Region</th>
<th width="80">Reign</th>
<th width="500">Notes</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghiyasuddin_Bahadur_Shah" title="Ghiyasuddin Bahadur Shah">Ghiyasuddin Bahadur Shah</a></td>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonargaon" title="Sonargaon">Sonargaon</a></td>
<td>1324–1328</td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahram_Khan" title="Bahram Khan">Bahram Khan</a></td>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonargaon" title="Sonargaon">Sonargaon</a></td>
<td>1328–1338</td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Qadar_Khan&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Qadar Khan (la pagina non esiste)">Qadar Khan</a></td>
<td><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakhnauti" title="Lakhnauti">Lakhnauti</a></td>
<td>1328–1336</td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mukhlis&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Mukhlis (la pagina non esiste)">Mukhlis</a></td>
<td><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakhnauti" title="Lakhnauti">Lakhnauti</a></td>
<td>1336–1339</td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azam_Khan" title="Azam Khan">Azam Khan</a></td>
<td><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satgaon" title="Satgaon">Satgaon</a></td>
<td>1324–1328</td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izzuddin_Yahya" title="Izzuddin Yahya">Izzuddin Yahya</a></td>
<td><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satgaon" title="Satgaon">Satgaon</a></td>
<td>1328–1339</td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<h3>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_rulers_of_Bengal&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Independent Sultans of Bengal during Delhi Sultanate of Tughlaqs">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Independent_Sultans_of_Bengal_during_Delhi_Sultanate_of_Tughlaqs">Independent Sultans of Bengal during Delhi Sultanate of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tughlaq_dynasty" title="Tughlaq dynasty">Tughlaqs</a></span></h3>
<table class="wikitable">
<tbody>
<tr>
<th width="180">Name</th>
<th width="100">Region</th>
<th width="80">Reign</th>
<th width="500">Notes</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fakhruddin_Mubarak_Shah" title="Fakhruddin Mubarak Shah">Fakhruddin Mubarak Shah</a></td>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonargaon" title="Sonargaon">Sonargaon</a></td>
<td>1338–1349</td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikhtiyaruddin_Ghazi_Shah" title="Ikhtiyaruddin Ghazi Shah">Ikhtiyaruddin Ghazi Shah</a></td>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonargaon" title="Sonargaon">Sonargaon</a></td>
<td>1349–1352</td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilyas_Shah" title="Ilyas Shah">Ilyas Shah</a></td>
<td><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satgaon" title="Satgaon">Satgaon</a></td>
<td>1339–1342</td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alauddin_Ali_Shah" title="Alauddin Ali Shah">Alauddin Ali Shah</a></td>
<td><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakhnauti" title="Lakhnauti">Lakhnauti</a></td>
<td>1339–1342</td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilyas_Shah" title="Ilyas Shah">Ilyas Shah</a></td>
<td><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakhnauti" title="Lakhnauti">Lakhnauti</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satgaon" title="Satgaon">Satgaon</a></td>
<td>1342–1352</td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<h3>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_rulers_of_Bengal&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: First rule of Ilyas Shahi dynasty">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="First_rule_of_Ilyas_Shahi_dynasty">First rule of Ilyas Shahi dynasty</span></h3>
<i>Main Article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilyas_Shahi_dynasty" title="Ilyas Shahi dynasty">Ilyas Shahi dynasty</a></i><br />
<table class="wikitable">
<tbody>
<tr>
<th width="180">Name</th>
<th width="80">Reign</th>
<th width="400">Notes</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilyas_Shah" title="Ilyas Shah">Ilyas Shah</a></td>
<td>1352–1358</td>
<td>Became the first sole ruler of whole <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a> comprising <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonargaon" title="Sonargaon">Sonargaon</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satgaon" title="Satgaon">Satgaon</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakhnauti" title="Lakhnauti">Lakhnauti</a>.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikandar_Shah" title="Sikandar Shah">Sikandar Shah</a></td>
<td>1358–1390</td>
<td>Assassinated by his son and successor, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghiyasuddin_Azam_Shah" title="Ghiyasuddin Azam Shah">Ghiyasuddin Azam Shah</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghiyasuddin_Azam_Shah" title="Ghiyasuddin Azam Shah">Ghiyasuddin Azam Shah</a></td>
<td>1390–1411</td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saifuddin_Hamza_Shah" title="Saifuddin Hamza Shah">Saifuddin Hamza Shah</a></td>
<td>1411–1412</td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shihabuddin_Bayazid_Shah" title="Shihabuddin Bayazid Shah">Shihabuddin Bayazid Shah</a></td>
<td>1412–1414</td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<h3>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_rulers_of_Bengal&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: House of Raja Ganesha">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="House_of_Raja_Ganesha">House of Raja Ganesha</span></h3>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalaluddin_Muhammad_Shah" title="Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah">Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah</a> 1415-1416</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raja_Ganesha" title="Raja Ganesha">Raja Ganesha</a> 1416-1418</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalaluddin_Muhammad_Shah" title="Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah">Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah</a> 1418-1433 (<i>second phase</i>)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamsuddin_Ahmad_Shah" title="Shamsuddin Ahmad Shah">Shamsuddin Ahmad Shah</a> 1433-1435</li>
</ul>
<h3>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_rulers_of_Bengal&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Second rule of Ilyas Shahi dynasty">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Second_rule_of_Ilyas_Shahi_dynasty">Second rule of Ilyas Shahi dynasty</span></h3>
<i>Main Article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilyas_Shahi_dynasty" title="Ilyas Shahi dynasty">Ilyas Shahi dynasty</a></i><br />
<ul>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmud_Shah_%28Sultan_of_Bengal%29" title="Mahmud Shah (Sultan of Bengal)">Nasiruddin Mahmud Shah</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1435" title="1435">1435</a>-1459</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rukunuddin_Barbak_Shah" title="Rukunuddin Barbak Shah">Rukunuddin Barbak Shah</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1459" title="1459">1459</a>-1474</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamsuddin_Yusuf_Shah" title="Shamsuddin Yusuf Shah">Shamsuddin Yusuf Shah</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1474" title="1474">1474</a>-1481</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikandar_Shah_II" title="Sikandar Shah II">Sikandar Shah II</a> 1481</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalaluddin_Fateh_Shah" title="Jalaluddin Fateh Shah">Jalaluddin Fateh Shah</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1481" title="1481">1481</a>-1487</li>
</ul>
<h3>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_rulers_of_Bengal&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Habshi dynasty">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Habshi_dynasty">Habshi dynasty</span></h3>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahzada_Barbak" title="Shahzada Barbak">Shahzada Barbak</a> 1487-1487</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saifuddin_Firuz_Shah" title="Saifuddin Firuz Shah">Saifuddin Firuz Shah</a> 1487-1489</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmud_Shah_II" title="Mahmud Shah II">Mahmud Shah II</a> 1489-1490</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamsuddin_Muzaffar_Shah" title="Shamsuddin Muzaffar Shah">Shamsuddin Muzaffar Shah</a> 1490-1494</li>
</ul>
<h3>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_rulers_of_Bengal&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Hussain Shahi dynasty">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Hussain_Shahi_dynasty"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hussain_Shahi_dynasty" title="Hussain Shahi dynasty">Hussain Shahi dynasty</a></span></h3>
<ul>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alauddin_Hussain_Shah" title="Alauddin Hussain Shah">Alauddin Hussain Shah</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1494" title="1494">1494</a>-1518</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasiruddin_Nasrat_Shah" title="Nasiruddin Nasrat Shah">Nasiruddin Nasrat Shah</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1518" title="1518">1518</a>-1533</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alauddin_Firuz_Shah" title="Alauddin Firuz Shah">Alauddin Firuz Shah</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1533" title="1533">1533</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghiyasuddin_Mahmud_Shah" title="Ghiyasuddin Mahmud Shah">Ghiyasuddin Mahmud Shah</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1533" title="1533">1533</a>-1538</li>
</ul>
<h3>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_rulers_of_Bengal&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Governors of the Sur dynasty">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Governors_of_the_Sur_dynasty">Governors of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sur_dynasty" title="Sur dynasty">Sur dynasty</a></span></h3>
<table class="wikitable">
<tbody>
<tr>
<th width="180">Name</th>
<th width="100">Reign</th>
<th width="500">Notes</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sher_Shah_Suri" title="Sher Shah Suri">Sher Shah Suri</a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;">1538–1539</td>
<td>Defeated Mughals and became the ruler of Delhi in 1540.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khidr_Khan%28Bengal%29" title="Khidr Khan(Bengal)">Khidr Khan</a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;">1538–1541</td>
<td>Attempted to declare independence from Delhi in 1541.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qazi_Fazilat" title="Qazi Fazilat">Qazi Fazilat</a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;">1541–1545</td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Khan_Sur" title="Muhammad Khan Sur">Muhammad Khan Sur</a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;">1545-1554</td>
<td>Declared independence from Delhi in 1554.</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<h3>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_rulers_of_Bengal&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Muhammad Shahi dynasty">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Muhammad_Shahi_dynasty">Muhammad Shahi dynasty</span></h3>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Khan_Sur" title="Muhammad Khan Sur">Muhammad Khan Sur</a> 1554–1555 as <i>Shamsuddin Mahmud Shah</i>, independent ruler of Bengal</li>
<li>Shahbaz Khan 1555–1555</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghiyasuddin_Bahadur_Shah_II" title="Ghiyasuddin Bahadur Shah II">Ghiyasuddin Bahadur Shah II</a> 1555–1561</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghiyasuddin_Jalal_Shah" title="Ghiyasuddin Jalal Shah">Ghiyasuddin Jalal Shah</a> 1561–1563</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghiyasuddin_Shah_III" title="Ghiyasuddin Shah III">Ghiyasuddin Shah III</a> 1563–1564<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Bengal#cite_note-1"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup></li>
</ul>
<h3>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_rulers_of_Bengal&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Karrani dynasty (Mughal vassals)">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Karrani_dynasty_.28Mughal_vassals.29">Karrani dynasty (Mughal <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vassals" title="Vassals">vassals</a>)</span></h3>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taj_Khan_Karrani" title="Taj Khan Karrani">Taj Khan Karrani</a> 1564-1566</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulaiman_Khan_Karrani" title="Sulaiman Khan Karrani">Sulaiman Khan Karrani</a> 1566-1572</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayazid_Khan_Karrani" title="Bayazid Khan Karrani">Bayazid Khan Karrani</a> 1572</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daoud_Shah_Karrani" title="Daoud Shah Karrani">Daoud Shah Karrani</a> 1572-1576</li>
</ul>
<h3>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_rulers_of_Bengal&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Mughal Subahdars of Bengal Subah (1565 – 1717)">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Mughal_Subahdars_of_Bengal_Subah_.281565_.E2.80.93_1717.29">Mughal <i>Subahdars</i> of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal_Subah" title="Bengal Subah">Bengal Subah</a> (1565 – 1717)</span></h3>
<h4>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_rulers_of_Bengal&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: During the reign of Akbar">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="During_the_reign_of_Akbar">During the reign of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akbar" title="Akbar">Akbar</a></span></h4>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munim_Khan" title="Munim Khan">Munim Khan</a>,<i>Khan-i-Khanan</i> 1574-1575</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khan_Jahan_I" title="Khan Jahan I">Hussain Quli Khan</a> 1575-1578</li>
<li><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muzaffar_Khan_Turbati&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Muzaffar Khan Turbati (la pagina non esiste)">Muzaffar Khan Turbati</a> 1579-1580</li>
<li><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mirza_Aziz_Koka&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Mirza Aziz Koka (la pagina non esiste)">Mirza Aziz Koka</a> 1582-1583</li>
<li><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wazir_Khan_Tajik&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Wazir Khan Tajik (la pagina non esiste)">Wazir Khan Tajik</a> 1583-1583</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Shahbaz_Khan_Kamboh" title="General Shahbaz Khan Kamboh">Shahbaz Khan Kambu</a> 1583-1585</li>
<li><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sadiq_Khan_%28Mughal_General%29&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Sadiq Khan (Mughal General) (la pagina non esiste)">Sadiq Khan</a> 1585-1586</li>
<li><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wazir_Khan_Tajik&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Wazir Khan Tajik (la pagina non esiste)">Wazir Khan Tajik</a> 1586-1587</li>
<li><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sa%27id_Khan&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Sa'id Khan (la pagina non esiste)">Sa'id Khan</a> 1587-1594</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man_Singh_I" title="Man Singh I">Raja Man Singh I</a> 1597 – 1606<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Bengal#cite_note-2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup></li>
</ul>
<h4>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_rulers_of_Bengal&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: During the reign of Jahangir">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="During_the_reign_of_Jahangir">During the reign of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jahangir" title="Jahangir">Jahangir</a></span></h4>
<table class="wikitable">
<tbody>
<tr>
<th width="180">Name</th>
<th width="170">Reign</th>
<th width="500">Notes</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qutubuddin_Koka" title="Qutubuddin Koka">Qutubuddin Koka</a></td>
<td>September 2, 1606 – 1607</td>
<td>killed in a battle against <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sher_Afghan" title="Sher Afghan">Sher Afghan</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jahangir_Quli_Beg" title="Jahangir Quli Beg">Jahangir Quli Beg</a></td>
<td>1607–1608</td>
<td>In early life, a slave of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akbar" title="Akbar">Akbar</a>'s brother, Mirza Muhammad Hakim</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_Khan_I" title="Islam Khan I">Islam Khan Chishti</a></td>
<td>1608-1613</td>
<td>first governor to transfer the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a> capital to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhaka" title="Dhaka">Dhaka</a> on April 1612</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qasim_Khan_Chishti" title="Qasim Khan Chishti">Qasim Khan Chishti</a></td>
<td>1613-1617</td>
<td>younger brother of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_Khan_I" title="Islam Khan I">Islam Khan Chishti</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahim_Khan_Fath-i-Jang" title="Ibrahim Khan Fath-i-Jang">Ibrahim Khan Fath-i-Jang</a></td>
<td>1617-1624</td>
<td>died in an attack by Prince <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahjahan" title="Shahjahan">Shahjahan</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahabat_Khan" title="Mahabat Khan">Mahabat Khan</a></td>
<td>1625-1626</td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muqarram_Khan" title="Muqarram Khan">Mukarram Khan</a></td>
<td>1626-1627</td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidai_Khan" title="Fidai Khan">Fidai Khan</a></td>
<td>1627-1628</td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<h4>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_rulers_of_Bengal&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: During the reign of Shah Jahan">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="During_the_reign_of_Shah_Jahan">During the reign of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Jahan" title="Shah Jahan">Shah Jahan</a></span></h4>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qasim_Khan_Juvayni" title="Qasim Khan Juvayni">Qasim Khan Juvayni</a> 1628-1632</li>
<li><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Azam_Khan_Koka&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Azam Khan Koka (la pagina non esiste)">Mir Muhammad Baqir</a> <i>Azam Khan</i> 1632-1635</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_Khan_II" title="Islam Khan II">Mir Abdus Salam</a> <i>Islam Khan Mashadi</i> 1635-1639</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Shuja_%28Mughal%29" title="Shah Shuja (Mughal)">Prince Shah Shuja</a> 1639-1647 again 1652-1660</li>
</ul>
<h4>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_rulers_of_Bengal&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: During the reign of Aurangzeb">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="During_the_reign_of_Aurangzeb">During the reign of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurangzeb" title="Aurangzeb">Aurangzeb</a></span></h4>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir_Jumla_II" title="Mir Jumla II">Mir Jumla II</a> 1660-1663</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaista_Khan" title="Shaista Khan">Shaista Khan</a> 1664-1678</li>
<li><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Azam_Khan_Koka&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Azam Khan Koka (la pagina non esiste)">Azam Khan Koka</a>, <i>Fidai Khan II</i> 1678-1678</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Azam_Shah" title="Muhammad Azam Shah">Prince Muhammad Azam</a> 20 July 1678 - 6 October 1679<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-bpedia_0-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Bengal#cite_note-bpedia-0"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaista_Khan" title="Shaista Khan">Shaista Khan</a> 1680-1688</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahim_Khan_II" title="Ibrahim Khan II">Ibrahim Khan ibn Ali Mardan Khan</a> 1688-1697</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahim_Khan_II" title="Ibrahim Khan II">Ibrahim Khan II</a> 1689-1697</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azim-us-Shan" title="Azim-us-Shan">Prince Azim-us-Shan</a> 1697-1712</li>
</ul>
<h4>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_rulers_of_Bengal&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Post Aurangzeb Subahdars">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Post_Aurangzeb_Subahdars">Post <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurangzeb" title="Aurangzeb">Aurangzeb</a> Subahdars</span></h4>
<ul>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azim-us-Shan" title="Azim-us-Shan">Prince Azim-us-Shan</a> 1697-1712</li>
<li><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khan-i-Alam&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Khan-i-Alam (la pagina non esiste)">Khan-i-Alam</a> 1712-1713</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farrukh_Siyar" title="Farrukh Siyar">Farrukh Siyar</a> 1713-1717</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murshid_Quli_Khan" title="Murshid Quli Khan">Murshid Quli Khan</a></li>
</ul>
<h3>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_rulers_of_Bengal&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Nawabs of Bengal">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Nawabs_of_Bengal">Nawabs of Bengal</span></h3>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murshid_Quli_Khan" title="Murshid Quli Khan">Murshid Quli Khan</a> 1717–1727</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuja-ud-Din_Muhammad_Khan" title="Shuja-ud-Din Muhammad Khan">Shuja-ud-Din Muhammad Khan</a> 1727–1739</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarfraz_Khan" title="Sarfraz Khan">Sarfaraz Khan</a> 1739–1740</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alivardi_Khan" title="Alivardi Khan">Alivardi Khan</a> 1740–1756</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siraj_Ud_Daulah" title="Siraj Ud Daulah">Siraj-ud-Daula</a> 1756–1757, last independent Nawab of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orissa" title="Orissa">Orissa</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir_Jafar" title="Mir Jafar">Mir Jafar Ali Khan</a> 1757–1760</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir_Qasim" title="Mir Qasim">Mir Qasim</a> 1760–1763</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir_Jafar" title="Mir Jafar">Mir Jafar Ali Khan</a> 1763–1765</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Najimuddin_Ali_Khan" title="Najimuddin Ali Khan">Najimuddin Ali Khan</a> 1765–1766</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Najabut_Ali_Khan" title="Najabut Ali Khan">Najabut Ali Khan</a> 1766–1770</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashraf_Ali_Khan" title="Ashraf Ali Khan">Ashraf Ali Khan</a> 1770-1770</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mubaraq_Ali_Khan" title="Mubaraq Ali Khan">Mubaraq Ali Khan</a> 1770–1793</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baber_Ali_Khan" title="Baber Ali Khan">Baber Ali Khan</a> 1793–1810</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zainul_Abedin_Ali_Khan" title="Zainul Abedin Ali Khan">Zainul Abedin Ali Khan</a> 1810–1821</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Ali_Khan" title="Ahmad Ali Khan">Ahmad Ali Khan</a> 1821–1824</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mubarak_Ali_Khan_II" title="Mubarak Ali Khan II">Mubarak Ali Khan II</a> 1824–1838</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansur_Ali_Khan_%28Nawab_of_Bengal%29" title="Mansur Ali Khan (Nawab of Bengal)">Mansur Ali Khan</a> 1838-1880 abdicated</li>
</ul>
<h3>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_rulers_of_Bengal&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Nawabs of Murshidabad">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Nawabs_of_Murshidabad">Nawabs of Murshidabad</span></h3>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassan_Ali_Mirza_Khan" title="Hassan Ali Mirza Khan">Hassan Ali Mirza Khan</a> 1882-1906</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasif_Ali_Mirza_Khan" title="Wasif Ali Mirza Khan">Wasif Ali Mirza Khan</a> 1906-1959</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waris_Ali_Mirza_Khan" title="Waris Ali Mirza Khan">Waris Ali Mirza Khan</a> 1959-1969</li>
</ul>
<h2>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_rulers_of_Bengal&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Hindu Raj">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Hindu_Raj">Hindu Raj</span></h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pratapaditya" title="Pratapaditya">Maharaja Pratap Aditya</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raja_Sitaram_Ray" title="Raja Sitaram Ray">Raja Sitaram Ray</a></li>
</ul>
<h3>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_rulers_of_Bengal&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Maharajas of Bhurshut">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Maharajas_of_Bhurshut">Maharajas of Bhurshut</span></h3>
<ul>
<li><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shivanarayan&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Shivanarayan (la pagina non esiste)">Shivanarayan</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudranarayan" title="Rudranarayan">Rudranarayan</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhavashankari" title="Bhavashankari">Bhavashankari</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pratapnarayan" title="Pratapnarayan">Pratapnarayan</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naranarayan_of_Bhurishrestha" title="Naranarayan of Bhurishrestha">Naranarayan</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakshminarayan_of_Bhurishrestha" title="Lakshminarayan of Bhurishrestha">Lakshminarayan</a></li>
</ul>
<h3>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_rulers_of_Bengal&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Maharajas of Bankura">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Maharajas_of_Bankura">Maharajas of Bankura</span></h3>
<h3>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_rulers_of_Bengal&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Maharajas of Koch kingdom">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Maharajas_of_Koch_kingdom">Maharajas of Koch kingdom</span></h3>
<h3>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_rulers_of_Bengal&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Maharajas of Midnapore">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Maharajas_of_Midnapore">Maharajas of Midnapore</span></h3>
<h3>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_rulers_of_Bengal&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Maharajas of Jessore kingdom">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Maharajas_of_Jessore_kingdom">Maharajas of Jessore kingdom</span></h3>
<h3>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_rulers_of_Bengal&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Maharajas of Khulna">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Maharajas_of_Khulna">Maharajas of Khulna</span></h3>
<h3>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_rulers_of_Bengal&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Maharajas of Sripur">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Maharajas_of_Sripur">Maharajas of Sripur</span></h3>
<h3>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_rulers_of_Bengal&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Maharajas of Nadia">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Maharajas_of_Nadia">Maharajas of Nadia</span></h3>
<h2>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_rulers_of_Bengal&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: British Colonial Period">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="British_Colonial_Period">British Colonial Period</span></h2>
<h3>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_rulers_of_Bengal&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Chief Agents (1701–1756)">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Chief_Agents_.281701.E2.80.931756.29">Chief Agents (1701–1756)</span></h3>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Eyre" title="Charles Eyre">Charles Eyre</a> 1700–1701</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Beard_%28colonial_administrator%29" title="John Beard (colonial administrator)">John Beard</a> 1701-1705</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Littleton_%28colonial_administrator%29" title="Edward Littleton (colonial administrator)">Edward Littleton</a> 1705–1705</li>
<li><i>Ruled by a council</i> 1705-1710</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Weltden" title="Anthony Weltden">Anthony Weltden</a> 20 July 1710-4 March 1711</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Russell_%28colonial_administrator%29" title="John Russell (colonial administrator)">John Russell</a> 4 Mar 1711 – 3 Dec 1713</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Hedges_%28colonial_administrator%29" title="Robert Hedges (colonial administrator)">Robert Hedges</a> 3 Dec 1713 - 12 Jan 1718</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Flake" title="Samuel Flake">Samuel Flake</a> 12 Jan 1718 - 17 Jan 1723</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Deane_%28colonial_administrator%29" title="John Deane (colonial administrator)">John Deane</a> 17 Jan 1723 - 30 Jan 1726</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Frankland" title="Henry Frankland">Henry Frankland</a> 30 Jan 1726 - 17 Sep 1728</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Stephenson_%28colonial_administrator%29" title="Edward Stephenson (colonial administrator)">Edward Stephenson</a> 17 Sep 1728 - 18 Sep 1728</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Deane_%28colonial_administrator%29" title="John Deane (colonial administrator)">John Deane</a> 18 Sep 1728 - 25 Feb 1732</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stackhouse_%28colonial_administrator%29" title="John Stackhouse (colonial administrator)">John Stackhouse</a> 25 Feb 1732 - 29 Jan 1739</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Broddyll" title="Thomas Broddyll">Thomas Broddyll</a> 29 Jan 1739 - 4 Feb 1746</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Forster_%28colonial_administrator%29" title="John Forster (colonial administrator)">John Forster</a> 4 Feb 1746 - 18 Apr 1748</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Barwell" title="William Barwell">William Barwell</a> 18 Apr 1748 - 17 Jun 1749</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Dawson_%28colonial_administrator%29" title="Adam Dawson (colonial administrator)">Adam Dawson</a> 17 Jun 1749 - 5 Jun 1752</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Fytche" title="William Fytche">William Fytche</a> 8 Augt 1752 - Oct 1756</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Drake_%28colonial_administrator%29" title="Roger Drake (colonial administrator)">Roger Drake</a> 8 Aug 1752 - Oct 1756</li>
</ul>
<h3>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_rulers_of_Bengal&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Governors (1757–1854)">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Governors_.281757.E2.80.931854.29">Governors (1757–1854)</span></h3>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Clive,_1st_Baron_Clive" title="Robert Clive, 1st Baron Clive">Robert Clive</a> 1757-1760</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Vansittart" title="Henry Vansittart">Henry Vansittart</a> 1760-1764</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Clive,_1st_Baron_Clive" title="Robert Clive, 1st Baron Clive">Robert Clive</a> 1765-1766</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Verelst_%28colonial_governor%29" title="Harry Verelst (colonial governor)">Harry Verelst</a> 1767-1769</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cartier" title="John Cartier">John Cartier</a> 1769-1772</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_Hastings" title="Warren Hastings">Warren Hastings</a> 1772-1774</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Cornwallis,_1st_Marquess_Cornwallis" title="Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis">Charles Cornwallis</a> 1786-1793</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wellesley,_1st_Marquess_Wellesley" title="Richard Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley">Richard Wellesley</a> 1797-1805</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Cornwallis,_1st_Marquess_Cornwallis" title="Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis">Charles Cornwallis</a> 1805-1805</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Broun-Ramsay,_1st_Marquess_of_Dalhousie" title="James Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie">James Broun-Ramsay</a> 1848-1854</li>
</ul>
<h3>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_rulers_of_Bengal&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Lieutenant-Governors (1854–1912)">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Lieutenant-Governors_.281854.E2.80.931912.29">Lieutenant-Governors (1854–1912)</span></h3>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_James_Halliday" title="Frederick James Halliday">Frederick James Halliday</a> 1854–1859</li>
<li>John Grant 1859–1862</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Cecil_Beadon" title="Sir Cecil Beadon">Sir Cecil Beadon</a> 1862–1866</li>
<li><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sir_William_Grey&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Sir William Grey (la pagina non esiste)">Sir William Grey</a> 1866–1871</li>
<li>George Campbell 1871–1874</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Richard_Temple,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Richard Temple, 1st Baronet">Sir Richard Temple</a> 1874–1877</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashley_Eden" title="Ashley Eden">Sir Ashley Eden</a> 1877–1879</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steuart_Bayley" title="Steuart Bayley">Steuart Bayley</a> 1879–1882</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Augustus_Thompson" title="Sir Augustus Thompson">Sir Augustus Thompson</a> 1882–1885</li>
<li><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Horace_Cockerell&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Horace Cockerell (la pagina non esiste)">Horace Cockerell</a> 1885–1887</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Steuart_Bayley" title="Sir Steuart Bayley">Sir Steuart Bayley</a> 1887–1890</li>
<li>Charles Elliot 1890–1893</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_MacDonnell" title="Anthony MacDonnell">Anthony MacDonnell</a> 1893–1895</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Mackenzie_%28civil_servant%29" title="Alexander Mackenzie (civil servant)">Alexander Mackenzie</a> 1895–1897</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Cecil_Stevens" title="Charles Cecil Stevens">Charles Cecil Stevens</a> 1897–1898</li>
<li>Sir John Woodburn 1898–1902</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Bourdillon" title="James Bourdillon">James Bourdillon</a> 1902–1903</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Andrew_Fraser" title="Sir Andrew Fraser">Sir Andrew Fraser</a> 1903–1906</li>
<li><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lancelot_Hare&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Lancelot Hare (la pagina non esiste)">Lancelot Hare</a> 1906–1906</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Slacke" title="Francis Slacke">Francis Slacke</a> 1906–1908</li>
<li><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sir_Edward_Baker&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Sir Edward Baker (la pagina non esiste)">Sir Edward Baker</a> 1908–1911</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Duke" title="William Duke">Sir William Duke</a> 1911–1912</li>
</ul>
<h3>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_rulers_of_Bengal&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Governors (1912–1947)">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Governors_.281912.E2.80.931947.29">Governors (1912–1947)</span></h3>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Gibson-Carmichael,_1st_Baron_Carmichael" title="Thomas Gibson-Carmichael, 1st Baron Carmichael">Thomas Gibson-Carmichael, 1st Baron Carmichael</a> 1912–1917</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Dundas,_2nd_Marquess_of_Zetland" title="Lawrence Dundas, 2nd Marquess of Zetland">Lawrence Dundas, 2nd Marquess of Zetland</a> as <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_of_Ronaldshay" title="Earl of Ronaldshay">Earl of Ronaldshay</a> 1917–1922</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Bulwer-Lytton,_2nd_Earl_of_Lytton" title="Victor Bulwer-Lytton, 2nd Earl of Lytton">Victor Bulwer-Lytton, 2nd Earl of Lytton</a> 1922–1927</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Jackson" title="Stanley Jackson">Sir Stanley Jackson</a> 1927–1932</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Anderson,_1st_Viscount_Waverley" title="John Anderson, 1st Viscount Waverley">Sir John Anderson</a> 1932–1937</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Knatchbull,_5th_Baron_Brabourne" title="Michael Knatchbull, 5th Baron Brabourne">Michael Knatchbull, 5th Baron Brabourne</a> 1937–1939</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Arthur_Herbert" title="John Arthur Herbert">John Arthur Herbert</a> 1939–1943</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Casey,_Baron_Casey" title="Richard Casey, Baron Casey">Sir Richard Casey</a> 1944–1946</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Burrows" title="Frederick Burrows">Sir Frederick Burrows</a> 1946–1947</li>
</ul>
<h2>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_rulers_of_Bengal&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: After Independence of India and Pakistan">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="After_Independence_of_India_and_Pakistan">After Independence of India and Pakistan</span></h2>
British colonial period ended when <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> became independent nations in 1947. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a> fell into two parts - one in India, named <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a> and the other part in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Pakistan" title="East Pakistan">East Pakistan</a>.<br />
<h3>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_rulers_of_Bengal&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Governors of West Bengal">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Governors_of_West_Bengal">Governors of West Bengal</span></h3>
<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tbody>
<tr style="background: #ccc;">
<td><b>#</b></td>
<td><b>Name</b></td>
<td><b>Took Office</b></td>
<td><b>Left Office</b></td>
</tr>
<tr style="background: #def;">
<td>1</td>
<td><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chakravarthi_Rajagopalachari" title="Chakravarthi Rajagopalachari">Chakravarthi Rajagopalachari</a></td>
<td>1947</td>
<td>1948</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background: #def;">
<td>2</td>
<td><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kailash_Nathi_Katju&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Kailash Nathi Katju (la pagina non esiste)">Kailash Nathi Katju</a></td>
<td>1948</td>
<td>1951</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background: #def;">
<td>3</td>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harendra_Coomar_Mookerjee" title="Harendra Coomar Mookerjee">Harendra Coomar Mookerjee</a></td>
<td>1951</td>
<td>1956</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background: #def;">
<td>4</td>
<td><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phani_Bhusan_Chakraborty&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Phani Bhusan Chakraborty (la pagina non esiste)">Phani Bhusan Chakraborty</a></td>
<td>1956</td>
<td>1956</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background: #def;">
<td>5</td>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padmaja_Naidu" title="Padmaja Naidu">Padmaja Naidu</a></td>
<td>1956</td>
<td>1967</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background: #def;">
<td>6</td>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharma_Vira" title="Dharma Vira">Dharma Vira</a></td>
<td>1967</td>
<td>1969</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background: #def;">
<td>7</td>
<td><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deep_Narayan_Sinha&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Deep Narayan Sinha (la pagina non esiste)">Deep Narayan Sinha</a></td>
<td>1969</td>
<td>1969</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background: #def;">
<td>8</td>
<td><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shanti_Swaroop_Dhavan&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Shanti Swaroop Dhavan (la pagina non esiste)">Shanti Swaroop Dhavan</a></td>
<td>1969</td>
<td>1971</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background: #def;">
<td>9</td>
<td><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anthony_Lancelot_Dias&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Anthony Lancelot Dias (la pagina non esiste)">Anthony Lancelot Dias</a></td>
<td>1971</td>
<td>1979</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background: #def;">
<td>10</td>
<td><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribhuvana_Narayana_Singh" title="Tribhuvana Narayana Singh">Tribhuvana Narayana Singh</a></td>
<td>1979</td>
<td>1981</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background: #def;">
<td>11</td>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhairab_Dutt_Pande" title="Bhairab Dutt Pande">Bhairab Dutt Pande</a></td>
<td>1981</td>
<td>1983</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background: #def;">
<td>12</td>
<td><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anant_Prasad_Sharma&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Anant Prasad Sharma (la pagina non esiste)">Anant Prasad Sharma</a></td>
<td>1983</td>
<td>1984</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background: #def;">
<td>13</td>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satish_Chandra" title="Satish Chandra">Satish Chandra</a></td>
<td>1984</td>
<td>1984</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background: #def;">
<td>14</td>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uma_Shankar_Dikshit" title="Uma Shankar Dikshit">Uma Shankar Dikshit</a></td>
<td>1984</td>
<td>1986</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background: #def;">
<td>15</td>
<td><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nurul_Hasan" title="Nurul Hasan">Nurul Hasan</a></td>
<td>1986</td>
<td>1989</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background: #def;">
<td>16</td>
<td><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=T._V._Rajeshwar&action=edit&redlink=1" title="T. V. Rajeshwar (la pagina non esiste)">T. V. Rajeshwar</a></td>
<td>1989</td>
<td>1990</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background: #def;">
<td>17</td>
<td><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nurul_Hasan" title="Nurul Hasan">Nurul Hasan</a></td>
<td>1990</td>
<td>1993</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background: #def;">
<td>18</td>
<td><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=B._Satyanarayan_Reddy&action=edit&redlink=1" title="B. Satyanarayan Reddy (la pagina non esiste)">B. Satyanarayan Reddy</a></td>
<td>1993</td>
<td>1993</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background: #def;">
<td>19</td>
<td><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=K.V._Raghunatha_Reddy&action=edit&redlink=1" title="K.V. Raghunatha Reddy (la pagina non esiste)">K.V. Raghunatha Reddy</a></td>
<td>1993</td>
<td>1998</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background: #def;">
<td>20</td>
<td><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.R._Kidwai" title="A.R. Kidwai">A.R. Kidwai</a></td>
<td>1998</td>
<td>1999</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background: #def;">
<td>21</td>
<td><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shyamal_Kumar_Sen&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Shyamal Kumar Sen (la pagina non esiste)">Shyamal Kumar Sen</a></td>
<td>1999</td>
<td>1999</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background: #def;">
<td>22</td>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viren_J._Shah" title="Viren J. Shah">Viren J. Shah</a></td>
<td>1999</td>
<td>2004</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background: #def;">
<td>23</td>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gopalkrishna_Gandhi" title="Gopalkrishna Gandhi">Gopalkrishna Gandhi</a></td>
<td>2004</td>
<td>2009</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background: #def;">
<td>24</td>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devanand_Konwar" title="Devanand Konwar">Devanand Konwar</a></td>
<td>2009</td>
<td>2010</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background: #def;">
<td>25</td>
<td><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayankote_Kelath_Narayanan" title="Mayankote Kelath Narayanan">Mayankote Kelath Narayanan</a></td>
<td>2010</td>
<td>present</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<h3>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_rulers_of_Bengal&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Chief Ministers of West Bengal">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Chief_Ministers_of_West_Bengal">Chief Ministers of West Bengal</span></h3>
<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tbody>
<tr style="text-align: center;">
<th style="background: #d3d3d3;">Key:</th>
<td style="background: #e4e8ff;"><i>INC</i><br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a></td>
<td style="background: #00bfff;"><i>BC-UF</i><br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangla_Congress" title="Bangla Congress">Bangla Congress</a></td>
<td style="background: #ff033e;"><i>CPI(M)</i><br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India_%28Marxist%29" title="Communist Party of India (Marxist)">Communist Party of India (Marxist)</a></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tbody>
<tr style="background: #e5e4e2;">
<td><b>#</b></td>
<td><b>Name</b></td>
<td><b>Took Office</b></td>
<td><b>Left Office</b></td>
<td><b>Political Party</b></td>
</tr>
<tr style="background: #e4e8ff;">
<td>1</td>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prafulla_Chandra_Ghosh" title="Prafulla Chandra Ghosh">Prafulla Chandra Ghosh</a></td>
<td>15 August 1947</td>
<td>14 January 1948</td>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a></td>
</tr>
<tr style="background: #e4e8ff;">
<td>2</td>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bidhan_Chandra_Roy" title="Bidhan Chandra Roy">Bidhan Chandra Roy</a></td>
<td>14 January 1948</td>
<td>1 July 1962</td>
<td>Indian National Congress</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background: #aaa;">
<td style="background: #aaa;"><br /></td>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President%27s_rule" title="President's rule">President's rule</a></td>
<td>1 July 1962</td>
<td>8 July 1962</td>
<td style="background: #aaa;"><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr style="background: #e4e8ff;">
<td>3</td>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prafulla_Chandra_Sen" title="Prafulla Chandra Sen">Prafulla Chandra Sen</a></td>
<td>8 July 1962</td>
<td>15 March 1967</td>
<td>Indian National Congress</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #00bfff;">4</td>
<td style="background: #00bfff;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajoy_Kumar_Mukherjee" title="Ajoy Kumar Mukherjee">Ajoy Kumar Mukherjee</a></td>
<td style="background: #00bfff;">15 March 1967</td>
<td style="background: #00bfff;">2 November 1967</td>
<td style="background: #00bfff;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangla_Congress" title="Bangla Congress">Bangla Congress</a> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Front_%281967%29" title="United Front (1967)">United Front</a></td>
</tr>
<tr style="background: #00bfff;">
<td>5</td>
<td>Prafulla Chandra Ghosh</td>
<td>2 November 1967</td>
<td>20 February 1968</td>
<td>Nonparty in Progressive Democratic Alliance Front</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background: #aaa;">
<td style="background: #aaa;"><br /></td>
<td>President's rule</td>
<td>20 February 1968</td>
<td>25 February 1969</td>
<td style="background: #aaa;"><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr style="background: #00bfff;">
<td>6</td>
<td>Ajoy Kumar Mukherjee</td>
<td>25 February 1969</td>
<td>19 March 1970</td>
<td>Bangla Congress in United Front</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background: #aaa;">
<td style="background: #aaa;"><br /></td>
<td>President's rule</td>
<td>19 March 1970</td>
<td>2 April 1971</td>
<td style="background: #aaa;"><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr style="background: #e4e8ff;">
<td>7</td>
<td>Ajoy Kumar Mukherjee</td>
<td>2 April 1971</td>
<td>28 June 1971</td>
<td>Indian National Congress in coalition</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background: #aaa;">
<td style="background: #aaa;"><br /></td>
<td>President's rule</td>
<td>28 June 1971</td>
<td>19 March 1972</td>
<td style="background: #aaa;"><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr style="background: #e4e8ff;">
<td>8</td>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddhartha_Shankar_Ray" title="Siddhartha Shankar Ray">Siddhartha Shankar Ray</a></td>
<td>19 March 1972</td>
<td>21 June 1977</td>
<td>Indian National Congress</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background: #ff033e;">
<td>9</td>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jyoti_Basu" title="Jyoti Basu">Jyoti Basu</a></td>
<td>21 June 1977</td>
<td>6 November 2000</td>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India_%28Marxist%29" title="Communist Party of India (Marxist)">Communist Party of India (Marxist)</a> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left_Front" title="Left Front">Left Front</a></td>
</tr>
<tr style="background: #ff033e;">
<td>10</td>
<td><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhadeb_Bhattacharya" title="Buddhadeb Bhattacharya">Buddhadeb Bhattacharya</a></td>
<td>6 November 2000</td>
<td>13 May 2011</td>
<td>Communist Party of India (Marxist) in Left Front</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background: #e4e8ff;">
<td>11</td>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamata_Banerjee" title="Mamata Banerjee">Mamata Banerjee</a></td>
<td>20 May 2011</td>
<td><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incumbent" title="Incumbent">Incumbent</a></i></td>
<td>All India Trinamool Congress</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<h3>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_rulers_of_Bengal&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Governor of East Pakistan">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Governor_of_East_Pakistan">Governor of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Pakistan" title="East Pakistan">East Pakistan</a></span></h3>
<table class="wikitable">
<tbody>
<tr>
<th>Tenure</th>
<th>Chief Minister of East Pakistan</th>
<th>Political Party</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>August 1955 - September 1956</td>
<td>Abu Hussain Sarkar</td>
<td>Krishan Sramik Party</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>September 1956 - March 1958</td>
<td>Ata-ur-Rahman Khan</td>
<td><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awami_League" title="Awami League">Awami League</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>March 1958</td>
<td>Abu Hussain Sarkar</td>
<td>Krishan Sramik Party</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>March 1958 - 18 June 1958</td>
<td>Ata-ur-Rahman Khan</td>
<td>Awami League</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>18 June 1958 - 22 June 1958</td>
<td>Abu Hussain Sarkar</td>
<td>Krishan Sramik Party</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>22 June 1958 - 25 August 1958</td>
<td>Governor's Rule</td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>25 August 1958 - 7 October 1958</td>
<td>Ata-ur-Rahman Khan</td>
<td>Awami League</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
In 7 October 1958, the post of Governor of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Pakistan" title="East Pakistan">East Pakistan</a> was abolished. And after the independence of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> in 16 December 1971, the Province of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Pakistan" title="East Pakistan">East Pakistan</a> was dissolved.<br />
<h2>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_rulers_of_Bengal&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: After independence of Bangladesh">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="After_independence_of_Bangladesh">After independence of Bangladesh</span></h2>
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Pakistan" title="East Pakistan">East Pakistan</a> seceded from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Pakistan" title="West Pakistan">West Pakistan</a> in 16 December 1971 and named <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> as an independent nation.<br />
<br />
<h3>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_rulers_of_Bengal&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Prime Ministers of Bangladesh">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Prime_Ministers_of_Bangladesh">Prime Ministers of Bangladesh</span></h3>
<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><br /></td>
<td><b>Name</b></td>
<td><b>Took Office</b></td>
<td><b>Left Office</b></td>
<td><b>Party</b></td>
</tr>
<tr style="background: #e9dfcc;">
<td>1</td>
<td><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajuddin_Ahmed" title="Tajuddin Ahmed">Tajuddin Ahmed</a></td>
<td>11 April 1971</td>
<td>13 January 1972</td>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Awami_League" title="Bangladesh Awami League">Awami League</a></td>
</tr>
<tr style="background: #e9dfcc;">
<td>2</td>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheikh_Mujibur_Rahman" title="Sheikh Mujibur Rahman">Sheikh Mujibur Rahman</a></td>
<td>13 January 1972</td>
<td>26 January 1975</td>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Awami_League" title="Bangladesh Awami League">Awami League</a></td>
</tr>
<tr style="background: #e9dfcc;">
<td>3</td>
<td><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Mansoor_Ali" title="Mohammad Mansoor Ali">Mohammad Mansoor Ali</a></td>
<td>26 January 1975</td>
<td>15 August 1975</td>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Awami_League" title="Bangladesh Awami League">Awami League</a></td>
</tr>
<tr style="background: #dfd;">
<td>4</td>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Azizur_Rahman" title="Shah Azizur Rahman">Shah Azizur Rahman</a></td>
<td>15 April 1979</td>
<td>24 March 1982</td>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Nationalist_Party" title="Bangladesh Nationalist Party">Bangladesh Nationalist Party</a></td>
</tr>
<tr style="background: #def;">
<td>5</td>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ataur_Rahman_Khan" title="Ataur Rahman Khan">Ataur Rahman Khan</a></td>
<td>30 March 1984</td>
<td>9 July 1986</td>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jatiya_Party" title="Jatiya Party">Jatiya Party</a></td>
</tr>
<tr style="background: #def;">
<td>6</td>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mizanur_Rahman_Chowdhury" title="Mizanur Rahman Chowdhury">Mizanur Rahman Chowdhury</a></td>
<td>9 July 1986</td>
<td>27 March 1988</td>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jatiya_Party" title="Jatiya Party">Jatiya Party</a></td>
</tr>
<tr style="background: #def;">
<td>7</td>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moudud_Ahmed" title="Moudud Ahmed">Moudud Ahmed</a></td>
<td>27 March 1988</td>
<td>12 August 1989</td>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jatiya_Party" title="Jatiya Party">Jatiya Party</a></td>
</tr>
<tr style="background: #def;">
<td>8</td>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazi_Zafar_Ahmed" title="Kazi Zafar Ahmed">Kazi Zafar Ahmed</a></td>
<td>12 August 1989</td>
<td>6 December 1990</td>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jatiya_Party" title="Jatiya Party">Jatiya Party</a></td>
</tr>
<tr style="background: #dfd;">
<td>9</td>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khaleda_Zia" title="Khaleda Zia">Khaleda Zia</a>,</td>
<td>20 March 1991</td>
<td>30 March 1996</td>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Nationalist_Party" title="Bangladesh Nationalist Party">Bangladesh Nationalist Party</a></td>
</tr>
<tr style="background: #e9dfcc;">
<td>10</td>
<td><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheikh_Hasina_Wazed" title="Sheikh Hasina Wazed">Sheikh Hasina Wazed</a></td>
<td>23 June 1996</td>
<td>15 July 2001</td>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Awami_League" title="Bangladesh Awami League">Awami League</a></td>
</tr>
<tr style="background: #dfd;">
<td>11</td>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khaleda_Zia" title="Khaleda Zia">Khaleda Zia</a>, 2nd term</td>
<td>10 October 2001</td>
<td>29 October 2006</td>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Nationalist_Party" title="Bangladesh Nationalist Party">Bangladesh Nationalist Party</a></td>
</tr>
<tr style="background: #e9dfcc;">
<td>12</td>
<td><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheikh_Hasina_Wazed" title="Sheikh Hasina Wazed">Sheikh Hasina Wazed</a>, 2nd term</td>
<td>1 January 2009</td>
<td><i>incumbent</i></td>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Awami_League" title="Bangladesh Awami League">Awami League</a></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<h2>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_rulers_of_Bengal&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h2>
<div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;">
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-bpedia-0">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Bengal#cite_ref-bpedia_0-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Bengal#cite_ref-bpedia_0-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text">ABM Shamsuddin Ahmed, <a class="external text" href="http://www.banglapedia.org/httpdocs/HT/I_0026.HTM" rel="nofollow">Iltutmish</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banglapedia" title="Banglapedia">Banglapedia</a>: The National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiatic_Society" title="Asiatic Society">Asiatic Society</a> of Bangladesh, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhaka" title="Dhaka">Dhaka</a>, <i>Retrieved: 2012-02-18</i></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-1"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Bengal#cite_ref-1">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://books.google.ca/books?id=i4tsWh7mRwYC&pg=PA124&lpg=PA124&source=bl&ots=pJcAMv-VFJ&sig=diwzpzoctGcrsACp681fFtOJyls&hl=en&ei=wiapSbfvH5DCMdTn3eUC&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=2&ct=result#v=onepage&q&f=false" rel="nofollow">Encyclopaedia Of Bangladesh (Set Of 30 Vols.) By Nagendra Kr. Singh</a></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Bengal#cite_ref-2">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Sarkar, Jadunath (1984, reprint 1994). <i>A History of Jaipur</i>, New Delhi: Orient Longman <a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/8125003339">ISBN 81 250 0333 9</a>, pp.86-87</span></li>
</ol>
</div>
<h2>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_rulers_of_Bengal&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span></h2>
<ul>
<li>Sirajul Islam, <a class="external text" href="http://www.banglapedia.org/httpdocs/HT/S_0569.HTM" rel="nofollow">Subahdar</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banglapedia" title="Banglapedia">Banglapedia</a>: The National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiatic_Society" title="Asiatic Society">Asiatic Society</a> of Bangladesh, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhaka" title="Dhaka">Dhaka</a>, <i>Retrieved: 2011-05-16</i></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://www.historyfiles.co.uk/KingListsFarEast/IndiaBengal.htm" rel="nofollow">KingListsFarEast</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="articleFeedback" id="mw-articlefeedback">
<div class="articleFeedback-panel">
<div class="articleFeedback-buffer articleFeedback-ui">
<div class="articleFeedback-switch articleFeedback-switch-report articleFeedback-visibleWith-form" rel="report">
View page ratings</div>
<div class="articleFeedback-title articleFeedback-visibleWith-form">
Rate this page</div>
<div class="articleFeedback-explanation articleFeedback-visibleWith-form">
<a class="articleFeedback-explanation-link" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Article%20Feedback%20Tool">What's this?</a></div>
<div class="articleFeedback-ratings">
<div class="articleFeedback-rating" rel="trustworthy">
<div class="articleFeedback-label">
Trustworthy</div>
<div class="articleFeedback-rating-labels articleFeedback-visibleWith-form">
</div>
<div class="articleFeedback-visibleWith-form">
</div>
</div>
<div class="articleFeedback-rating" rel="objective">
<div class="articleFeedback-label">
Objective</div>
<div class="articleFeedback-rating-labels articleFeedback-visibleWith-form">
</div>
<div class="articleFeedback-visibleWith-form">
</div>
</div>
<div class="articleFeedback-rating" rel="complete">
<div class="articleFeedback-label">
Complete</div>
<div class="articleFeedback-rating-labels articleFeedback-visibleWith-form">
</div>
<div class="articleFeedback-visibleWith-form">
</div>
</div>
<div class="articleFeedback-rating" rel="wellwritten">
<div class="articleFeedback-label">
Well-written</div>
<div class="articleFeedback-rating-labels articleFeedback-visibleWith-form">
</div>
<div class="articleFeedback-visibleWith-form">
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="articleFeedback-options">
<div class="articleFeedback-expertise articleFeedback-visibleWith-form">
<input disabled="disabled" id="articleFeedback-expertise-general" type="checkbox" value="general" /><label class="articleFeedback-expertise-disabled" for="articleFeedback-expertise-general">I am highly knowledgeable about this topic (optional)</label> </div>
</div>
<div class="articleFeedback-notices articleFeedback-visibleWith-form">
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="catlinks" id="catlinks">
<div class="mw-normal-catlinks" id="mw-normal-catlinks">
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Categories" title="Special:Categories">Categories</a>: <ul>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Dynasties_of_Bengal" title="Category:Dynasties of Bengal">Dynasties of Bengal</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:History_of_Bengal" title="Category:History of Bengal">History of Bengal</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Rulers_of_Bengal" title="Category:Rulers of Bengal">Rulers of Bengal</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="noprint" id="mw-head">
<div class="" id="p-personal">
<ul>
<li id="pt-login"><a accesskey="o" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=List+of+rulers+of+Bengal&campaign=ACP2" title="You are encouraged to log in; however, it is not mandatory. [alt-shift-o]">Log in / create account</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div id="left-navigation">
<div class="vectorTabs" id="p-namespaces">
<ul>
<li class="selected" id="ca-nstab-main"><span><a accesskey="c" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Bengal" title="View the content page [alt-shift-c]">Article</a></span></li>
<li id="ca-talk"><span><a accesskey="t" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:List_of_rulers_of_Bengal" title="Discussion about the content page [alt-shift-t]">Talk</a></span></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div id="right-navigation">
<div class="vectorTabs" id="p-views">
<ul>
<li class="selected" id="ca-view"><span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Bengal">Read</a></span></li>
<li id="ca-edit"><span><a accesskey="e" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_rulers_of_Bengal&action=edit" title="You can edit this page.
Please use the preview button before saving. [alt-shift-e]">Edit</a></span></li>
<li class="collapsible" id="ca-history"><span><a accesskey="h" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_rulers_of_Bengal&action=history" title="Past versions of this page [alt-shift-h]">View history</a></span></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div id="p-search">
<form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform">
<div id="simpleSearch">
<input accesskey="f" autocomplete="off" id="searchInput" name="search" placeholder="Search" tabindex="1" title="Search Wikipedia [alt-shift-f]" type="text" value="" />
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="noprint collapsible-nav" id="mw-panel">
<div class="portal first persistent" id="p-navigation">
<div class="body">
<ul>
<li id="n-mainpage-description"><a accesskey="z" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [alt-shift-z]">Main page</a></li>
<li id="n-contents"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li>
<li id="n-featuredcontent"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Featured_content" title="Featured content – the best of Wikipedia">Featured content</a></li>
<li id="n-currentevents"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Find background information on current events">Current events</a></li>
<li id="n-randompage"><a accesskey="x" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Random" title="Load a random article [alt-shift-x]">Random article</a></li>
<li id="n-sitesupport"><a href="http://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Special:Landingcheck?landing_page=WMFJA085&language=en&utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=20101204SB002" title="Support us">Donate to Wikipedia</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="portal expanded" id="p-interaction">
<h5 tabindex="2">
Interaction</h5>
<div class="body" style="display: block;">
<ul>
<li id="n-help"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li>
<li id="n-aboutsite"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Find out about Wikipedia">About Wikipedia</a></li>
<li id="n-portal"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="About the project, what you can do, where to find things">Community portal</a></li>
<li id="n-recentchanges"><a accesskey="r" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes in the wiki [alt-shift-r]">Recent changes</a></li>
<li id="n-contact"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact Wikipedia</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="portal collapsed" id="p-tb">
<h5 tabindex="3">
Toolbox</h5>
</div>
<div class="portal collapsed" id="p-coll-print_export">
<h5 tabindex="4">
Print/export</h5>
</div>
<div class="portal expanded" id="p-lang">
<h5 tabindex="5">
Languages</h5>
<div class="body" style="display: block;">
<ul>
<li class="interwiki-bn"><a href="http://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A3" hreflang="bn" lang="bn" title="বাংলার শাসকগণ">বাংলা</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<ul id="footer-info">
<li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last modified on 2 April 2012 at 12:13.</li>
<li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_3.0_Unported_License" rel="license">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License</a>;
additional terms may apply.
See <a href="http://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Terms_of_use">Terms of use</a> for details.<br />
Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a href="http://www.wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li>
<li class="noprint"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact us</a></li>
</ul>Rowannyahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11315383992304973275noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2089436399604203314.post-34969071782690741192012-04-03T02:35:00.000-07:002012-04-03T02:35:09.983-07:00161 - The Rohingya<!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin:0in;
mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-ansi-language:#0400;
mso-fareast-language:#0400;
mso-bidi-language:#0400;}
</style>
<![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:UseFELayout/>
</w:Compatibility>
<w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel>
</w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" LatentStyleCount="156">
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if !mso]><img src="http://img2.blogblog.com/img/video_object.png" style="background-color: #b2b2b2; " class="BLOGGER-object-element tr_noresize tr_placeholder" id="ieooui" data-original-id="ieooui" />
<style>
st1\:*{behavior:url(#ieooui) }
</style>
<![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin:0in;
mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-ansi-language:#0400;
mso-fareast-language:#0400;
mso-bidi-language:#0400;}
</style>
<![endif]-->
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<h2 style="color: red; text-align: center;">
<strong><span style="font-family: Zawgyi-One;">The Rohingya</span></strong></h2>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<strong><span style="font-family: Zawgyi-One;">By Dr. Habib Siddiqui </span></strong></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Zawgyi-One;"><a href="http://theamericanmuslim.org/tam.php/features/articles/a_long_history_of_injustice_ignored_rohningya_the_forgotten_people_of_our_t/" target="_blank">http://theamericanmuslim.org/</a></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Zawgyi-One;">An often-practiced devious way to grab someones
land is to deny his right to that property. Nothing could be more horrific when
a government itself gets into such a criminal practice. The most glaring
example of such a crime can be seen in the practices of the regimes that have
ruled Burma (now Myanmar) since its independence from Britain in 1948 (esp.
since 1962 when Gen. Ne Win came to power). In our times, one can hardly find a
regime that has been so atrocious, so inhuman and so barbarous in its denial of
basic human rights to a people that trace their origin to the land for nearly a
millennium. [1[ The victims are the <strong><span style="font-family: Zawgyi-One;">Rohingya</span></strong>
Muslims living in the Arakan (now Rakhine) state. They have become the
forgotten people of our time. The Burma Citizenship Law of 1982 has reduced
them to the status of ғStateless. </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Zawgyi-One;">The ruling junta in Myanmar do not want to know
and let others know that the Rohingyas have a long <strong><span style="font-family: Zawgyi-One;">history</span></strong>, a language, a heritage,
a culture and a tradition of their own that they had built up in the Arakan
through their long <strong><span style="font-family: Zawgyi-One;">history</span></strong>
of existence there. Through their criminal propaganda - to garner support among
the Buddhist majority - they have been feeding so much misinformation against
the <strong><span style="font-family: Zawgyi-One;">Rohingya</span></strong> that
even Joseph Goebbles must be amazed in his grave! The level of disinformation has
reached such an alarming level that if you were to talk with a Burmese
Buddhist, he/she would say that the Rohingyas are foreigners in Arakan; they
don</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Zawgyi-One; mso-bidi-font-family: Zawgyi-One;">Ԓ</span><span style="font-family: Zawgyi-One;">t belong to Burma;
they belong to Bangladesh.[2] Such allegations are unfounded. Distinguished
scholar Abdul Karim writes, “In fact the forefathers of Rohingyas had entered
into Arakan from time immemorial. [3] </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Zawgyi-One;">Brief geography and <strong><span style="font-family: Zawgyi-One;">history</span></strong> about the region and its
people: </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Zawgyi-One;">The word </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Zawgyi-One; mso-bidi-font-family: Zawgyi-One;">ԓ</span><span style="font-family: Zawgyi-One;">Rohingya comes from the word ‘Rohang,’ which was the original and
ancient name of Arakan. In the medieval works of poets of Arakan and
Chittagong, e.g., Alaol, Qazi Daulat, Mardan, Shamsher Ali, Ainuddin, Abdul
Ghani and others </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Zawgyi-One; mso-bidi-font-family: Zawgyi-One;">Ԗ</span><span style="font-family: Zawgyi-One;">
Arakan is frequently referred as Roshang, Roshango Des and Roshango Shar. </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Zawgyi-One;">The Arakan
State of Myanmar,
bordering Bangladesh,
is mostly inhabited by two ethnic communities – the Rakhine Buddhist and the <strong><span style="font-family: Zawgyi-One;">Rohingya</span></strong> Muslims. The Rakhine
Buddhists are close to the Burmese in religion and language. The <strong><span style="font-family: Zawgyi-One;">Rohingya</span></strong> Muslims are ethnically
and religiously related to the people from the region of Chittagong
in south-eastern Bangladesh.
The <strong><span style="font-family: Zawgyi-One;">Rohingya</span></strong>
Muslims number approximately 3.5 million.[4] Due to large-scale persecution
through ethnic cleansing and genocidal action against them, nearly a half of
them, about 1.5 million Rohingyas, are forced to live outside their ancestral
homes since Burmese independence in 1948. This uprooted people are now living
in exile as refugees and illegal immigrants particularly in Bangladesh, Pakistan,
Saudi Arabia, UAE, Thailand and Malaysia. </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Zawgyi-One;">Origin of the <strong><span style="font-family: Zawgyi-One;">Rohingya</span></strong>: </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Zawgyi-One;">The original inhabitants of Rohang were Hindus,
Buddhists and animists. From the pre-Islamic days, the region was very familiar
to the Arab seafarers. Many settled in the Arakan, and mixing with the local
people, developed the present stock of the people known as ethnic <strong><span style="font-family: Zawgyi-One;">Rohingya</span></strong>. Some historians
mention that the first Muslims to settle in the Arakan were Arabs under the
leadership of Muhammad ibn Hanafiya in the late 7th century (C.E.). He married
the queen Kaiyapuri, who had converted to Islam. Her people then embraced Islam
en masse. The peaks where they lived are still known as Hanifa Tonki and
Kaiyapui Tonki.[5] </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Zawgyi-One;">The second major influx of early Muslims dates
back to the 8th century (C.E.). The British Burma Gazetteer (1957) says, About
788 AD Mahataing Sandya ascended the throne of Vesali, founded a new city
(Vesali) on the site of old Ramawadi and died after a reign of twenty two
years. In his reign several ships were wrecked on Rambree Island
and the crews, said to have been Mohammedans, were sent to Arakan Proper and
settled in villages. They were Moor Arab Muslims.</span><span style="font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Zawgyi-One; mso-bidi-font-family: Zawgyi-One;">Ӕ</span><span style="font-family: Zawgyi-One;"> [6] </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Zawgyi-One;">The third major influx came after 1404, when the
Arakan king, dethroned by the Burmese, took asylum in Gaur (the capital of Bengal) and pleaded for help from Jalaluddin Muhammad
Shah, the Sultan of Bengal, to regain the lost throne. The Sultan sent tens of
thousands of soldiers to conquer Arakan. Many of these Muslim soldiers
subsequently settled there. (See the section Muslim Influence in the Arakan –
for more details.) </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Zawgyi-One;">Later, other ethnic groups, namely – the Mughals
(e.g., with the flight of Mughal prince Shah Shuja in 1660), Turks, Persians,
Central Asians, Pathans and Bengalis – also moved into the territory and mixed
with these <strong><span style="font-family: Zawgyi-One;">Rohingya</span></strong>
people. The spread of Islam in the Arakan (and along the southern coastal areas
of Bangladesh)
mostly happened through the sea-borne Sufis and merchants. This fact is
testified by the darghas (shrines), which are dotted at the long coast of the
Arakan and Myanamar.[7] The Burmese historian U. Kyi writes, </span><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-ascii-font-family: Zawgyi-One; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-hansi-font-family: Zawgyi-One;">֓</span><span style="font-family: Zawgyi-One;">The superior
morality of those devout Muslims attracted large number of people towards Islam
who embraced it en masse. [8] </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Zawgyi-One;">Hence, the <strong><span style="font-family: Zawgyi-One;">Rohingya</span></strong> Muslims, whose settlements in Arakan date
back to the 7th century C.E., are not an ethnic group, which developed from one
tribal group affiliation or single racial stock, but are an ethnic group that
developed from different stocks of people. The ethnic <strong><span style="font-family: Zawgyi-One;">Rohingya</span></strong> is Muslim by religion
with distinct culture and civilization of its own. </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Zawgyi-One;">Origin of the Rakhine: </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Zawgyi-One;">The other dominant group that lives in the
Arakan is the Rakhine Buddhist. In the year 957 C.E., a Mongolian invasion
swept over Vesali (Vaisali) – the capital city – and killed Sula Chandra, the
last Hindu king of Chandra dynasty. They destroyed Vesali and placed on their
throne Mongolian kings. Mohammed Ashraf Alam writes, </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Zawgyi-One; mso-bidi-font-family: Zawgyi-One;">ԓ</span><span style="font-family: Zawgyi-One;">Within a few years the Hindus of Bengal were
able to establish their Pala Dynasty. But the Hindus of Vesali were unable to
restore their dynasty because of the invasion and migrations of Tibeto-Burman
who were so great that their population overshadowed the Vesali Hindus. They
cut Arakan away from Indians and mixing in sufficient number with the
inhabitants of the eastern-side of the present Indo-Burma divide, created that
Indo-Mongoloid stock now known as the Rakhine Arakanese. This emergence of a
new race was not the work of a single invasion. But the date 957 AD may be said
to mark the appearance of the Rakhine in Arakan, and the beginning of fresh
period.[9] They were a wild people much given to plunder, violence, cruelty,
kidnapping, enslavement and sea piracy, and came to be known as the Maghs of
the Arakan.[10] <strong><span style="font-family: Zawgyi-One;">History</span></strong>
researcher Alamgir Serajuddin writes, </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Zawgyi-One; mso-bidi-font-family: Zawgyi-One;">ԓ</span><span style="font-family: Zawgyi-One;">Their cruelty, comparable only to that of bargi marauders of later
days, was a byword in Bengal. Shihabuddin Talish thus described it: “They
carried off the Hindus and Muslims, male and female, great and small, few and
many that they could seize, pierced the palms of their hands, passed thin canes
through the holes and threw them one above another under the deck of their
ships.</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Zawgyi-One; mso-bidi-font-family: Zawgyi-One;">Ԕ</span><span style="font-family: Zawgyi-One;"> [11] </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Zawgyi-One;">After the Portuguese established their
settlements in Chittagong, Sandwip and Arakan
during the Mughal rule of India,
the Rakhine Maghs entered into a scheme of plundering Mughal territory in
Bengal by making an alliance with the Portuguese pirates.[12] The
Magh-Portuguese piracy was such a menace to the peace and security of Bengal that the Mughals had to step in. In 1666, Shaista
Khan (1664-1688), the Mughal governor of Bengal, conquered Chittagong from the Arakanese control.[13]
That year (1666) marked the decline of the Arakanese Empire. [The Arakanese
(Rakhine) Maghs left Chittagong, never to
reoccupy it, which became a part of Bengal (and now Bangladesh). [14] However,
plundering by the Magh-Portuguese pirates continued throughout the 18th century.
</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Zawgyi-One;">Historian G.E. Harvey writes, Renell</span><span style="font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Zawgyi-One; mso-bidi-font-family: Zawgyi-One;">Ӓ</span><span style="font-family: Zawgyi-One;">s map of Bengal,
published in 1794 AD marks the area south of Backergunge deserted on account of
the ravages of the Muggs (Arakanese)ђ. The Arakan pirates, both Magh and
feringhi, used to come by the water-route and plunder BengalŅ. Mohammedans
underwent such oppression, as they had not to suffer in Europe.
As they continually practiced raids for a long time, Bengal
daily became more and more desolate and less and less able to resist them. Not
a house was left inhabited on their side of the rivers lying on their track
from Chittagong to Dacca. The district of Bakla [Backergunge and
part of Dacca], which formerly abounded in houses and cultivated fields and
yield a large revenue as duty on betel-nuts, was swept so clean with their
broom of plunder and abduction that none was left to tenant any house or kindle
a light in that region. Ņ When Shayista Khan asked the feringhi deserters, what
salary the Magh king had assigned to them, they replied, Our salary was the Mughal
Empire. We considered the whole of Bengal as
our fief. We had not to bother revenue surveyors and ourselves about court
clerks but levied our rent all the year round without difficulty. We have kept
the papers of the division of the booty for the last forty years.ђ [15] </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Zawgyi-One;">Because of their centuries of savagery, the
Maghs of Arakan earned such a bad name that they started calling themselves the
Rakhines. [16] </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Zawgyi-One;">The Rakhines practice Buddhism and their spoken
language is pure Burmese with slight phonetic variation. </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Zawgyi-One;">Muslim Influence in Arakan: </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Zawgyi-One;">Arakan, sandwiched between Muslim-ruled India in the west and Buddhist-ruled Burma
in the east, at different periods of <strong><span style="font-family: Zawgyi-One;">history</span></strong>,
had been an independent sovereign monarchy ruled by Hindus, Buddhists and
Muslims. As the threat from the Burmese court of Ava grew, it turned westward
for protection. After Bengal became Muslim in
1203 C.E., Islamic influence grew significantly in Arakan to the degree of
establishing a Muslim vassal state there in 1430 C.E. In 1404, the Arakan king,
dethroned by the Burmese, took asylum in Gaur (the capital of Bengal)
and pleaded for help to regain the lost throne. Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah, the
Sultan of Bengal, sent General Wali Khan at the head of 50,000 soldiers to
conquer Arakan. Wali Khan drove the Burmese and took control of power over
Arakan for himself, introduced Persian as the court language of Arakan and
appointed Muslim judges (Qazis).[17] Jalaluddin then sent a second army under
General Sandi Khan who overthrew Wali Khan and restored the exiled monarch
(Mong Saw Mwan who took the title of Sulayman Shah) to the throne of Arakan in
1430. [18] </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Zawgyi-One;">Mong Saw Mwan</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Zawgyi-One; mso-bidi-font-family: Zawgyi-One;">Ԓ</span><span style="font-family: Zawgyi-One;">s Muslim soldiers settled in Arakan and established the Sandi Khan
mosque in Mrhaung. They eventually became the kingmakers during the Mrauk-U
dynasty. The practice of adopting a Muslim name or title by the Arakanese kings
continued until 1638. Bisveswar Bhattacharya sums up the position thus, As the
Mohammedan influence was predominant, the Arakanese kings, though Buddhist in
religion, became somewhat Mohammedanized in their ideas</span><span style="font-family: "Microsoft Sans Serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Zawgyi-One; mso-bidi-font-family: Zawgyi-One;">Ӆ</span><span style="font-family: Zawgyi-One;">
[19] </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Zawgyi-One;">In 1660, the Mughal Prince Shah Shuja fled to
Arakan. This important event brought a new wave of Muslim immigrants to the kingdom of Arakan. [20] </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Zawgyi-One;">Dr. Muhammad Enamul Haq and Abdul Karim Shahitya
Bisharad in their work </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Zawgyi-One; mso-bidi-font-family: Zawgyi-One;">ԓ</span><span style="font-family: Zawgyi-One;">Bengali
Literature in the Court of Arakan 1600-1700 state that </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Zawgyi-One; mso-bidi-font-family: Zawgyi-One;">ԓ</span><span style="font-family: Zawgyi-One;">[T]he Arakanese kings issued coins bearing the
inscription of Muslim Kalema (the profession of faith in Islam) in Arabic
script. The State emblem was also inscribed Arabic word Aqimuddin
(establishment of Gods rule over the earth).</span><span style="font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Zawgyi-One; mso-bidi-font-family: Zawgyi-One;">Ҕ</span><span style="font-family: Zawgyi-One;"> The Arakanese courts adoption of many Muslim
customs and terms were other noteworthy signs to the influence of Islam.
Mosques began to dot the countryside and Islamic customs, manners and practices
came to be established since this time. [21] </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Zawgyi-One;">From 1685 to 1710, the political power of Arakan
was completely in the hand of the Muslims. Muslim rule and/or influence in
Arakan lasted altogether for approx. 350 years until it was invaded and
occupied by Burmese king Boddaw Paya on 28 December 1784. Boddaw Paya may
rightly be called the harbinger for destroying everything Islamic in Arakan and
sowing the seed of distrust between the two communities Җ <strong><span style="font-family: Zawgyi-One;">Rohingya</span></strong> and Rakhine. </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Zawgyi-One;">Arakan in post-1784 era: </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Zawgyi-One;">Arakan was neither a Burmese nor an Indian territory till 1784. It had managed to retain its
independent (or semi-independent) status for most of its existence. In 1784
thousands of Arakanese – <strong><span style="font-family: Zawgyi-One;">Rohingya</span></strong>
and Buddhists alike – were killed, and their mosques, dargas and temples
destroyed by the Burmese soldiers. During the 40-year Burmese tyrannical rule
(1784-1824), nearly two-thirds or 200,000 Arakanese were forced to take refuge
in Chittagong (Bengal).
</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Zawgyi-One;">The First Anglo-Burmese War (1824-26) ended on
24 February 1826 when Burma
ratified the Treaty of Yandabo and ceded Arakan and Tenasserim to British India. At that time, nearly a third of the
population of Arakan was Muslim. Burma
was separated from British India on 1 April
1937 under the Government of India Act of 1935. Arakan was made a part of
British Burma against the wishes of its people and thus finally Arakan became a
province of independent Burma
in 1948. [22] </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Zawgyi-One;">For centuries, the <strong><span style="font-family: Zawgyi-One;">Rohingya</span></strong> Muslims coexisted
relatively peacefully with the Rakhine Buddhists. [23] However, this changed
around the Second World War, when communal riots erupted between the two ethnic
groups at the instigation of third parties, most notably the British Raj. The
bitterness was fuelled by the pogrom of March 28, 1942 in which approximately
100,000 Rohingyas were massacred and another 80,000 had to flee from their
ancestral homes.[24] Two hundred and ninety four <strong><span style="font-family: Zawgyi-One;">Rohingya</span></strong> villages were totally
destroyed. [25] Since then the relationship between the two communities
deteriorated to the extent that for the <strong><span style="font-family: Zawgyi-One;">Rohingya</span></strong>
there remained hardly any option open other than self-determination in an
autonomous territory that would protect their basic human rights. </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Zawgyi-One;">After Burmas independence in 1948,
Muslims carried out an unsuccessful armed rebellion demanding an autonomous
state within the Union of Burma. This resulted in a backlash against the
Muslims that led to their removal from civil posts, restrictions on their
movement, and confiscation of their property. [26] </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Zawgyi-One;">Under the military regime of General Ne Win,
beginning in 1962, the Muslim residents of Arakan were wrongfully labeled
illegal immigrants who had settled in Burma during the British rule.
Their <strong><span style="font-family: Zawgyi-One;">history</span></strong> and
culture to their ancestral land was conveniently ignored. The Burmese central
government made all efforts to drive them out of Burma, starting with the denial of
their citizenship. The 1974 Emergency Immigration Act took away Burmese
nationality from the Rohingyas, making them foreigners in their own country.
Then came the ғBurma Citizenship Law of 1982 violating several fundamental
principles of the international law and effectively reduced them to the status
of </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Zawgyi-One; mso-bidi-font-family: Zawgyi-One;">ԓ</span><span style="font-family: Zawgyi-One;">Stateless. </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Zawgyi-One;">As of 1999, there have been no less than 20
major operations of eviction campaigns directed against the Rohingyas that were
carried out by the successive Governments of Burma. In pursuance of the 20-year
<strong><span style="font-family: Zawgyi-One;">Rohingya</span></strong>
Extermination Plan, the Arakan State Council under direct supervision of State
Council of Burma carried out a <strong><span style="font-family: Zawgyi-One;">Rohingya</span></strong>
drive operation code named Naga Min or King Dragon Operation. It was the
largest, the most notorious and probably the best-documented operation of 1978.
The operation started on 6th February 1978 from the biggest Muslim village of Sakkipara in Akyab, which sent shock
waves over the whole region within a short time. News of mass arrest of
Muslims, male and female, young and old, torture, rape and killing in Akyab
frustrated Muslims in other towns of North Arakan.
In March 1978 the operation reached at Buthidaung and Maungdaw. Hundreds of
Muslim men and women were thrown into the jail and many of them were being
tortured and killed. Muslim women were raped freely in the detention centers.
Terrified by the ruthlessness of the operation and total uncertainty of their
life, property, honor and dignity, a large number <strong><span style="font-family: Zawgyi-One;">Rohingya</span></strong> Muslims left their
homes to cross the Burma-Bangladesh border.[27] Within 3 months more than
300,000 Rohingyas took shelter in makeshift camps erected by Bangladesh
Government. The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)
recognized them as genuine refugees and started relief operations. </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Zawgyi-One;">On 18 July 1991 a more dreadful <strong><span style="font-family: Zawgyi-One;">Rohingya</span></strong> drive extermination
campaign code named </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Zawgyi-One; mso-bidi-font-family: Zawgyi-One;">ԓ</span><span style="font-family: Zawgyi-One;">Pyi
Thaya was launched. This involved killing and raping of Rohingyas, and
destroying their properties, plus places of worship. It forced Rohingyas again
to seek shelter in Bangladesh.
In recent years, while some Rohingyas have returned to Arakan as a result of
Bangladesh-Myanmar bilateral agreement, still there are many who are afraid to
return to their ancestral homes. </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Zawgyi-One;">Due to the divide and rule policy of the Myanmar
government, the relationship between the Rakhine and the <strong><span style="font-family: Zawgyi-One;">Rohingya</span></strong> have become increasingly
strained without any mutual trust. The Rakhines, as a matter of fact, have
become Rohingya</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Zawgyi-One; mso-bidi-font-family: Zawgyi-One;">Ԓ</span><span style="font-family: Zawgyi-One;">s worst enemies. With
very few exceptions, the Rakhines want to cleanse the Arakan of the <strong><span style="font-family: Zawgyi-One;">Rohingya</span></strong>. [28]</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Zawgyi-One;">Current Status of the <strong><span style="font-family: Zawgyi-One;">Rohingya</span></strong>: </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Zawgyi-One;">In Myanmar,
the Rohingyas have been denied their citizenship, uprooted from their ancestral
homes and forced to live as refugees and illegal immigrants in Bangladesh, Pakistan,
Saudi Arabia, U.A.E., Malaysia and Thailand. Truly, their plight is
worse than those being suffered now by the Native Americans in the USA, the Mayans in Latin America, and the
Palestinians in the Occupied
Territories. </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Zawgyi-One;">There is a systemic program by the ruling Myanmar regime to ethnically cleanse the <strong><span style="font-family: Zawgyi-One;">Rohingya</span></strong> from their ancestral
homeland of North Arakan. They are altering
the demography of the region through extermination and displacement of the <strong><span style="font-family: Zawgyi-One;">Rohingya</span></strong> population, demolition
and confiscation of <strong><span style="font-family: Zawgyi-One;">Rohingya</span></strong>
properties (including Muslim endowed Waqf properties), and construction of
Pagodas and monasteries on the sites of demolished mosques and Muslim shrines.
As if these measures are not enough to obliterate Muslim identity, new non-<strong><span style="font-family: Zawgyi-One;">Rohingya</span></strong> settlements with
Pagodas and Buddhist monasteries are being built at every nook and corner of
the North Arakan, </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Zawgyi-One;">The <strong><span style="font-family: Zawgyi-One;">Rohingya</span></strong>
Ulema (religious leaders), women and youngsters are often the targets of
harassment from the SPDC troops. Most of the <strong><span style="font-family: Zawgyi-One;">Rohingya</span></strong>-community leaders are now serving long
prison times on false charges, related to citizenship. [For example, on 29
July, 2005 U Kyaw Min (alias Mohammad Shamsul Anwarul Hoque) the leader of the
National Democratic Party for Human Rights and Member of the Parliament,
Committee Representing the People</span><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-ascii-font-family: Zawgyi-One; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-hansi-font-family: Zawgyi-One;">֒</span><span style="font-family: Zawgyi-One;">s Parliament (CRPP) from Buthidaung Township
constituency Number 1 in the Arakan State - was sentenced to 47 years
imprisonment on charges related to his nationality. His wife and three children
were also sentenced to 17-years term on the same ground. Their arrest is in
violation of the Articles 1-3, 5, 9, 10, 15-21 of the Universal Declarations of
Human Rights.] Other leaders are forced to opt for a life of uncertainty as
refugees outside. </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Zawgyi-One;">Riots between Buddhists-Muslims are often
engineered that invariably result in heavy losses to Muslim lives and
properties. Anti-Muslim propaganda is routinely fed in the
government-controlled media. As of February 2003, books and taped speeches,
insulting Islam and Muslims, have become rather common and are being openly
sold and distributed. </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Zawgyi-One;">Of particular concern is the fact that as of
2004, <strong><span style="font-family: Zawgyi-One;">Rohingya</span></strong>
villagers are forced to practice Buddhism and take part in various Buddhist
festivities. They are forced to pay for Buddhist festivals held every so often.
Even Muslim cemeteries are not immune from desecration and abuses of the
government. Buddhist dead bodies are now routinely buried at Muslim cemeteries,
while the Rohingyas are forced to pay funeral fees.<br />
The North Arakan has been turned into a
militarized zone with increased violations of human rights practiced by the
military troops. The <strong><span style="font-family: Zawgyi-One;">Rohingya</span></strong>
people are exploited as forced laborers into building military establishment,
roads, bridges, embankments, pagodas, schools dispensaries and ponds without
earning any wage. Their women and girls often face rape and sexual harassment
from these troops and their contractors. They are also forced to work for free
in the new settlements. The forced labor situation has become so excruciating
that the <strong><span style="font-family: Zawgyi-One;">Rohingya</span></strong>
have been rendered jobless and shelter-less. </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Zawgyi-One;">In order to extinct the <strong><span style="font-family: Zawgyi-One;">Rohingya</span></strong>, the authorities have
imposed undue restrictions on marriage between <strong><span style="font-family: Zawgyi-One;">Rohingya</span></strong> couples. For example, not a single
marriage contract was allowed in May 2005. Without payment of a huge sum of
money, something that is unaffordable for most poor Rohingyas, as bribe, the
corrupt officials dont allow any marriage to take place. Even after such
payments, thousands of applications for the permission to get married remain
pending in Maugdaw and Buthidaung
Townships.<br />
Rohingyas are restricted from moving outside the Arakan. Even for movements
within the same locality they require clearance from the authority. Because of
such restrictions, they are not permitted to travel to Rangoon
or Myanmar (Burma) proper
for serious medical emergency. </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Zawgyi-One;">Since promulgation of the new Burma Citizenship
Law in 1982, the <strong><span style="font-family: Zawgyi-One;">Rohingya</span></strong>
students are denied their basic rights to education outside the Arakan. It is
important to point out that all professional institutes are situated outside
Arakan. Thus, the <strong><span style="font-family: Zawgyi-One;">Rohingya</span></strong>
students are unable to study there because of such travel prohibition. In
recent years, the <strong><span style="font-family: Zawgyi-One;">Rohingya</span></strong>
students are prohibited from even going to Akyab, the capital of Arakan, to
attend Sittwe University for their studies. These
draconian measures barring Rohingyas from attending universities and
professional institutes are marginalizing them as the most illiterate section
within the Myanmar
population. They are forced to embrace a very bleak future for them. </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Zawgyi-One;">Traditionally, the <strong><span style="font-family: Zawgyi-One;">Rohingya</span></strong> are a farming community
that depends on agricultural produce and breeding of cattle and fowls.
Unfortunately, they are forced to pay heavy taxes on everything they own:
cattle, food grains, agricultural produce, shrimp, tree, and even roof of their
homes. Even for a minor repair of their homes, they are forced to pay tax. They
are required to report birth and death of a livestock to the authority while
paying an arbitrary fee. </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Zawgyi-One;">Extra-judicial killing and summery executions,
humiliating movement restriction, rape of women, arrest and torture, forced
labor, forced relocation, confiscation of moveable and immoveable properties,
religious sacrileges, etc., are regular occurrences in Arakan.<br />
As a result, severe poverty, unemployment, lack of education and official
discrimination are negatively affecting every <strong><span style="font-family: Zawgyi-One;">Rohingya</span></strong>, especially its youths and workforces. The
future of the community remains bleak and exodus into Bangladesh has
become a recurrent theme. The new arrivals unfortunately often face arrests
and/or ғpushback from the Bangladesh
security forces. These refugees are also blocked from nominal opportunities of
re-settlement in a third country or settlement within Bangladesh. </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Zawgyi-One;">There is no international agency to look after
the interest of the stateless <strong><span style="font-family: Zawgyi-One;">Rohingya</span></strong>.
Because of their lack of legal identity, they are not allowed to work or hold
work permit by any name. To survive, many work as illegal workers in Thailand and
other places where they and their children are deprived of basic human rights. </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Zawgyi-One;">Solution to the problem: </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Zawgyi-One;">The <strong><span style="font-family: Zawgyi-One;">Rohingya</span></strong>
people need help to publicize their plight and their right to live as a free
nation. The Buddhist military regimes that have ruled Myanmar are
brutal, savage and tyrannical. They cannot be either a guarantor or a protector
of human rights of minorities. They will use and have been using their
barbarity against the minority Rohingyas to justify prolonging their
illegitimate ruling in Buddhist-majority Myanmar. So, the plight of the
Rohingyas, regrettably, is not a matter of concern for many otherwise
good-natured Buddhists. Under the circumstances, the Rohingyas have no way to
protect their basic human rights but to opt for freedom. Freedom is a God-given
right of all humanity and can neither be denied nor snatched away from
disadvantaged groups for either political expediency or diplomatic acrobatics. </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Zawgyi-One;">The Rohingyas need world body to wake up to the
reality of their sufferings and pains. They need to mobilize world bodies, esp.
the UN, to grant them the same privilege that has been granted to the people in
south Sudan and East Timor. There is no other way to solve this problem
now. Citizens around the globe simply cannot afford to remain silent spectators
to this gruesome tragedy of our time. They must act and help to solve the
problem. </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Zawgyi-One;">In the meantime, for easing the sufferings of
the <strong><span style="font-family: Zawgyi-One;">Rohingya</span></strong>
Diaspora community my recommendations are that </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Zawgyi-One; mso-bidi-font-family: Zawgyi-One;">ԕ</span><span style="font-family: Zawgyi-One;"> The UN should immediately consider forming a
fact finding mission to investigate violations of human rights against the <strong><span style="font-family: Zawgyi-One;">Rohingya</span></strong> people of Arakan in Myanmar
and take all measures to ease their pains and sufferings, including putting
pressure on the ruling junta to release political prisoners.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Zawgyi-One;"><br />
The UNHCR must maintain its support for the material well being of <strong><span style="font-family: Zawgyi-One;">Rohingya</span></strong> refugees in camps in Bangladesh
and elsewhere.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Zawgyi-One;"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: Sylfaen; mso-ascii-font-family: Zawgyi-One; mso-bidi-font-family: Zawgyi-One;">Օ</span><span style="font-family: Zawgyi-One;">
The UNHCR must continue its direct involvement in refugee protection, ensuring
the voluntary nature of refugee returns to Myanmar, and providing logistical
support to repatriation as required.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Zawgyi-One;"><br />
The Government of Bangladesh must cease all pressure on <strong><span style="font-family: Zawgyi-One;">Rohingya</span></strong> refugees to repatriate
and consider the possibility of providing options for either local integration,
with the financial support of international donors, or re-settlement in a third
country. </span></div>
<span style="font-family: Zawgyi-One;">Notes: </span><br />
<div style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Zawgyi-One; mso-fareast-font-family: Zawgyi-One;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span style="font-family: Zawgyi-One;"><a href="http://www.freerohingyacampaign.com/" target="_blank">http://www.freerohingyacampaign.com/</a></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-left: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: Zawgyi-One;">2. See,
e.g., <a href="http://www.bangladesh-web.com/view.php?hidDate=2005-08-10&hidType=OPT&hidRecord=0000000000000000055839" target="_blank">http://www.bangladesh-web.com/view.php?hidDate=2005-08-10&hidType=OPT&hidRecord=0000000000000000055839</a></span></div>
<div style="margin-left: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: Zawgyi-One;"><br />
3. The Rohingyas: A Short Account of their <strong><span style="font-family: Zawgyi-One;">History</span></strong> and Culture, Arakan
Historical Society (A.H.S), Bangladesh,
June 2000. See also: Mohammed Ashraf Alam, Historical Background of Arakan, the
SOUVENIR, Arakan Historical Society, Bangladesh,
1999; Moshe Yegar, The Muslims of Burma, A study of Minority groups, Wiesbaden, Otto
Harrassowitz, 1972</span></div>
<div style="margin-left: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: Zawgyi-One;"><br />
4. <a href="http://www.rohingya.org/summary.htm" target="_blank">http://www.<strong><span style="font-family: Zawgyi-One;">rohingya</span></strong>.org/summary.htm</a></span></div>
<div style="margin-left: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: Zawgyi-One;"><br />
5. Mohammed Ashraf Alam, A short historical background of the Arakan
people: <a href="http://www.rohingyatimes.i-p.com/history/history_maa.html" target="_blank">http://www.rohingyatimes.i-p.com/<strong><span style="font-family: Zawgyi-One;">history</span></strong>/history_maa.html</a> ;
M.A. Taher Ba Tha, The Rohingyas and Kamans (in Burmese), Published by United <strong><span style="font-family: Zawgyi-One;">Rohingya</span></strong> National League,
Myitkyina (Burma), 1963, P.6 </span><span style="font-family: Sylfaen; mso-ascii-font-family: Zawgyi-One; mso-bidi-font-family: Zawgyi-One;">Ֆ</span><span style="font-family: Zawgyi-One;"> 7; Maung Than Lwin, Rakhine Kala or <strong><span style="font-family: Zawgyi-One;">Rohingya</span></strong>, The Mya Wadi Magazine,
issue July 1960, PP.72-73; N.M Habibullah, <strong><span style="font-family: Zawgyi-One;">Rohingya</span></strong> Jatir Itihas (<strong><span style="font-family: Zawgyi-One;">History</span></strong> of the Rohingyas), Bangladesh Co-Operative Book Society Ltd., Dhaka, 1995, PP.32-33.<br />
6. R.B. Smart, Burma Gazetteer Akyab District, Vol. A, Rangoon, 1957, P.19.<br />
7. British-Burma Gazetteers of 1879, page 16<br />
8. The essential <strong><span style="font-family: Zawgyi-One;">History</span></strong>
of Burma
by U Kyi, P.160<br />
9. Op. Cit.<br />
10. Note the similarity of the word Magh with Mog, Gog and Magog </span><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-ascii-font-family: Zawgyi-One; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-hansi-font-family: Zawgyi-One;">֖</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: Zawgyi-One;"><span dir="LTR"></span> the Mongolian tribes (also known in <strong><span style="font-family: Zawgyi-One;">history</span></strong> as Scythians). Others
contend that the name Magh originated from the Magadha dynasty that was Buddhist
by faith.<br />
11, Muslim Influence in Arakan and the Muslim Names of Arakanese kings: A
Reassessment by Alamgir M. Serajuddin*(From Asiatic Soc. Bangladesh
(Hum.), Vol. XXXI (I), June 1986.<br />
12, G.E. Harvey, The <strong><span style="font-family: Zawgyi-One;">History</span></strong>
of Burma, London (1928), pp. 142-4. [Note also that
there are still places in Chittagong
that go by the names Arakan Bazar, Feringhi Bazar, etc. showing its Arakan and
Portuguese heritage.]<br />
13. During Sher Shahs rule, Chittagong
was under his rule. At a later time, it became a zone of contention between
Mughal and Arakanese rulers.<br />
14. Bengal-Arakan Relations (1430-1666 A.D.) by Mohammed Ali Chowdhury,
Kolkata, Firma KLM Pvt. Ltd., 2004.<br />
15. Alam, op. cit.<br />
16. Mohammad Ashraf Alam, op. cit.<br />
17. Bangladesh District Gazetteers, P.63 (See: <a href="http://www.rohingya.org/not_settler.htm" target="_blank">http://www.<strong><span style="font-family: Zawgyi-One;">rohingya</span></strong>.org/not_settler.htm)</a><br />
18. Journal of Burma
Research Society (JBRS) No.2. P.493. Historians disagree on whether or not the
Arakanese rulers themselves became Muslims. (See: Bengal-Arakan Relations
(1430-1666 A.D.) by Mohammed Ali Chowdhury. Kolkata, Firma KLM Pvt. Ltd., 2004;
and <a href="http://www.rohingyatimes.i-p.com/history/history_maa.html" target="_blank">http://www.rohingyatimes.i-p.com/<strong><span style="font-family: Zawgyi-One;">history</span></strong>/history_maa.html)</a><br />
19. Serajuddin, op. cit.<br />
20. The Arakanese Maghs treacherously killed Shuja and his family members
in 1661. (G.E. Harvey, Outline of Burmese <strong><span style="font-family: Zawgyi-One;">History</span></strong>, Longmans, London (1947), pp. 95-6)<br />
21. Dr. Enamul Haq O Abdul Karim Shahitya Bisharad, Arakan Rajshabhay
Bangla Shahitya, Calcutta,
1935, PP. 4-<br />
22. D.G.E. Hall, A <strong><span style="font-family: Zawgyi-One;">History</span></strong>
of South-East Asia, Third Edition 1968, the Macmillan Press Ltd., London, U.K.;
G.E Harvey, Outline Burmese <strong><span style="font-family: Zawgyi-One;">History</span></strong>,
Longman, Gree & Co., Ltd., London, 1947; Nurul Islam, The <strong><span style="font-family: Zawgyi-One;">Rohingya</span></strong> Muslims of Arakan:
Their Past and Present Political Problems, THE MUSLIM MINORITIES, Proceedings
of the Six International Conference of World Assembly of Muslim Youths (WAMY),
Vol. I, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 1986.<br />
23. The SLORC Publication ‘ Thasana Yongwa HtoonkazepoҒ p.65.<br />
24. <a href="http://www.ibiblio.org/obl/docs3/BNI2005-03-08.htm" target="_blank">http://www.ibiblio.org/obl/docs3/BNI2005-03-08.htm</a><br />
25. Sultan Mahmud, Muslims in Arakan, The Nation, Rangoon, April 12, 1959.<br />
26. ibid.<br />
27. Genocide in Burma against the Muslims of Arakan, <strong><span style="font-family: Zawgyi-One;">Rohingya</span></strong> Patriotic Front (RPF),
Arakan (Burma), April 11, 1978, PP.2 4; Dr. Mohammed Yunus, A <strong><span style="font-family: Zawgyi-One;">History</span></strong> of Arakan Past and
Present, 1994, PP.158 </span><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-ascii-font-family: Zawgyi-One; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-hansi-font-family: Zawgyi-One;">֖</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: Zawgyi-One;"><span dir="LTR"></span> 159.<br />
28. Dr. Shwe Lu Maung, Dr. Aye Chan, U Mra Wa, Dr. Khin Maung (NUPA), and
Major Tun Kyaw Oo (president of the Amyothar Party) are few of the exceptions
that recognize birth rights as well as genuine citizenship of the <strong><span style="font-family: Zawgyi-One;">Rohingya</span></strong> people.. Even Dr. Than
Tun, rector of Mandalay University and former professor of <strong><span style="font-family: Zawgyi-One;">history</span></strong>, Rangoon University
makes strong recommendations on Rohingyas as ethnic group and bonafide citizen
of Arakan. (Ref: <a href="http://www.ibiblio.org/obl/docs3/BNI2005-03-08.htm" target="_blank">http://www.ibiblio.org/obl/docs3/BNI2005-03-08.htm)</a> </span></div>
<span style="font-family: Zawgyi-One;"><a href="http://www.islamawareness.net/Asia/Burma/" target="_blank"><strong><span style="font-family: Zawgyi-One;">Back</span></strong></a></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Zawgyi-One;"><a href="http://www.islamawareness.net/" target="_blank"><strong><span style="font-family: Zawgyi-One;">Back To Islam
Awareness Homepage</span></strong></a></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Zawgyi-One;"><a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/IslamicNewsUpdates/" target="_blank"><strong><span style="font-family: Zawgyi-One;">Latest News about Islam and Muslims</span></strong></a>
</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Zawgyi-One;">Contact <a href="mailto:IslamAwareness@gmail.com" target="_blank">IslamAwareness@gmail.com</a>
for further information </span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>Rowannyahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11315383992304973275noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2089436399604203314.post-75596208604019214862012-04-02T09:44:00.000-07:002012-04-02T09:44:42.821-07:00160 - The Arrakan poets and the later Muslim writers<h2 class="title" style="text-align: center;">
<a href="http://merhrom.wordpress.com/2009/03/04/the-arrakan-poets-and-the-later-muslim-writers/" rel="bookmark" title="The Arrakan poets and the later Muslim writers">The Arrakan poets and the later Muslim writers</a></h2>
<br />
<a class="date" href="http://merhrom.wordpress.com/2009/03/04/the-arrakan-poets-and-the-later-muslim-writers/">
<span class="day"></span><span class="month"></span>
</a>
<br />
<div>
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">A
closed cultural contact between Bengal and Arrakan, the neighbouring
province of lower Burma speaking a Tibeto-Burman language, was first
made early in the fifteenth century when Narameikhia, the king of,
Arrakan, dispossessed by the king of Burma, came to Bengal and took,
refuge in the court of Gaud (1404).After a sojourn of many years he was
helped by Jalaluddin, the Bengal Sultan, to regain his throne (1430).</span></div>
<div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">We
can reasonably assume that the king had acquired some liking for
Bengali song and music, among other things, during his stay in Bengal
and introduced them in his own country after he had returned home and to
power. But, there is no evidence to show how far this engrafting of
Bengali culture in the Arrakan court was enduring, in spite of the fact
that Arrakan continued to be dominated politically by Bengal and its
external affairs controlled by the Sultan’s governors in Chittagong. The
position was however reversed for some years at least in the third
quarter of the century when the Arrakan power annexed Chittagong and
kept it under its control until, in the first decade of the sixteenth
century, it was recovered by Nusrat Khan, a general of Husain Shah.
During the years Chittagong was in occupation by the Arrakanese it
appears that some cultural contact between Bengal (and the rest of
India) and Arrakan was established. From this time Bengali was accepted
at the Arrakan court as the chief cultural language, mainly because many
of the high officials of Arrakan came from Chittagong and the other
neighbouring territories whose mother-tongue was Bengali.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">After
the overthrow of the dynasty of Husain Shah, Arrakan seems to have
regained its full political independence. But, the influence of the
Bengali language did not suffer; on the countray it grew. The kings of
Arrakan now adopted also Bengali names for themselves and sometimes it
was, as in the case of Thiri Thu Dhamma (Arrakanese pronunciation of
srisudharma), the only name known to history. The Bengali immigrants or
sojourners in Arrakan were almost all Muslims, and the officials and
ministers were mostly Bengali Muslims. Muslim influence in the Arrakan
court was therefore potent, and as happened quite often in the
seventeenth century, the kings took Muslim names as well. The literary
tradition which Paragal Khan and his son Nusrat Khan had started in
South-east Bengal reached the court of Arrakan by the end of the
sixteenth century.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The
people of Arrakan and their rulers had for their mother-tongue,
Arrakanese, a Tibeto-Chinese speech closely connected to Burmese, which
latter was outside the pale of Aryandom. But from the middle of the
fifteenth century the culture of Bengal began to percolate into Arrakan
not only<span> </span>through the officials but also through merchants
and adventurers who came across the sea or hill tracts to seek their
fortunes. In about a century the court of Arrakan had accepted some of
the manners and customs of the Bengali court. Bengali poetry and Bengali
dance and music became quite popular in the cultured section of Arrakan
society.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">So
far as we know the first Bengali poet to write under the aegis of the
Arrakan court was Daulat Kazi. His patron Ashraf Khan was a commanding
officer of king srisudharma (Thiri Thu Dhamma) who ruled between 1622
and 1638. Ashraf was a Sufi and so presumably was Daulat Kazi. To
popularize the romantic tales current in West Indian poetry (Rajasthani,
Gujarati, <span> </span>Hindi, Avadhi and Bhojpuri). Ashraf had asked
Daulat to render the story of Lor-Candrani and Mayana into Bengali
narrative verse (Paticili). The story had been popular in folk-song and
dance, and the mention of ‘Lorik Dance’ in an early fourteenth century
Maithili work indicates that it was a popular amusement in North Bihar
in the early fourteenth century. The Lorik song is now popular in South
Bihar (where the story has assumed the form of a saga), especially among
the Ahir. But the story Lorik as now current in South Bihar is not its
original from. The story was probably not well known in Bengal. Daulat
Kazi took it from the old Rajasthani poem by Sadhan, manuscripts of
which have come to light recently. Daulat Kazi died before he could
finish his poem. It was completed years later by Alaol (1659), another
Bengali poet from Arrakan. Kazi’s poem has a double title, <em>Sati Mayana</em> and <em>Lor-Candrani</em>. The story is as follows.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Lor<strong><span style="color: red;">1</span></strong>, the ruler of Gohari <strong><span style="color: red;">2</span></strong>,
was married happily to Mayana (or Mayanamati). After a time a yogi
mendicant came to Lor and showed him the portrait of Candrani, the
beautiful princess of Mohara <strong><span style="color: red;">3</span></strong>.
Candrani was married to a valiant warrior who was an impotent midget.
Lor was tempted to seek the love of the princess. He went to Mohara and
managed to meet Candrani. She reciprocated Lor’s feeling and the lovers
were united. Candrari’s husband, who had been away, now returned home
and the couple had to flee the country. The husband gives chase. They
met in a forest. A duel ensued which resulted in the death of Candrani’s
husband. Candiani’s father accepted Lor as his son-in law and made over
the kingdom to him. Here ends the first part of the story
(Lor-Candrani).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The
scene now shifts to Lor’s home where his neglected wife was pining
away. Her only solace was praying to Durga who alone could bring back
her husband. Meanwhile a rich young fellow named Chatan had fallen for
Mayana and engaged a woman to procure her for him. The woman came to
Mayana and introduced herself as her old wet nurse. She was a clever
woman and her words of commiseration convinced Mayana of her sincerity.
But, when she proposed a liaison with Chatan. Mayana became furious. The
woman was thrown out with ignominy. Mayana was now it the end of her
tether and she sent a trusted Brahman, carrying her pet parrot, in
search of her husband. The Brahman travelled through many lands and at
last came to Mohara. When Lor met him he at once remembered his
forgotten wife and was all remorse. Placing his son on the throne of
Mohara he with Candrani returned home to Mayana. This is the second and
last part of the story (Sati Mayana).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Daulat
Kazi vw a competent poet; he was well acquainted with the contemporary
poet’s craft. His knowledge of Sanskrit poetry was not superficial. He
has drawn similes from Kali dasa and some metrical patterns from
Jayadeva. His indebtedness to Vaishnav poetry is evident.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The
following lines are from the ‘Baramasiya’ song describing the
procuress’s attempts at turning Mayana’s sorrowing heart to a
contemplation of love’s pleasures:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<em><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">0
Mayana, the month of Sravan brings much pleasure; the soft steady
drizzling excites passionate love.On the earth flow low streams of
water; the night is dark, and lovers are engaged in love sports.</span></em></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<em><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The
sky is dark; the fields and meadows are green; the horizons are dark
and the daylight is dim and soft. Flashes of lightning dailies with the
cloud lover at night which is filled with darkness and terror, enjoying
the various .sports of love.</span></em></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<em><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The season is very seasonable in Sravan,but how can one pass the time when Hari is not there.<strong><span style="color: red;">4 </span></strong><span> </span><span> </span>The rivers are torrential ; the wind blows sharp. This kindles four-fold the fire of unrequited passion.</span></em></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<em><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Yon
are a king’s daughter, but you let yourself suffer for life. What is
the meaning of thinking you are Lor’s wife still? You should know that
the love of the true-hearted is a garland that never fades.</span></em></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<em><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The chief of (he commanders, the General (i.e. Ashraf Khan),is glorious in the world (and he knows this).</span></em></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Alaol,
another Sufi poet succeeding Daulat Kazi in the court of Arrakan, was
also a good scholar. His knowledge of Persion poetry was deep, and of
Sanskrit lore adequate. He was well versed in music too. But as a writer
Alaol shows less facility and ingenuity than his predecessor. He was
more religiously minded and the devotional strain in him dominated his
fancy to the detriment of his poetry.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Alaol’s
life was never smooth. He was the son of Majlis Kutub, governor of a
Lower Bengal region. While the father and son were once making a journey
by boat, they were attacked by foreign pirates. There was a fight, the
father was killed and the son was capture and ‘sold as an Arrakan. Alaol
was brought for the army and, was taken in the cavalry. ln a short time<span> </span>the young cavalry man’s, reputation for scholarship and efficiently in music spread around and reached, the ears<span> </span>of
sulaiman, a minister of king Sricandra. Sudharma. (reign 1652-1684). It
was at the request of Sulaiman that, Alaol wrote (1659) the sequel to
the unfinished poem of Daulat Kazi and translated (1663) the religious,
treatise Tuhfa from Persian.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Magan Thakur <strong><span style="color: red;">5</span></strong>
the foster-son of the sister of Sri Candra Sudharma and co-regent o£
Arrakan, became a fast friend of Alaol. Two of his poems, including his
best work (Padmavati) were written at the instance of Magan. Magan was
indined towards Sufism and was an admirer of Jaisi’s poetry. He
requested Alaol to render Jaisi’s. Padmavati into Bengali verse so that
it might be readily appreciated by the men of Arrakan. Alaol’s
translation is neither complete nor wholly faithful. He abridged and
revised the story to suit the pattern of a Bengali narrative (Pancali)
and added some extraneous episodes and stories.The story of Alaol’s
Padmnvati is briefly as follows:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Nagasen
was the king of Chitor. His wife was Nigamati. The king came to hear of
the extraordinary beauty of Padmavati, the daughter of the king of
Ceylon, and desired to marry her. Dressed as a yogi Nagasen went to
Ceylon, and by showing his power and skill won the hand of the princess.
When the couples were returning home their boat foundered on the high
sea but they were saved by the god of ocean. The king came back home and
lived happily with his two wives. But he was not destined to enjoy
peace for long, Nagasen’s ministers became jealous of the favours which
the king bestowed on Raghavcetan, a Tantric scholar, possessing occult
power. They contrived a disgrace of Raghavcetan before the king who had
him banished from the kingdom. Padmavati tried to appease the pandit and
offered him a bangle from her- wrist Raghavcctan went to Delhi and
showed the bangle to Sultan Alauddin and told him of the ravishing-
Iooks of Padmivati</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The
sultan desired to possess her. He sent a messenger to Chitor to fetch
Padmavati. On being refused Alauddin attacked Chitor. Nagasen was
defeated and taken a captive to Delhi, but Cora and Badila (or Badal),
two of his most loyal followers, managed to get the king back to Chitor.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">While
the king was away from Chitor, Deopal, the king of Kumbhalner,
attempted to seduce Padmavati. When Nagasen came back and heard this, he
challenged Deopal to a duel. Deopal<br />
was killed and Nagasen was mortally wounded. Nagamati and Padmavati died
suttees and were cremated in the same pyre with their husband. The pyre
was still smoking when Alauddin and his army entered Chitor. On coming
to know of the noble and tragic end of Ratnasen and his two wives the
tultan paid homage before the pyre and returned to Delhi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Alaol
adapted in Bengali verse the story of the Persian romance saiful-mulk
baoiup-jamal at the instances of Magan Thakur. The work was interrupted
when Magan died and it was resumed and completed years later at the
request of Saiyad Muhammad Musa who after prince Magan’s death<br />
took Alaol under his patronage. At Musa’s request he also rendered Haft Paikar of Nizami into Bengali verse.<span> </span>At
that time Shah Shuja, son of Shahjehan and subedar of Bengal, had taken
refuge at the Arrakan court. Shuja met Alaol and the two exiles were
mutually attracted. Shuja was assassinated and Alaol came under
suspicion and was thrown into prison with his belongings confiscated.
When he was released after some years he was a broken man. Saiyad Musa
and Majlis Navaraj, both ministers of Sri Candra Sudharma, took rare of
him. At the request of the Majlis, Alaol wrote Dara-sikandar-nama,a
Bengali adaptation of Nizami’s Iskandar-namah.<br />
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Alaol
appears to be the first Bengali writer to translate from Persian
poetry. His good knowledge of several languages, such as Sanskrit,
Bengali, Avadhi and Persian, gave a distinction to his style. His poetic
fancy however was seldom as original as Daulat Kazi’s, but his
achievement was more solid. The following song from Padmavati
illustrates the poet’s allegiance to the contemporary form of vernacular
lyric poetry:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Ah!
my heart breaks. Awake or dreaming I always see him only. I know not
how fate has decreed for me: I obtained a touchstone but have lost it
out of carelessness. To whom can I reveal the burning of my heart? My
sympathizing friends would break their hearts over it. Through sorrow
and distress my days and nights drag on like ages. How can I live like a
fish out of water? Why does my insufferable life continue? My heart is
stone hard and it does not break under such stress. Lord Saiyad Musa is
an adept in wisdom. The sufferings of separation in love are sung by<br />
the humble Alaol.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Muslim
writers were not impervious to the influence of the religious poetry of
the Hindus. Their first attempts at writing religious narrative poems
for their brothers in faith frankly imitated the narrative poems of the
Hindu authors. Such poems, dealing with the stories of Muhammad and the
earlier prophets were entitled Nabivamsa (after the Hindu Harivamsa) or
Rasulvijay (after the Hindu Pandavvijay). The older Muslim writers of
this class belonged to Chittagong and<br />
Sylhet as these places were the best centres of Muslim literary culture in East Bengal from the sixteenth century.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Saiyad
Sultan of Chittagong wrote his Rasulvijay(also called Nabivamsa) in
1654 and he included some Hindu gods and avatars among the prophets. He
had also written treatises on Yoga as well as some ‘Vaishnav’ songs. The
Bengali Muslims had their own Mahabharnta in the Jangnama (Battle
Stories) poems which describe either the conquest and conversion of Iran
by the followers of the prophet or narrate the cruel fate of the
brothers Hasan and Husain, the grandsons of the prophet.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The latter story being as tragic as that of Abhimanyu in the Mahabharata became very popular among the Shia Muslims of Bengal.<span> </span>The
oldest Jangnama in Bengali is Makyub-hosen (Death of Husain) by Mohamad
Khan of Chittagong. It was written at the instance of the poet’s
spiritual master (murshid) Pri Shah Sultan and was completed in 1645.
Among the other writer of Jangnama works from Chittngong mention may be
made of Nasarullah Khan who wrote towards the beginning of the
eighteenth century at the command of his murshid Pri Hamiduddin, and of
Mansur who wrote at the instance of Muhammad Shah.<span> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The
earliest known Muslim poet of North Bengal was Hayat. Mamud whose
Jangnama. is also called Maharamparva (after the books of the
Mahdbharnta). It was written in 1723. His<br />
other works include a Bengali adaptation of Persian version of
Hitopsaesa written in 1732, an Islamic theological treatise
Hitajnanavani, (Words of Good Knowledge) written in 1753, and Ambiyavani
(Voice of the Prophets) written in 1758.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">By
the beginning of the eighteenth century a literary and cultural centre
for the West Bengal Muslims was established in the Bhursut (ancient
Bhurisresthi) region on the lower reaches of the Damodar. The
mid-eighteenth century poet Bharatcandra Ray belonged to this region and
his highly Persianized style of poetry reflects the influence of the
style of the popular Muslim writers from that locality. The most notable
of these writers was Garibullah who in all probability belonged<br />
to the early part of the eighteenth century. Two poems of Garibullah are
known. One is a version of Jangnama of Amir Hamza and the other is
Yusuf-Zulekha based, on the Persian<br />
poem of Nuruddin Jami. Garibullah, was followed by .Saiyad Hamza who
completed the formers’ Jangnama by writing the second part (1792-94).
Before that he had written Madhu-malati, a. romantic poem based on a
popular folk-tale. Hamza’s third poem, printed under the title Jaiguner
Pathi (Book of Zaigun), is the Jangnama of Hanifa completed in October<br />
1797. His last work is Hatem-Tair Keccha (Stories of Hatim Tayyi). It was completed in 1804.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The
early nineteenth century Muslim writers from this region are not worth
mention here. They produced mainly for the consumption of the illiterate
people residing in Calcutta, and they drew; largely from Persian, Hindi
and Urdu popular tales. Their language was, so much saturated with
Perso-Arabic and Hindi words and phrases that it was often
unintelligible to persons not acquainted with those tongues. This jargon
was known as Muslim Bengali (Echlami Bangala). It was a creation by the
West Bengal Muslim writers and was taken up by their North and East
Bengal brethren only towards the close of the century. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The
Muslim Bengali poetry does not appear to have been cultivated
exclusively by Muslim. Sometimes a Hindu writer was commissioned or
himself inclined to write it. A good instance is the Jangnama by
Radhacaran Gop who belonged to North-west Bengal. It is known, in
manuscripts.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The
influence of Hindu poetry on the Muslim writers was increasing so that
by the beginning of the nineteenth century, we find several Islamic
themes recast in the Hindu mould. The very much popular story of the
boyhood sportiveness of the brothers Hasan and Husain was a frank,
imitation of the similar exploits of Krsna and Balaram narrated in,
Krsna- mangal. The story of Hariscandra (in Dharmamangal) and of Karna
the Charitable (data) (in tlie eighteenth century Krsna-mangal poetry)
had its Muslim version in Islam- Nabi Keccha (Stories of the Prophets of
Islam) by Abdul Matin of Burdwan. The latter part of the story of
Surajjamal by Abdul Rahman of Faridpur imitates the story of Bchula as
in Manasamangal.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The
Muslim settlement of Sylhet remained in cultural isolation more or
less. They had never lost contact with their west-country
co-religionists. They cultivated Hindi poetry and had kept up the use of
Kayathi script among themselves.In the last quarter of the nineteenth
century some books were printed in this script which came to be known as
the Sylhet variety of Nagari (‘Sileti Nagari’). The Muslim writers of
Sylhet preferred romantic narratives as well as ‘Vaishnav’ lyrics and
mystic songs.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The
traditional stories of the local Muslim saints (‘Pir’) were woven with
tales to form a new type of religious poetry a West and North Bengal and
were responsible for the emergence of a new deity called Satyanarayan
(i.e. Satya the Narayana) by the Hindus and Satya Pir (i.e. Haq the Pir)
by the Muslims. The writers of such poems (Satyapir PancaliI) were
almost all Hindus. The earliest traditions regarding the Muslim Pirs in
Bengal are recorded in Sekaiubhodayd written a hybrid language which is
as much Sanskrit as Bengali.It contains stories of the spiritual powers
of Sheikh Jalaluddin who is said to have come to Bengal during the reign
of Laks-manasen (late twelfth century). Some of the stories and
anecdotes are old. One story that is not known from any source says that
woman was so much enraptured by a melody that she mistook her infant
son for her pitcher and dropped him down a well where she had come to
fetch water. The story is illustrated in a terra cotta plaque from the
ruins of the eighth century temple at Mahasthan. Sekasubhodaya has
obviously utilized materials from an earlier work of the same type which<br />
was probably in verse.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">At
any rate the tradition of the Pirs in Bengal has its origin in the
thirteenth century, and it originated independently from North and West
Bengal. A few writers took up folk-tales to illustrate the greatness of
Satya Pir. A North Bengal writer, Krsnaharidas, who wrote the biggest
poem of the genre at the instance of a Muslim landlord, exploited local
traditional lore. But the majority of them produced only very small
books using the same story that was obviously modelled after the
merchant episodes of Candimangal <span> </span>and Manarimangal. As
literary products this Pir literature is entirely valueless except that
it bears evidence of a widespread attempt at a rapprochement between the
two major faiths. The novel deity Satya-Pir or Satya-Narayan achieved
high popularity in the eighteenth century and we find there the best
writers of the century, Ghanaram Kaviratna, Ramesver Bhattacarya and
Rharatcandra Ray writing short Satyanarayan-Pancali poems.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<strong><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Reference:</span></strong></div>
<ol style="margin-top: 0;">
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Literally, a young man ( Hindi laurda)</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Literally, a rustic region ( Hindi gaoari) </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Literally, (the land of ) enchantment ( merchant )</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">This is obviously an echo from Vaishnav wings</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The name Magan (Literally obtained by begging) indicates that he came from a Bengali speaking family</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<strong><em><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">This paper was contained in </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt;">History
of Bengali Literature of Chapter 13, which was published by Sahitya
Akademi, New Delhi on First publish January 1960 and revised edition
1971 and wrote by Dr. Sukumar Sen, M.A, Ph.D,<span> </span>Khaira Professor of Linguistics and Phonetics and Head of the Department of Comparative Philology, University Calcutta, </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Forewords by</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt;"> Jawahrial Nehru</span></em></strong></div>Rowannyahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11315383992304973275noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2089436399604203314.post-80725113562527521602012-04-02T09:37:00.002-07:002012-04-02T09:37:51.986-07:00159 - Missing Links in Arakan History<div class="title" style="text-align: center;">
<a href="http://merhrom.wordpress.com/2009/03/04/missing-links-in-arakan-history/" rel="bookmark" title="Missing Links in Arakan History">Missing Links in Arakan History</a></div>
<a class="date" href="http://merhrom.wordpress.com/2009/03/04/missing-links-in-arakan-history/">
<span class="day"></span><span class="month"></span>
</a><br />
<br />
<div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<strong><em><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Satyendra Nath Ghoshal</span></em></strong></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">One
of the most glorious periods of Bengali literature was the seventeenth
century, though unfortunately, it has escaped the attention of many
careless historians; at any rate, little justice seems to have been done
to this golden age. I have called it a golden age not so much because
of the excellence of literary qualities in the works of this period
which also are assuredly worthy of recognition, but for two other strong
rounds. The first, is that not a single writer of Bengali literature
from the earliest period down to the end of the late medieval period,
save and except the poets of the seventeenth century, of whom I am about
to speak, has ever cared or dared to let us have a glimpse of the
contemporary historical background for reasons left to our guess.<span> </span>Secondly,
the works of all the poets of the old and medieval periods, except
those of the century under reference, are invariably connected with
unnecessary divine or religious sentiments.In fact, poetry divorced from
one religious aspect or another was, to all intents and purposes,
unknown. All early poets, who were orthodox Hindus, wrote in strict
unison with this tradition, and the practice went on in a highly mono-
tonous line without curb or respite.<span> </span>It may be noted here
that even when a love story like one based on the well-known episode of
Vidya and Sundar was composed in the later years, the same had to be
fitted into a religious frame-work where the motif was artificially made
to be the eulogy of some god or goddess.</span></div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">It redounds to the
credit of the Muslim poets of Bengali literature that this annoying
monotony of handling good plots was broken. It was they who went off the
beaten track and not only confined their attention to the motif of the
story,but narrated their own environments, including the historical
back-ground, so boldly and frankly, that the past history of certain
reigns<span> </span>or<span> </span>rulers<span> </span>is<span> </span>possible<span> </span>to<span> </span>he<span> </span>reconstructed<span> </span>on<span> </span>the<span> </span>basis of such narratives.<span> </span>Not
that they have not erred, particularly when they themselves refer to
traditions or hearsays, but in so far as contemporary pictures are
concerned they are seldom found guilty of exaggeration or distortions.</span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The
romantic Bengali literature, free from the fetters of religion and
religious sentiments, began in the hands of the Muslim poets, and its
developing period may be roughly taken to be some fifty years between
1622 and 1672.<span> </span>From a detailed study of this brief period
in the history of secular romance in Bengali literature it is not only
possible to corroborate some of the facts about Arakan<span> </span>but<span> </span>also<span> </span>throw<span> </span>a<span> </span>new<span> </span>light<span> </span>on<span> </span>the<span> </span>reigns of some of the kings of this country in this period. </span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Of
the principal Bengali poets who happen to be the torch-bearers in the
literary field of this period. I have selected in this short paper only
two, Daulat Kazi and Alaol, both Sufi Muslims.<span> </span>Sheer
chance seems to have carried both these Bengali poets to Arakan where in
the kings’ courts they composed their poems in the seventeenth century
and have left clear records of the reigning monarchs and their deeds.</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The earlier of the two poets named above is Daulat Kazi who has to his credit only one book known as <em>Sati Mayna-O-Lora Candrani</em> <strong><span style="color: red;">1</span></strong>
and that too was left incomplete by the poet as he was cut off by the
cruel hands of death in the midst of his work.This great work of Daulat
begins with a graphic picture of the capital of Arakan, of the king and
his chief minister, and of the people of the country in general. I would
like to mention here a grave omission of history in that of this chief
minister whose name is Ashraf Khan and in whose able hands, according to
Daulat, the reins of monarchy were entrusted for the major period of
the king’s reign, history betrays no knowledge.</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The
capital of Arakan in this time has been referred to as Rosanga by both
the poets. This Rosanga may he an attempt at sanskritization of the word
Mrohaung <strong><span style="color: red;">2</span></strong> by which name the capital was known for about four hundred years since the time of king Narameikhla (1433 A.D.).<strong><span style="color: red;">3</span></strong>
Daulat K.azi wrote his poem in the court of the Arakan king
Thiri-thu-dhamma (1632-1638), referred to by the poet as Sri Sudharma
which also seems to be a result of sanskritization. </span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Now,
the coronation of Thiri-thu-dhamma was, according to history, deferred
for twelve years, in pursuance of an astrological prediction that the
king would die within a year of his coronation,<strong><span style="color: red;">4</span></strong> and this is also corroborated by Daulat. In this context the poet writes that <em>“the great king (Sri Sudharma ) knowing that his life would come to an end, transferred the rule of the kingdom to<span> </span>the hands<span> </span>of his minister Ashraf Khan.”<strong><span style="color: red;">5</span></strong></em>
The king Thiri-thu-dhamma had, according to history, a Pali title of
honour, “Lord of the White Elephant, Lord of the Red Elephant”,as is
proved by numismatic<span> </span>evidence.<strong><span style="color: red;">6</span></strong> This title of<span> </span>the king has also been referred to by Daulat in the following way:</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<em><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">“The great mad elephant Airavat having seen the glory and fame of Sudharma submitted to his feet in while and red.” <strong><span style="color: red;">7</span></strong></span></em></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">A lengthy description of<span> </span>Rosanga, the<span> </span>capital of Arakan, in all<span> </span>its pomp and grandeur, is found in Daulat’s work thus:</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<em><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">“On the eastern side of the river Karnaphuli is the city of Rorsanga.<strong><span style="color: red;">8</span></strong>
King Sudharma, a very image of virtue, and in prowess, like the morning
Sun, is renowned in the world. Hs looks after his subjects as though
they were his sons.<span> </span>.. …Five hundred elephants carry on his command.<span> </span>The
entire kingdom is in peace and no one is envious of another..
…..’Nobody is in distress and all the people are happy through the grace
of the king….The king made Ashraf Khan his chief minister and the
commander of his army …….One day king Sudharma……went on an expedition
(hunting), into the forest with his army. Elephants of diverse colours
were with him.<span> </span>Flags of various colours covered the sky.<span> </span>Thousands and thousands of soldiers and horses, without a limit to their number, also followed (him).<span> </span>The glory of the king’s boat was beyond measure.<span> </span>……..The boat could cover in one day a journey of ten days.<span> </span>………The dazzling boat gave out a luster of lightning.<span> </span>Its pillars were of emerald and the roof was of silver.<span> </span>……..Its
stem with a gold peacock looked wonderful……. The king (thus) reached
the forest……with him was Ashraf Khan and other ministers……. The soldiers
pitched their respective tents and lived happily in these.
Variousmusical instruments were played…….The courtesans sang and dance
sweetly,…..The king with his army<span> </span>stayed there for four months…….Then the chief minister returned to his court with the permission of the king.<strong><span style="color: red;">9 </span></strong>Men
of various nationalities joined him. When Sri (sic) Ashraf Khan sat in
court, the pick of the Mughals and the Pathans, numerous Hindus both
native and foreign, countless Brahmins, Ksatriyas, Vaisyas and Sudras
also sat in rows……Sriyukta (Sic) Ahraph Khan was the chief minister and
was like the moon full in its sixteen parts.He daily read books and
heard recitals from books on moral teachings, poetry, sastras, all full
of diverse rasas <span> </span>( i. e., poetic sentiments)”.<strong><span style="color: red;">10</span></strong></span></em></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<strong><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Part two</span></strong></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The
second great Bengali poet of the court of Arakan after Daulat Kazi was
known as Alaol who wrote six hooks in all, of which, the first is his
masterpiece, Padmavati, which is an adaptation rather than a translation
of the famous work, Padmavat of Malik Muhammad Jayasi.<strong><span style="color: red;">11</span></strong></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Alaol’s
Padmavati was composed in the court of Arakan during the reign of Thado
Mintar (1645-1652), at the request of his chief minister, Magana
Thakur, who is said to be a poet himself; though his identity is still
shrouded in mystery.<strong><span style="color: red;">12</span></strong>
Alaol pictures him as a very important personage in Arakan court also
suggesting that his relation with the royal family was most intimate.</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">After
the death of the Arakan king, Narapatigyi (1638-1645) in 1645, his son,
Thado Mintar, succeeded to the throne “in his prime of youth”, <strong><span style="color: red;">13</span></strong> though it seems that the rule of the kingdom virtually vested in Magana through the queent dowager.<strong><span style="color: red;">14 </span></strong>Magana’s influence continued even for<span> </span>the first ten years of the reign of the Arakan king Sandothudhamma (1652-16SI) till Magana’s probable death in 1658.<strong><span style="color: red;">15</span></strong></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">It
should be pointed out in this context that history betrays not a
vestige of knowledge of the existence of Magana and shows a very poor
acquaintance with Thado Mintar and his reign. Alaol, on the other
hand,not only gives a very important place to Magana in the court of
Arakan, but has<span> </span>waxed eloquent over the young king<span> </span>Thado
Mintar and his reign. The Bengali poet has given a very vivid
pen-picture of the king, and has graphically described his capital,
palace and court where wealth and mirth were in plenty. Thus from Alaol
we have:<span> </span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<em><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">“.
. . The king sat on his throne in all his royal splendour while people
from all parts of the world poured down into the capital… The king’s
army and navy were strong and vast, the very sight of which struck
terror into the heart of the enemy. His hunting expeditions were
gigantic in size and character, and there was an unreserved extravagance
of’ pomp and splendour everywhere.”<strong><span style="color: red;">16 </span></strong></span></em></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">It is also interesting to note that<span> </span>Alaol mentions Thado Mintar as the “<em>Lord of the Red and White Elephant” </em>which precisely agrees with this king’s appellation as found in his coins.<strong><span style="color: red;">17</span></strong></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Of the other very interesting points touched by Alaol one is that, with Narapatigyi<span> </span>(Nrpagtha<span> </span>in<span> </span>Alaol) on the throne (in 1638), the direct dynasty of Minbin (1531-1553) became extinct <strong><span style="color: red;">18</span></strong> which<span> </span>is<span> </span>historically<span> </span>true
because this Narapatigyi, who was but a paramour of Natshinme, the
chief queen of Thiri-thu dhamma was in no way connected with the royal
family. According to the Bengali poet, Narapatigyi had a son and a
daughter of whom the son, whose name was Thado Mintar, succeeded to the
throne. Now history betrays not the least of knowledge of the existence
of this daughter, and calls Thado Mintar a nephew (brother’s son) of
Narapatigyi.<strong><span style="color: red;">19</span></strong></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<strong><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Part three</span></strong></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">From
the historical point of view not a single literary work of old or
medieval Bengali literature can compare with the work of Alaol in
importance. For instance, the <em>Sayaphul Muluk Badiojjamal</em> <strong><span style="color: red;">20</span></strong>
another voluminous poetical work based on the famous story of the same
name in the Arabian Nights contains perhaps a unique historical record
in the sense that it contains clear details about Shah Shuja’s <strong><span style="color: red;">21</span></strong> last phase of life of which history seems to hold a vague notion only.<strong><span style="color: red;">22</span></strong></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">It
is well known that Shah Shuja, defeated and driven by Aurangzeb, came
to Arakan some time after May 12, 1660. According to Alaol, he was
rather warmly received on his arrival by the then reigning monarch
Sandothudhamma (1652-1684), referred to by Alaol as Sri Candra Sudharma.<span> </span>Our
poet who was in Arakan at that time, as clearly stated by himself in
the work under reference, became, by a strange turn of circumstances,
intimate with this fugitive prince of Delhi, but was soon to regret
this. There is clear evidence, particularly in Alaol’s <em>Sayaphul Muluk Badiojjamal</em>,
that Shuja came into the disfavour of this famous monarch of Arakan not
long after his arrival and was mercilessly slaughtered with all his
retinue.<strong><span style="color: red;">23</span></strong>The Arakan
king did not stop there,but severely dealt with Shuja’s friends and
associates too. The unfortunate Bengali poet, on the false and malicious
report of a man, named Mirza, presumably a person of the local secret
service bureau of that time, was also tried for treason and had to serve
a prison sentence.</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Unfortunately
Alaol is not very clear as to why the Arakan king, having given a
hospitable berth to Shah Shuja was all on a sudden so annoyed with him
as to destroy him ultimately.The relevant lines, which can be read
between, are as follows:</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<em><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">“….It
was by chance that I had come to the city of Rosanga…. Subsequently the
great king Shuja came there… He had difference with the king of
Rosanga, and Shuja’s downfall came….All the Muslims who stood by his
side gave their lives in the hands of the Lord of Rosanga. There was a
royal officer (presumably of the secret service) whose name was Mirza.<span> </span>He reported to the king that I ( i. e. Alaol ) was<span> </span>also<span> </span>guilty of<span> </span>treason.
I had already difference with this man and seizing this opportunity he
fulfilled his object. The king (of Arakan,), not knowing the conspiracy
of this wicked man (against Alaol), threw me into prison in fury. In the
long last, when the king knew everything, he grabbed this wicked man
and punished him severely…..This villain met his death<span> </span>on the stake<span> </span>spoiling many (innocent) lives….I was put in prison for no fault of mine….” <strong><span style="color: red;">24</span></strong></span></em></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">It is evident that<span> </span>the<span> </span>lines<span> </span>quoted<span> </span>above<span> </span>do<span> </span>not<span> </span>clearly indicate any concrete<span> </span>charge against<span> </span>Shuja<span> </span>beyond a<span> </span>probable
charge of treason. Even if the charge brought against Shuja were
treason, neither the poet was, nor his readers are, convinced whether
the charge itself was false and cooked up, or real. It appears to me
that the poet had a lurking suspicion in his mind that Shuja was also a
victim of some intrigue or conspiracy hatched <em>by or at the direction of the said villain Mirza.</em><span> </span>This
conjecture also explains why the king subsequently sentenced this
fellow to die on the stake, may be, out of repentance for his action
against Shah Shuja. To me this appears to be a very probable explanation
of the king’s hasty action against Shuja and his subsequent acts.
Otherwise, it is difficult to explain why a person responsible for
exposing a major treasonous plot and saving the king,so to say,should in
return be imprisoned,tried and sentenced to a cruel death.<span> </span>Alaol’s
readers may also be inclined to make a further guess that Mir Jumla who
is known to have pursued Shuja as far as Arakan on Aurangzeb’s order
bribed this Mirza so as to accuse Shuja <em>falsely </em>and destroy him.</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Alaol
has written the longest eulogy in his Sayaphul Muluk Badiojjmal in
praise of the Arakan king Sandothudhamma who has been described by the
historians also as the greatest king who has ever sat on the throne of
Arakan.<strong><span style="color: red;">25 </span></strong>According to our poet the former king or kings of Arakan pale into insignificance in comparison to this king.<span> </span>In
fact, although the poet praised the former king Thado Mintar when he
wrote his first work during Thado’s reign, he has a somewhat different
tone when he begins to extol Sandothudhamma. Here the poet seems to hint
some act of the former king for which the people had left the country
in panic. A feeling of safety returned with the succession of the new
king Sandothudhamma sanskritized into Candra Sudharma by the Bengali
poet. The exact words of the poet in this context are these:</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<em><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">“..All
those who had gone away to different countries in fear of the former
king and had suffered from sorrow and grief, now returned, hearing the
greatness of the king Candra Sudharma, and forgot the sorrows of this
place which had gone wrong….”<strong><span style="color: red;">26 </span></strong></span></em></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Now the first pertinent question that assails the minds of Alaol’s readers in the light of the above remarks is: </span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<em><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">“What
exactly does the poet mean by the place, evidently Rosanga, the capital
of Arakan, going wrong in Thado’s time and what might be the reason
behind it?”</span></em></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Unfortunately for us,the history of Arakan is still far less exhaustive than we would like it to be, not only on a point like<span> </span>this, but<span> </span>on numerous other<span> </span>points which we have already pointed out.<strong><span style="color: red;">27</span></strong></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">In the coins of Sandothudhamma we find that his Pali title was “the moon-like righteous king”.<strong><span style="color: red;">28</span></strong> Alaol too clearly refers to this title thus:”The righteousness of the king was bright as the moon”.<strong><span style="color: red;">29</span></strong> <span> </span>Not only this, even Sandothudhamma’s very name has been sanskritized by Alaol as Candra Sudharma which<span> </span>also<span> </span>means<span> </span>‘righteous as the moon’.<span> </span>King Sandothudhamma had another appellation too stamped in his coins, “Lord of the Golden Palace”.<strong><span style="color: red;">30</span></strong><span style="color: red;"> <span> </span></span>This title also finds an echo in Alaol’s work thus: <em>“.. (the king’s) castle (is)<span> </span>made<span> </span>of gold..”.</em><strong><span style="color: red;">31</span></strong> In his <em>Sayaphal Muluk Badiojjamal </em>also the poet speaks of this king as ‘hema<span> </span>nrpa’, i-e-<span> </span>king of gold, and remarks<span> </span>that the ‘earth is made of gold’ in his time.</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Among
other important facts about Arakan mentioned by Alaol, one is that the
kingdom of Arakan was entrusted to the joint rule of the son and the
daughter of Thado Mintar after this king’s<span> </span>death,<span> </span>while<span> </span>the<span> </span>widowed queen, loyal<span> </span>to<span> </span>her<span> </span>husband’s memory, was passing her days in various<span> </span>acts of piety.<strong><span style="color: red;">32</span> </strong></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Again,
the said daughter and Magana Thakur, as already mentioned, had very
important roles in the administration of the state, and the good name of
the monarch Sandothudhamma,also known to the historians, might have
been predominantly due to his chief minister Magana of whose very
existence history betrays not the least of knowledge or information.<span> </span>Another minister Solomon, of this king, who was a fast friend of Magana also figures very prominently in this context in one of<span> </span>Alaol’s works.<strong><span style="color: red;">33 </span></strong>Thus
the great Bengali poet Alaol is credited to have supplied many missing
links in the reconstruction of Arakan history which, if followed
seriously by historians, will<span> </span>doubtless give a<span> </span>more
complete picture of the reigns of some of the forgotten kings of
Arakan, not only of the seventeenth century, but of the prior centuries
also.</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<strong><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Abbreviations</span></strong></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!–[if !supportLists]–><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><!–[endif]–><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">B.S.R.I.B.L<span> </span>Beginning of Secular Romance in Bengali Literature by Satyendranath Ghoshal</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!–[if !supportLists]–><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><!–[endif]–><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">C. H. I<span> </span>Cambridge History of India, </span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!–[if !supportLists]–><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><!–[endif]–><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">H. B. (J)<span> </span>History of Bengal by Sir Jadunath Sarkar.<span> </span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!–[if !supportLists]–><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><!–[endif]–><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">H. Bur (H)<span> </span>History of Burma by G. E.Harvey (1925).</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!–[if !supportLists]–><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><!–[endif]–><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">I. G. I.<span> </span>Imperial Gazetteer of India (1908)</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!–[if !supportLists]–><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><!–[endif]–><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">J.A. S. B.<span> </span>Journal of Asiatic Society of Bengal</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!–[if !supportLists]–><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><!–[endif]–><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">J .Bur.R. S. Journal of Burmese Research Society</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!–[if !supportLists]–><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><!–[endif]–><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">P. (Sh.)<span> </span>Padmavati, ed. by M.Shahidullah (1950).</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!–[if !supportLists]–><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><!–[endif]–><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">P.(V. A.)<span> </span>Padmavati, ed. by<span> </span>V. Agrawalla.</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!–[if !supportLists]–><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><!–[endif]–><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">P. (S. G.)<span> </span>Padmavati, ed. by S. N.<span> </span>Ghoshal.</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!–[if !supportLists]–><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><!–[endif]–><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">S.M.B<span> </span>Sayaphul Muluk Badiojjnmal by Alaol.</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!–[if !supportLists]–><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><!–[endif]–><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">S.M.L.C.<span> </span>Sati Mayna 0 Lor Candrani<span> </span>by Daulat Kazi, edited by Satyendranath Ghoshal.</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!–[if !supportLists]–><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><!–[endif]–><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Sh.H.A.(J).<span> </span>Short History of<span> </span>Aurangzeb<span> </span>by Sir Jadunath Sarkar.</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!–[if !supportLists]–><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><!–[endif]–><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Sapta Payakar<span> </span>Published by Habibi Press</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><strong><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Reference:</span></strong></div>
<br />
<ol style="margin-top: 0;">
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Edited by the author of this paper and published by Visva Bharati<strong></strong></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Visva Bharati Annals,<span> </span>vol. X, p. 9.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">‘H.Bur.{H),p.140.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Ibid. p. 144;<span> </span>G. H. 1., IV, p. 479.<span> </span>The
king. of course, died after coronation, though not within the first
year, but in the third year of his reign(1638) under suspicious
circumstances {H. Bur. (H). p. 139).<span> </span>These kinds of
astrological prediction were rather common in the court, of Arakan in
those days. King Narameikhia (1404-1434) had a similar warning which he
ignored and died true to the prediction {Ibid). It seems highly probable
that such predictions were usually stage-managed consequent upon palace
intrigues which so often led to regicides..</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">S.M. L. C.,<span> </span>p. 45<span> </span>:<span> </span>Also<span> </span>B. S. R.<span> </span>1.<span> </span>B.<span> </span>L.. p.<span> </span>13, P. 13-f. n. 4.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">J.A. S.B., XV, 1846, p. 234.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">S. M. L.C., p. 45.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The
relevant line may also be translated as ”There is a city named Rosanga
on the eastern side of which is the river Karnaphuli.”</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Evidently
the king was still then uncrowned in consequence of the astrological
prediction (supra), and Asraph Khan was virtually in charge of
conducting the proceedings of the royal court.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">S. M. L. C., pp. 45-48.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">One
of the greatest poets of the literature of undivided India, who wrote
his masterpiece Padmavat in Abadhi language most possibly in course of
927-947A.H.(i.e.1520-100 A.D.)</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Alaol, in describing him, has such lines as “devagurubhakta etc,” a devotee of the gods and his religious preceptor.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">P. (Sh.), p.<span> </span>16:<span> </span>P. (S. G.), p.<span> </span>10.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">P. (S. G.) p. 12.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">R. S.R.I.R.I, pp.<span> </span>198-99</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">P. (sh). pp. 13-18;<span> </span>p. (S.G.), pp.<span> </span>7-11.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">J. A. S.B., XV, 1846.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">P. (S. G.},<span> </span>p. •;.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">It
is high time that students of history should pursue this discord
between history and contemporary literature, and discover the exact
truth.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Its first part was written some time about 1658 and the second part round about 1670:<span> </span>B. S. R. I. B. L., p. 66.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Brother of Aurangzeb.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Sh.<span> </span>H.<span> </span>A.<span> </span>(J),<span> </span>P,i.<span> </span>98-99;<span> </span>I.<span> </span>G.<span> </span>I.,<span> </span>II,<span> </span>p.<span> </span>402.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Shuja met his fatal end some time before, or in the beginning of 1661 [Sh. H. A. (J). <span> </span>pp. 98- 9].<span> </span>Alaol clearly states<span> </span>that Shuja, with all his men, was massacred, though history<span> </span>does<span> </span>not seen to be definite as to the exact nature<span> </span>of his end.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">S.M.B., pp. 175-177.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">H. Bur.<span> </span>(H).<span> </span>p. 145.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">S. M. B.. p. 5.<span> </span>Nothing
whatsoever is known to the historians up to this day about this mass
exodus in Thado Mintar’s time or about its return during the reign of
the next monarch.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Mr.J. Stuart writing in 1923 appealed for ‘more light on Arakanese history’:<span> </span>J. Bur. R. S., XIII, part II, p. 95.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">J. A. S. B.. XV, 1846, p. 235.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Portion of Sati Mayna, written by Alaol, p. 105.<span> </span>It may be mentioned here that Daulat Kazi’s unfinished work Sati Mayna 0 Lora Candrani was later on finished by Alaol.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">‘J. A. S. B., XV, 1846, p. 235.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Sapta Payakar, p, 7.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">S.M.B..p.8.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Ibid., pp.<span> </span>8-9.</span></li>
</ol>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><strong><em><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">This
paper was published in Asiatic Society of Bangladesh Publication # 15,
under the name of Abdul Karim Sahitya-Visarad Commemoration Volume, as
the title of “ Missing Links in Arakan History” by Satyendra Nath
Ghoshal, Head of the Department of Bengal, Benares University, Varanasi 5
and<span> </span>Edited by Muhammad Enamul Haq, Professor of Bengali, University of Dacca on 1972.</span></em></strong></div>
</div>Rowannyahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11315383992304973275noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2089436399604203314.post-63005873738400948702012-04-02T09:34:00.001-07:002012-04-02T09:34:34.626-07:00158 - Arakan’s place in the civilization of the Bay:<h2 class="title" style="text-align: center;">
<a href="http://merhrom.wordpress.com/2009/03/04/arakan%c2%92s-place-in-the-civilization-of-the-bay/" rel="bookmark" title="Arakan’s place in the civilization of the Bay:">Arakan’s place in the civilization of the Bay:</a></h2>
<a class="date" href="http://merhrom.wordpress.com/2009/03/04/arakan%c2%92s-place-in-the-civilization-of-the-bay/">
<span class="day"></span><span class="month"></span>
</a>
<div class="entry">
<div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><em>A study of coinage and foreign relations</em></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><em> </em><br />
</span><strong><em><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">M.S.Collis, in collaboration with San Shwe Bu.</span></em></strong></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<strong><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Coins found in Arakan<span> </span></span></strong></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Mr.
Htoon Aung Gyaw, Barrister-at-law and certain other private collectors
of Akyab have in their possession over a hundred coins found in Arakan.
When recently arranged by Mr. San Shwe Bu, many of them were seen to be
duplicates, but sixteen belonging to the Maruk-U dynasty (1430 to 1784
A.D.) were distinct specimens, bearing the dates and titles of fifteen
different kings of that time. Moreover there were a few coins belonging
to the <b style="background-color: #ffff66; color: black;">Wesali</b>
dynasty (788 to 951 A.D.). I propose in this paper to show the
relationship of these coins to Indian coinage as a whole and to use them
as a document from which to draw certain general conclusions on the
history of Arakan. As that history has never been written and as the
data for the early centuries are scanty and controversial, I trust that
the inevitable shortcomings of this summary will be understood and
excused.</span></div>
</div>
<div>
<strong><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Types of Indian coinage; Hindu</span></strong>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Speaking
generally the coins of India fall into two distinct types, the Hindu
and the Mohamedan. Specimens of Hindu coinage of as far back as 600 B.C.
are in the British Museum, but it was not until India came into contact
with mediterranean civilization in 327 B.C. that its coinage developed
and became an art. This connection, beginning with the invansion of
Alexander and continuing through the Satraps into Roman times resulted
first in the striking of coins almost pure Greek in design and gradually
in the adaptation of that design to Hindu ends. With the Guptas (320 to
455 A.D.) a coinage had been evolved which while owing much to the
Greek theory of form, was pure Hindu in feeling. Now all this Hindu
coinage, from its highest as a work of art to its lowest as a barbarous
confusion, has certain definite characteristics. It exhibits portraits
of kings, figures and animals, deities and symbols of deities.
Inscriptions take a very subordinate place; dates are infrequent; as it
is not always possible to identify a coin with a particular king, a
classification by dynasties and localities is the most that can often be
attempted. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<strong><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Types of Indian coinage:<span> </span>Mahomedan.</span></strong><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Mohamedan
coinage, which came into India in 1203 A.D. has opposite
characteristics. It is of an inscriptional nature. Save for a few
exceptions, it contains not a portrait or a figure. The King’s name,
title, date and faith are carefully recorded. The coin’s artistic merit
depends upon the calligraphy; and as everyone is aware who has studied
the Persian script as at mural decoration this can give a remarkably
balanced and vital impression of art.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<strong><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Coins of Arakan<span> </span></span></strong></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The coins found in Arakan belong to both the groups described above; those of <b style="background-color: #ffff66; color: black;">Wesali</b> are Hindu and those of Mrauk-U are Mahomedan. In order to understand the <b style="background-color: #ffff66; color: black;">Wesali</b>
coins it will be necessary to set down here in outline what is known of
that Kingdom and how it stood in relation to adjoining states.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<strong><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><b style="background-color: #ffff66; color: black;">Wesali</b>, Archaeological evidence</span></strong></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The
ruins of the city are still to be seen on the bank of a tidal creek
about six miles from Mrauk U (now known as Myohaung) and about fifty
miles inland from the Bay of Bengal. The site has neither been surveyed
nor excavated, but the casual observer may perceive the remains of brick
walls enclosing a large area. On the south side was to be seen until
lately portions of a <b style="background-color: #a0ffff; color: black;">stone</b> pier. Within the walls are numerous mounds and lying on them are pieces of <b style="background-color: #a0ffff; color: black;">stone</b> statuary, bas-reliefs, capitals, floral designs in <b style="background-color: #a0ffff; color: black;">stone</b> and inscriptions in the Nagari character of the 8<sup>th</sup>
century. All these remains are purely Hindu in execution and subject.
The figures represent deities; on the capitals is the sacred bull of
Siva; the style is rougher than the best Hindu work, but is not debased.
Close by the walls is a large <b style="background-color: #a0ffff; color: black;">stone</b>
monolith of Buddha belonging to the same date. This is the image now
known as the Paragri, praying at which Fra Manrique found King
Thiri-thu-dhamma eight centuries later. Various Nagari inscriptions,
still undeciphered,<span> </span>have been found in the vicinity of the
city; and at Mahamuni, 15 miles N. E., are to be seen surrounding the
mound on which once sat the great image of the Buddha, which is now
Mandalay, a number of statues and bas-reliefs of the Hindu Pantheon.
Incomplete and insufficiently worked out as is this archaeological
evidence, it suggests that in the city of<span> </span><b style="background-color: #ffff66; color: black;">Wesali</b> were practiced both the Hindu and Buddhist religions or that it was a Mahayanist city.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<strong><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><b style="background-color: #ffff66; color: black;">Wesali</b> MSS. evidence</span></strong></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Mr.
San Shwe Bu has placed in my hands his translation of a curious
Arakanese MS. called. “The true chronicle of the Great Image” <strong><span style="color: red;">1 </span></strong>Its calligraphy is order than that of the rest of the MSS. in my possession.- San Shwe Bu. The age of this MS. like that of most<span> </span>Arakanese MSS. is unknown, but it purports to give some account of the <b style="background-color: #ffff66; color: black;">Wesali</b> dynasty. It contents in this respect may be summarised as follows:-</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The
area now known as north Arakan had been for many years before the 8th
century the seat of Hindu dynasties; in 788 A.D. a new dynasty known as
the Chandra, founded the city of <b style="background-color: #ffff66; color: black;">Wesali</b>;
this city became a noted trade port to which as many as a thousand
ships came annually; the Chandra kings were upholders of Buddhism,
guarding and glorifying the Mahamunni shrine; their territory extended
as far north as Chittagong; the dynasty came to an end in 957 A.D. being
overwhelmed by a Mongolian invasion. The conclusion to be drawn from
this MS. is that <b style="background-color: #ffff66; color: black;">Wesali</b>
was an easterly Hindu kingdom of Bengal, following the Mahayanist form
of Buddhism and that both government and people were Indian as the
Mongolian influx had not yet occurred.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<strong><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Testimony from the history of Bengal</span></strong></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<strong><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">I. Fa-Hien</span></strong></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Four
hundred years before the Chandras, Fa-Hien (405-411 A.D.), the Chinese
pilgrim,visited the plain of Hindustan when that land was ruled by the
Guptas. The supreme government was Brahmanical, but he was able to
collect from the thousands of Mahayanist and Hinayanist monasteries,
which were flourishing side by side with the temples of the ancient
gods, quantities of Buddhist books and relics, with which he returned to
China. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">India</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> was no longer Buddhist as it had been at the time of Asoka (272 B.C.); but numerous Buddhist foundations persisted.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<strong><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">II. Hiuen Tsang</span></strong><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">A
hundred and fifty years before the Chandras, another Chinese pilgrim,
Hiuen Tsang (630 A.D) visited the same area, then under the Emperor
Harsha. Hiuen Tsang himself was a Mahayanist and from the conversation
he states he held with Harsha, it is clear that the latter also inclined
to that religious view, though in the course of his reign he had
created temples to Siva, to the Sun and to Buddha. Hiuen Tsang returned
to China with hundreds of Buddhist MSS. But his account of how the Bodhi
tree at Gaya had been dug up and the footprint of Buddha at Pataliputra
destroyed by the Puranic Hindus allow us to draw the conclusion that
Hinayanism had already fled the country and that Mahayana Buddhism was
really a compromise in which the Hindu gods and Buddha ranked equally.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<strong><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The Pala Kings of Bengal<span> </span></span></strong></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">If
we now turn on to the history of this Ganges area at a period
contemporary to that of the Chandras, we find a further development of
the same tendency. The ruling dynasty, the Pala, was Mahayanist; it was
in communication with Tibet, to which country it sent two missions; and
the last of the Palas developed the Tantric side of Mahayana Buddhism.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<strong><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Conclusion: <b style="background-color: #ffff66; color: black;">Wesali</b> a Mahavanist State</span></strong></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">These are some of the data for forming an opinion as to the religious condition of Bengal from 400-1000 A.D. As <b style="background-color: #ffff66; color: black;">Wesali</b>
was a Hindu State adjacent thereto, the presumption is that its
religious history was similar. Hinayanism had vanished; Mahayanism had
compromised with original Hinduism to such a point that Buddha had
become one of many gods; even the sexual magic of Tantricism was no
anomaly. Such, it appears, was the Chandra kingdom of <b style="background-color: #ffff66; color: black;">Wesali</b>,
Mahayanist in the sense that word carried in the Bengal of the 8th
century. It is significant that at least one Tantric sculpture has been
found in <b style="background-color: #ffff66; color: black;">Wesali</b>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<strong><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The coinage of <b style="background-color: #ffff66; color: black;">Wesali</b></span></strong></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The <b style="background-color: #ffff66; color: black;">Wesali</b>
coins can now be appreciated. They have been picked upon the site and a
considerable number are in existence. Some of them are as large as a
modern rupee; others resemble in size a four anna bit. They are of good
silver and well preserved. Stamped on them are the bull, Nandi, the
avatar of Siva; Siva’s trident; on one is what appears to be a vase of
votive flowers; on some there is an undecipherable Nagari insciption.
Artistically they are a long way behind the Gupta coins, but they lie in
that tradition and are superior to many of the debased coins of
Southern India. Though all the symbols that occur on them are to be
found at one time or another among those struck on Indian coins, I have
seen none that are precisely their fellows. They have a generic
similarity to the coinages of some of the lesser Indian States, and
there is no doubt both from the number of them now in private
collections, from their uniformity of design and verying values that
they were coins and not, as has been suggested, commemorative tablets.
Indeed, from what I have already noted of the size of <b style="background-color: #ffff66; color: black;">Wesali</b>
and its foreign trade, to suppose that it had no coinage would be to
postulate an exception, for at that period in India all states of any
importance had at least a silver currency. <b style="background-color: #ffff66; color: black;">Wesali</b>,
as will be explained later, must be regarded not as an early Burmese
but as a late Hindu State. With the whole tradition of the great Hindu
past it had inherited coinage. All these data indicate that the coins of
<b style="background-color: #ffff66; color: black;">Wesali</b> were in the
pure Brahmanical tradition. But coins bearing Brahmanical symbols are
not inconsistent with a Mahayanist dynasty. I am not aware of any Indian
coin of a period later than the 1<sup>st</sup> century A.D., which
contains a Buddhist figure, symbol or inscription. The Mahayanist kings
of the periods mentioned above struck Brahmanical coins. Nothing is
therefore more to be expected than that the <b style="background-color: #ffff66; color: black;">Wesali</b> coins should also be Brahminical. It is merely another proof of how closely the Mahayanist Buddhism of 8<sup>th</sup> century Bengal approximated to Hinduism.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<strong><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The end of <b style="background-color: #ffff66; color: black;">Wesali</b> & the beginning of the Arakanese<span> </span></span></strong></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Such was the kingdom of <b style="background-color: #ffff66; color: black;">Wesali</b>,
an Indian state in the style of the period. But in 957 A.D. occurred an
event which was to change it from an Indian into an Indo-Chinese realm
and to endow the region of Arakan with its present characteristics. The
“True Chronicle” records that in the year 957 A.D., a Mongolian invasion
swept over <b style="background-color: #ffff66; color: black;">Wesali</b>,
destroyed the Chandras and placed on their throne Mongolian kings. This
important statement can fortunately be amply substantiated. Over the
border in Bengal the same deluge carried away the Pala kings. The
evidence for this latter irruption is fully cited in a paper by Mr.
Banerji and there is no doubt that the Mongolian invasion, which
terminated the ruler of the Palas, closed also the epoch of the
Chandras. But while in Bengal the Hindus regained their supremacy in a
few years, it would seem that in Arakan the entry of the Mongolians was
decisive. They cut Arakan away from India and mixing in sufficient
number with the inhabitants of the east side of the present Indo-Burma
divide, created that Indo-Mongoloid stock now known as the Arakanese.
This emergence of a new race was not the work of a single invasion. The
MSS record subsequent Mongolian incursions. But the date 957 A.D., may
be said to mark the appearance of the Arakanese, and the beginning of a
fresh period.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<strong><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The period 957-1430 A. D., General characteristics<span> </span></span></strong></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The
cardinal characteristic of the new period is that Arakan (as the area
may now be called) looked East instead of West. The Mongolians were
savages and following their invasion supervened a period of darkness.
But the invaders became educated in the culture of the country they had
conquered. The resulting civilization was of a mediaeval character. The
capital was moved from <b style="background-color: #ffff66; color: black;">Wesali</b>
to the Lemro river, some fifteen miles south-east. There during the
ensuing centuries numerous dynasties ruled, each with its own city but
always in the same locality. Few archaeological remains of this period
of five centuries exist, though brick foundations may be seen on the
Lemro bank. There was no coinage. This fact is significant as placing
the age in its perspective. We have here to do with a small kingdom in
an age of small kingdoms. In Bengal the Mohamedans were not to arrive
till 1203. Over the mountains in Burma proper was the quaint kingdom of
Pagan. It was with Pagan alone the Arakan had any considerable dealings
and it was to learn much. Thus during these five centuries the
inhabitants of Arakan became more similar to the inhabitants of Burma
and less like Indians. Their religion became less Mahayanist and more
Hinayanist. The link with the past, however, was the Mahamuni image,
which was still in its old place, for it fitted equally well into
Hinayana as into Mahayana Buddhism.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<strong><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Particular Characteristics of the period 957-1430 A. D</span></strong><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">.<span> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Arakan
became feudatory to Pagan, that is to say it maintained its own kings
but paid tribute as an acknowledgement of suzerainty. There existed a
road connecting the Lemro with Pagan. That road was known as the Buywet
ma-nyo. It has long been overgrown, but the present Government is
seeking to resurvey it. It was along that road that the ideas of Burma
passed into Arakan. Pagan herself had modified from the Mahayanist to
the Hinayanist form of Buddhism and the modification was transmitted to
Arakan during the eleventh and twelfth centuries. Burmese writhing came
over at the same time and in the same manner. No inscriptions in the
Burmese script are found in Arakan before that date. The question of the
emergence of the Arakanese <b style="background-color: #ff66ff; color: black;">language</b> is more difficult. Whether it was the <b style="background-color: #ff66ff; color: black;">language</b> of the Mongolian invader’s of the 10<sup>th</sup> century or whether it filtered across the mountains after contract with Burma in the 11<sup>th</sup> and 12<sup>th</sup> centuries is undecided. As Arakanese is the same <b style="background-color: #ff66ff; color: black;">language</b> as Burmese, being merely a dialect, to suppose that it was the <b style="background-color: #ff66ff; color: black;">language</b>
of the invaders is to contend that the Mongolians who extinguished the
Chandras spoke the same tongue as those who afterwards became
predominant in the Irrawaddy plain. If the contrary is postulated, and
it is argued that the Burmese <b style="background-color: #ff66ff; color: black;">language</b>,
coming over the mountain road, impinged upon the Mongolian speech of
the then Arakanese and created modern Arakanese, linguistic difficulties
are raised which are difficult to solve. This question awaits judgment.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<strong><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The Mahamuni image and Pagan</span></strong></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The
great preoccupation of the Lemro dynasties during this mediaeval period
was the guardianship of the Mahamuni image. As it was believed to be a
likeness of the Master cast during his life time its possession gave
Arakan and important position in the eyes of the Pagan kings. For
monarchs who had built so many thousand pagodas and who had raised up so
sacred a city as Pagan, the possession of Mahamuni would have been the
crown of their endeavours. But the Arakanese had an old belief that if
it left their country, it would synchronise with the ruin of their race.
As they were not strong enough to guard it by force of arms, they
employed that peculiar system of magical astrology, known as Yadaya, to
protect it. They attempted to render its site unapproachable for
invanders or spoilers by enveloping it in a magical net. Both Anawratha
and Alaungsithu, though suzerain lords of Arakan and though both dearly
longed to enshrine the great Buddha in their own capital city, failed to
remove it. The writers of the manuscripts conclude that the Yadaya
calculations were well drawn. Being unable to take it, they worshipped
there and the fact that the most revered image of all Budddhism was
located in Arakan resulted in much coming and going between that country
and the kingdom of Pagan. Thus were the two countries drawn closely
together.The road over the mountains became a trade route. The MSS.
relate great fairs held on it at a point between the two States. But of
coinage there was no need.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<strong><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Summary of the Lemro period </span></strong><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">During
these five hundred years Arakan became a Holy Land. It had no political
importance, but was a place of pilgrimage for the Buddhist world.
Neither commercial nor cosmopolitan like the kingdom of <b style="background-color: #ffff66; color: black;">Wesali</b>, it developed those racial and religious charactristics which mark it still.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<strong><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Arakan looks West again 1450A.D</span></strong><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">.<span> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">But
India was again to play its part in the making of Arakan. To understand
the age of Mrauk-U (1430 – 1785 A. D.), the profound changes which had
taken place in Bengal since the time of the Palas must be called to
mind.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<strong><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The World movement of Islam</span></strong><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">When
the life went out of the Roman Empire, clan vital drove the followers
of Mahomet to create a polity in its stead. Under the propelling
conviction of their war-religion they overran the middle block of
Eur-Asia. Europe was restricted almost to small states on the Atlantic
see board. Moslem civilization extended from Cordova to Dacca. An
average observer of the period would have seen nothing in the world but
Islam. From all points of view, military, political and cultural, the
Moslem Sultanates were in the van of civilization. For every other state
they represented modernity, as industrial Europe now represent what is
modern for Asia and Africa. Bengal was absorbed into this great polity
in 1293 A. D. But that was its extreme eastern limit. It never passed
into Indo-China; and its influence from its arrival in 1203 to 1430 was
negligible upon Arakan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<strong><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Why Arakan turned towards India in 1450</span></strong></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The
circumstances which made Arakan turn from the East and look West to the
Moslem States were political. In 1404 A. D., Min Saw Mwan was King of
Arakan, ruling from Launggret, one of the Lemro Cities already
mentioned. As the kings of Pagan had regarded Arakan as their feudatory,
the Kings of Ava, who succeeded them, saw no reason why they should not
reassert that view. Moreover the Arakanese had annoyed them by raiding
Yaw and Laungshe. Accordingly the heir apparent to the throne of Ava
invaded Arakan in 1406. Min Saw Mwan fled the country, taking refuge at
Gaur, the capital of the Sultan of Bengal. That kingdom had been
independent of the Sultanate of Delhi for eighty six years. It was one
of the many sovereign states of the world wide Moslem polity. The
Arakanese king remained there for twenty four years, leaving his country
in the hands of the Burmese. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<strong><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Founding of Mrauk-U</span></strong></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Nasir-ud-din
Shah became Sultan in 1426 and Min Saw Mwan prevailed on that monarch
to restore him to the throne of Arakan, as his tributary. Force of
circumstances made him prefer to call himself a feudatory of the Sultans
of Bengal than of the kings of Ava. He turned away from what was
Buddhist and familiar to what was Mohamedan and foreign. In so doing he
loomed from the mediaeval to the modern, from the fragile fairyland of
the Glass Palace Chronicle to the robust extravaganza of the Thousand
Nights and one Night. Nasir-ud-din restored him in 1430 A.D. and Mrauk-U
was built. It is noteworthy that one of that Sultan’s coins was
recently found near the site of that city. It is a unique document in
the history of Arakan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<strong><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Origin of Arakanese coinage</span></strong></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">When
the Moslems entered Bengal in 1203, they introduced the inscriptional
type of coinage already described in this paper. Nasir-ud-din’s coin is
in the tradition and it was on that coin and its fellows that the
coinage of that coin and its fellows that the coinage of Mrauk-U was
subsequently modelled. In this way Arakan became definitely oriented
towards the Moslem State. Contact with a modem civilization resulted in a
renaissance. The country’s great age began.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<strong><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The Mrauk-U dynasty1450-1786<span> </span></span></strong></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Shin
Arahan would have found himself as much out of place at the court of
Gaur as St.Bernard in the University of Cordova. To avoid such a
sensation and snatch advantage from change, the Arakanese had to forsake
a fashion in ideas, which had fallen behind in the march of the world’s
thought, and bring themselves up to date. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<strong><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Period</span></strong><strong><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> I.</span></strong><strong><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> 1430-1530. As feudatory to Bengal</span></strong></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">They
had to learn the history of recent events, the meaning of the triumph
of Islam and how it arrived that the chief Moslem protagonists were
Mongolian.<strong> </strong>For it was a curious fact that while the
government of Further India was Mongolian-Buddhist, that of India and
westwards beyond was Mongolian-Mohamedan. Situated as they were between
the two, the Arakanese had opportunity of detecting their fundamental
difference. That basic distinction centred in the matter of war and
agggrandisement. While for Further India war was wrong and only happened
by the way, for the Moslem block it was the first preoccupation of
government. It took the Arakanese a hundred years to learn that doctrine
from the Moslem Mongolians. When it was well understood, they founded
what was known as the Arakanese empire. For the hundred years, 1430 to
1530, Arakan remained feudatory to Bengal, paid tribute and learnt
history and politics. Eleven kings followed one another at Mrauk-U in
undistinguished succession. If they struck coins, none have been found.
In 1531 Minbin ascended the throne. With him the Arakanese graduated in
their Moslem studies and the empire was founded.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<strong><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The Mrauk-U dynasty. Period II, 1531-1638</span></strong></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Two
capital events occured which gave the now instructed Arakan its weapon
and its opportunity,—the arrival of the Portuguese and civil war in
Bengal.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<strong><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The Portuguese</span></strong></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The
Portuguese arrived in eastern waters about the year 1500 in search of
trade. From the Indian point of view they were an obscure tribe living
on the extreme edge of the Moslem dominion; in fact they had only
recently succeeded in driving the Moslem out of their own Iberian
peninsular. Between them and India was the solid block of the Mussalman
states and they had therefore been compelled to sail round by the Cape
of Good Hope. But they had one extraordinary and unique characterstic –
they were mariners, supreme seamen. There were no other sailors of note
in the world. The enormous Moslem dominion was military. It had no need
of the sea because its trade routes in Eur-Aisa were overland. The
Portuguese shipmen were a mere handful; the total population of their
country would not have filled a dozen of the larger Indian cities; but
as they were unopposed on the sea, they found themeselves in command of
it. Had this not been the case they could never have appeared at all in
eastern waters so far from their base. But it was not enough to be in
command of the sea; some point d’appui on land for trade and refitting
was essential. This they acquired in various localities by peaceful
arrangement with the local authorities. Looking for such a concession
Don Jao de Silveira entered the harbour of Arakan in 1517, fourteen
years before Minbin’s accession. The Arakanese, their wits sharpened by
experience, saw that here was one of those chances given to nations and
individuals, which if boldly exploited yield a great profit. It seemed
that a mutually agreeable understanding could be arranged. While the
Portuguese were able to provide mastery of seamanship, with a more
modern knowledge of arms and fortification, the Arakanese could throw
into the bargin territorial concessions and trade openings. An agreement
on these lines was reached. When Minbin came to the throne he turned
Mrauk-U into the strongest fortified city of the Bay, employing the
Portuguese to lay out his walls and moats and to forge and mount his
cannon. He appointed them as military officers to train and equip a
mercenary army of heterogeneous races, foreign and domestic; and he
built, with their aid, a large fleet manned with his own men, who were
hardy boatmen, but guided and stiffened by Portuguese mariners. Minbin
in this way became master of a powerful modern weapon.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<strong><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Civil war in Bengal</span></strong></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The
second capital event, which gave Arakan its oportunity was the civil
war in Bengal. The Moguls had arrived and the second of that line,
Humayon entered Gaur, displacing the independent dynasty. But he could
not maintain himself against the pretender Shere Shah. During the whole
of Minbin’s reign the administration of Bengal was interrupted by that
struggle and eastern Bengal lay defenceless. For Minbin, armed as he now
was, this was the opportunity. With a combined fleet and army movement
he occupied Eastern Bengal. That province remained to Arakan for the
next hundred and twenty years, till 1666. Its administration was left in
the hands of twelve local rajahs, who paid an annual tribute to the
Arakanese king’s Viceroy at Chittagong.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<strong><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Minbin’s coin</span></strong></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">In Mr.Htoon Aung Gyaw’s collectionis one of Minbin’s coins.<span> </span>It
presents a succinct commentary on the sudden rise of Arakan to
importance in the Bay. On one side of it is inscribed the word “Minbin”
in the Burmese character. On the reverse in Nagari is his Moslem title,
Zabauk Shah. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<strong><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Mrauk-U a Sultanate</span></strong></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">So Arakan had turned into a Sultanate. The Court was shaped in Gaur and Delhi; there were the<span> </span>eunuchs
and the seraglio, the slaves and the executioner. But it remained
Hinayana Buddhist. Mahamunni was still there, still fervently
worshlipped. Moreover Minbin embellished Mrauk-U with its greatest
temples and pagodas. But the architecture of the former is neither
Mohamedan nor Buddhist.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<strong><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The architecture of the Period</span></strong></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">It’s
Hindu, but of so unique a design as almost to constitute a particular
style. This architecture was the work of Indian builders employed by
Minbin and working to his general specifications. It illustrates the
cosmopolitan origins of the state of Mrauk-U, which derived from the
Hindu and the Buddhist as well as from the Prortuguese and the Moslem.
But it also indicates how Minbin was able to fuse diverse elements into a
particular and separate style.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<strong><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Consolidation of Mrauk-U 1600, The north-west frontier</span></strong></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">If
Minbin founded the prosperity of Mrauk-U, Razagri, his successor of
forty years later, may be said to have consolidated it. In 1576 central
and western Bengal was definitely administered by Akbar. Hence the
Arakanese in eastern Bengal found themselves on the frontier of the
Moghul. There was now no buffer state between. It was known that the
Moghul regarded all Bengal as rightly his and that it was entered in his
records as such. Hence it behaved Mrauk-U to guard that frontier well.
But it was not feasible to do so with the regular army. Arrangements
were therefore made with other Portuguese for this purpose. These were
not those who acted as officers and instructors at Mrauk-U. They did not
belong to the home army or navy. They were Portuguese mariners who had
been allowed to found a trade settlement and refitting base near
Chittagong. It was agreed between them and the king that they would
protect the frontier against the Moghul in return for all the trade
openings their position at Chittagong afforded. The king had his brother
or near relative as Viceroy. It was the duty of that functionary to
watch the Portuguese and see that they played fair. This they were not
always inclined to do, but at that period the kings of Mrauk -U were
strong enough with their home army and navy to over power the Portuguese
when necessary. On at least one occasion they were constrained to
punish them by burning their settlement. On another occasion Don
Gonsales Tibau who belonged to an outside set of Portuguese, made a dash
at the city of Mrauk-U itself. But he was turned back from the harbour
of Arakan and was followed up and defeated in his own independent island
at the mouth of the Ganges, Thus at this time when the government of
Mrauk-U was strong enough to keep the Portuguese in order, the policy of
posting the latter on the northern frontier was a sound one.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<strong><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The south-east frontier </span></strong></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Maruk-U,
having turned the tables on Bengal proceeded to do the same on Burma;
this was the first and only Period in its history when Arakan was able
not only to repulse the Burmese but even to annex part of their country.
Razagiri, in alliance with Ava, took Pegu. On the division of the
spoils the strip up to and including Syriam and Moulmein was added to
his long coastline. This campaign was rendered possible by his excellent
navy and Razagri in appointing the Portuguese de Brito, as Governor of
Syriam was repeating the policy of the North West frontier. He depended
on those mariners, in conjunction, presumably, with his own seamen, to
keep his borders for him.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<strong><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Maximum extent of the empire of Mrauk-U</span></strong></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">For
a short period during the reign of Razagri Arakan extended from Dacca
and the Sundabans to Moulmein, a coast strip of a thousand miles in
length and varying from 150 to 20 miles in depth.This considerable
dominion was built up by means of the strong cosmopolitan army and navy
organized by Minbin and by inducing the Portuguese outside his army of
fight for him in return for trade concessions. It is difficult to
conceive of a state with less reliable foundations. But during the short
years of its greatness, the century from 1540 to 1640, it was brilliant
and imposing. Copying the imperial Court of Delhi, its kings adopted
the title of Padshah. The French traveller Fyiard, who was in India at
the time, sums up its position in the Bay as second only to that of the
Moghul. In my studies from Fra Manrique and the Arakanese MSS. I have
tried to paint a picture of Arakan at this moment of its highest
destiny. Here well add, in order to give those studies perspective a
comparison of its coinage with that of the contemporary coinage of
Delhi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<strong><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">A comparison of the Moghul and Mrauk-U coinage 1600<span> </span></span></strong></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The
coins of the Sultans were inscribed with a precise inscription in
useful and sufficient Persian lettering. With Akbar and his successors
the script becomes a fine art. Imperially cursive, whirling under the
eye, it has a living beauty. We possess a coin of Razagri. On the
obverse is his title in Burmese; on the reverse in Persian and Nagari.
The style is essentially that of the Sultanates, convenient, clear, but
conveying no impression of art. In fact Moghul Delhi never influenced
Mrauk-U. That city drew from Gaur of Bengal, the Gaur of 1430. Beyond
that it did not excel.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<strong><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Decline and fall of Mrauk-U 1638-1785</span></strong></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The
causes that make men rich are often the same as ruin them. What a
gambler has won he may lose by an identical throw. Mrauk-U was glorious
because wise kings took advantage of a strong alliance against
distracted border states. It fell into poverty and contempt because weak
kings were falsely served by their allies against united border states.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<strong><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Internal causes of decay</span></strong></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">In
my sketches of Mrauk-U at its heyday I have indicated the weakening of
the central government that followed the murder of King
Thiri-thu-dhamma. The usurper. Narapati, was never fully accepted by the
Arakanese. He depended upon his foreign mercenares. These were ready to
unmake him. The sanctity of authority was gone. Moreover the victories
of previous reigns had flooded the country with Moghul, Burmese and
Portuguese prisoners of war. These were centres of discontent on which
any adventurer could count. On such men counted Shuja, Aurangzebe’s
elder brother, rightful Emperor of Hindustan, when he fled to Arakan
after being worsted in the struggle for the imperial crown which
followed the death of Shah Jahan. Only a strong national king can
control an army of foreign paid soldiers.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<strong><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">External causes: The Portuguese</span></strong></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">After
1600 a change for the worse overcame the Portuguese. When their country
was united with Spain and her resources were squandered on the European
struggle in the Netherlands, she was unable to reinforce her eastern
shipmen. The Dutch and the English had arrived and treatened trade
rivalry. In consequence the Portuguese were transformed from assured
traders into cut off and desperate adventurers. They realised that their
empire of the sea was doomed, that being unable to look for help from
Europe, they had only their own wits and swords to uphold them and that
situated on the borders of great oriental states, so many thousand miles
from home, the duration of their prosperity could but be short. They
became pirates. The Viceroy of Goa’s control over them, always slight,
now disappeared. They recruted their numbers from the halfbreeds. Yet it
was on the good faith of these desperate men that the King of Mrauk-U
depended for the defence of his North West Frontier. The weak usurpers
of Arakan had no hold at all upon such cutthroats. If it was to their
interest to play fair, eastern Bengal could still call itself a part of
Arakan. But in fact for 28 years before Chittagong was actually lost,
the coinage of Mrauk-U bears no reference to it. The coins are stamped
only with a Burmese legend.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<strong><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">External causes: The Moghul</span></strong></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">As the 17th century advanced, the Moghuls consolidated their administration. But Bengal remained and irritant.<span> </span>It
was not so much that the Emperors objected to the eastern portion owing
allegiance to Arakan as that it was the base from which resolute
pirates crossed into their domains, raiding even to Moorshedabed. The
pirate boats were manned by pure Portuguese, half breeds and Arakanese.
They seized from the river banks goods and persons. Large numbers of
these latter were sold in Arakan, where the rice crop was sown and
reaped by them. But it was a short-sighted policy for the kings of
Arakan to annoy so strong a neighbouring State as the Moghul empire. As
noted above, however, it is doubtful whether the usurping kings after
Thiri-thu-dhamma controlled or attempted to control the Portuguese.
These foreigners had established an independent bandit State on the
Bengal border. So intolerable a condition of affairs could not last. It
was only a question of time when the Moghul would move. And in fact, as
soon as Aurangzebe had secured the throne and his rival was in exile, he
sent to Bengal a strong Governor, Shaistah Khan with instructions to
stop the piracy.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<strong><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Items in the decline of Mrauk-U (I) Loss of Chittagong 1666</span></strong></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Shaistah
Khan made it clear to a certain section of the Purtuguese bandits that
the whole force of the empire would now be used to suppress them, but if
they liked to come over to his side before he attacked, they would be
given rewards greater than they had received from the king of Arakan.
The Portuguese cannot have been fools enough to believe that the Nawab
would pay them as well as they had been able to pay themselves, but they
saw that the game was up and in 1665 many came over. Moghul sources
give a very full account of the events which followed- the nature of the
country in which the operations took place, the huge fleet built by the
Nawab, the assistance given by the Dutch and the fact that the
expedition had for its military object the defeat of the rest of the
Portuauese fleet. All was quickly over and Eastern Bengal was lost to
Arakan. It is noteworthy that the Arakanese home army was not sent into
Bengal in full force to resist the Moghuls. This supports the view here
taken that the Portuguese had become almost independent and that the
usurpers after Thiri-thu-dhamma exercised little control in Chittagong
which had become a Portuguese robber state. When the Moghuls showed
signs of advancing into Arakan proper, the Arakanese army resisted them
in force and with success. After the loss of Chittagong the territory of
the kingdom of Mrauk-U was reduced to the present districts of Akyab,
Kyaukpyu and Sandoway. Those areas in Lower Burma which had been won by
Razagri and resumed in part by Thiri-thu-dhamma had all lapsed back to
the Burmese. Arakan was now confined to its natural boundaries and was
no larger than it had been two hundred and fifty years prevously at the
time when it was feudatory to Bengal. That phase in the country’s
history which began with Minbin was now over. But it was to last as an
independent kingdom for another hundred and nineteen year.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<strong><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Items in decline of Mrauk-U (II) Internal degradation 1666-1785</span></strong></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">There
were twenty five kings of Mrauk-U during those hundred and nineteen
years. That is a sufficient commentary on the period. With the old
legitimate line extinct and with a large mercenary army of miscellanous
races which cared neither for the person of the king nor for the
aspirations of the people, adventurers appeared every few years,
sometimes every few months and the throne constantly changed hands,
Between the fall of Chittagong (1666) and Sanda Wizaya (1710) there were
ten kings averaging two and a half years each. Three reigned only one
year and two did not reign one month. Between Sanda Wizaya and Nara
Abaya (1742) the average was under two years, and the last seven kings
to 1784 averaged just three years each. The three kirgs named, Sanda
Thu-dhamma, Sanda Wizaya and Nara Abaya, each were a notable man and
each tried to stop the downward tendency, but without success. So
insecure a polity is little removed from anarchy, the coins we possess
reflect this desperate internal condition. While we have several stamped
with the titles of Sanda Thu-dhamma and Sanda Wizaya there are none
extant of the ten kings between. Of the following set of six, two are
represented and of the last seven all have coins except number 42 and 46
who both ruled but a few weeks. The coins themselves exhibit little
variation. Their design is neither more not less inserving. It remains
in the Mohamedan tradition of 1450 A. D.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<strong><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The fall of Mrauk-U</span></strong></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Such
a kingdom as was Arakan from 1666 to 1784 could only stand alone and
independent as long as it had no aggressive neighbour. The Moghuls had
ceased to an expanding power; Burma was mearly as distracted as Arakan;
the English were new comers. In other circumstances it could not have
endured a century and a quarter. But when in 1760 the Alaungpaya dynasty
had united</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Burma</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">,
Mrauk-U’s fate was certain. The sole question was when the blow would
fall. In 1782 Thaniada became king of Maruk-U. So reduced had become the
once great kingdom, that his role did not extend more than a few miles
beyond the walls. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<strong><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Ngathande and Bodawpaya</span></strong></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">There
were six other pretenders in the country, each with his following and
each anxious to enter the capital city. One of these, Ngathande, asked
Bodawpaya, king of Burma, to invade the realm. After so long a period of
looking west, Arakan turned east ward again. Ngathande’s idea was that
Bodawpaya would place him on the throne as a feudatory monarch. It was a
familiar point of view in Arakanese foreign relations. Bodawpaya,
however had no intention of anything of the kind. He used Ngathande,
invaded the country and reduced it to the position of an administered
province, the first time in its long history that it had lost a home
government of its own. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<strong><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The Mahamuni image </span></strong></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">It
is noteworthy that when Bodawpaya decided to annex Arakan, he bowed to
the old idea that the Mahamuni was the defence of that kingdom. For so
many centures it had been the common belief of Further India that as
long as Mahamuni was in Arakan, the country would remain independent,
that Bodawpaya thought it safer to tamper with those calculations in
Yadaya which were reputed to protect both the image and the realm. He
therefore sent masters of that Art before his troops corssed the
mountains and the formular were detected. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<strong><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Its loss a mortal blow </span></strong></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">After
his victory and to clinch the affair and prove to the world that Arakan
was realy down, he removed Mahamuni to Amarapura, where it now sits.
This event, long prophesied and long guarded against, crushed the
Arakanese more than defeat in the field.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<strong><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The Burmese administration of Arakan 1784 to 1825 </span></strong></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Bodawpaya’s
first act was to strike a medallion in the style of the Mrauk-U
coinage. The Burmese had never used coins and hence he had no model of
his own. He copied therefore the Moslem design. The legend reads- “The
kingdom of the Master of Amarapura and of Many White Elephants.” This is
the numismatic document to the fall of Mrauk-U.<span> </span>It was the last coin struck in Arakan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<strong><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Bodawpaya’s medallion</span></strong><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The
Burmese governor of Mrauk-U found the country in a very lawless state.
One Chinbya organized a rebellion. To secure peace and maintain order
the Burmese put to death some and deported others to Burma. Two hundred
thousand are said to have fled to India. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<strong><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Arakan learned nothing from Burmese connection of 1784-1825</span></strong></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">In
her previous connections with outside states Arakan had always been the
gainer. As Feudatory to Pagan she had received the Little Vehicle and
learnt her present alphabet. As feudatory to Bengal she had laid the
foundations of her great age. But administered as a governorship by the
Burmese of the 18th century, she had nothing to gain for the Burmese had
nothing to teach a country which for centuries had been in touch with
the world of thought and action through the Moslem Sultanates at a time
when Burma herself was isolated and backward.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<strong><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Arakan looks West again</span></strong></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">But an extraordinary turn of events had changed the face of India since the fall of Chittagong in <span> </span>1666.
The Moghuls had disappeared and their place had been taken by other
foreigners, not Mongolians on this occasion but English, persons strange
to say who resided three thousand miles away but who maintained
themselves by means of a sea connection as the Portuguese had done but
far more successfully. These individuals became irritated with the
Burmese in 1824 for the same reason that Aurangzebe had become irritated
with the Arakanese in 1665, nemely in the matter of frontier raids. The
Burmese had lived so long out of the world that their geography and
political information were lamentable weak. They were not aware that the
then masters of Hindustan represented a more modem polity than their
own. The Arakanese, however, were better informed. For just as Min Saw
Mwan realised in 1430 that the Sultanate of Bengal was a polity in the
van of the world’s thought and would be able to drive the Burmese out of
Arakan and restore him, so the Arakanese of 1824 perceived that the
English were modems and that the Burmese could not resist them.
Accordingly they sided enthusiastically with them and facilitated in
every way their occupation of Arakan in 1825.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<strong><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Arakanese desire again to be foudatory to Bengal</span></strong></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">When
the Burmese had fled and Mrauk-U was occupied by the English, the
Arakanese expected that the history of 1430 would be repeated and that
an Arakanese prince would be palced on the throne. It is possible that
the English might have classed Arakan as a Native State had there been a
royal house in existence. But unfortunately the legitimate line had
been exterminated 186 years before and it would have been difficult to
select from the descendants -of the twenty eight various usurping
commoners who followed, a prince acceptable to popular opinion. For
forty years Arakan had been a conquered country and part of Burma, so
that for the English to have reconstituted it as a princedom would
hardly have been feasible. If the Arakanese were disappointed, it
indicates that they were in need of the very education they were about
to receive.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<strong><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The significance of the English administration of Arakan 1825 to 1929 </span></strong></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The
Arakanese had graduated in various systems of ideas during the course
of their history in Hinduism in Hinayanism, and in the real Politic of
the Moslem Sultanates. They were now to graduate again and this time in
economies. Economics had become the metaphysic of the modern world; by
the canons of that science right and wrong could be distinguished. The
significance therefore of the English dominance has been for Arakan its
initiation into a modern system of thought. Just as the country’s
connection with Moslem Bengal dissipated mediaeval phantasies, so its
subordination to the Government of India brought it again up to date.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<strong><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Conclusion</span></strong></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The rhythm of the history of Arakan is that of a dancer who sways now to the East and now<span> </span>to
the West. Rarely has she stood upright. For a hundred years now she had
been leaning westwards. But there are indications that her rhythm is
beginning to re-establish itself and that she will again sway to the
East.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<strong><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Appendix-I</span></strong></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<strong><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Kings of Maruk-U<span> </span>Date of accession<span> </span>Coin<span> </span>Remarks</span></strong></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Min Saw Mwan<span> </span>1430<span> </span>Feudatory to Bengal<br />
Min Khari (Ali Khan)<span> </span>1434<br />
Baw Saw Pru<span> </span>1459<br />
Dan Uga<span> </span>1482<br />
Ba Saw Nyo<span> </span>1492<br />
Ran Aung<span> </span>1494<br />
Sa-leng ga-thu<span> </span>1494<br />
Min Raza<span> </span>1501<br />
Gazapadi<span> </span>1523<br />
Min Saw U<span> </span>1525<br />
Tha Zada<span> </span>1525<br />
Min Bin( Zabauk Shah)<span> </span>1531<span> </span>Obverse: Chittagong-Minbin<span> </span>The period of the</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span> </span>Reverse: Nagari inscription<span> </span>Arakanee empire..</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span> </span>Giving Moslem title<span> </span>Minbin to Thri-thu-</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span> </span>Dhomma<br />
Dek-kha<span> </span>1553<br />
Saw Hla<span> </span>1555<br />
Min-Sak-Kya<span> </span>1564<br />
Min-Pha-laung<span> </span>1571<br />
(Secundah Shah)<br />
Razagri(Selim Shah)<span> </span>1593<span> </span>Obverse: Sin Byu Shin Nara-<span> </span>Naradipadi was the</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span> </span>Dipadi Selam Shah 963<span> </span>title assumed by</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span> </span>Reverse: Bilingual legend,<span> </span>Razagri at his</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span> </span>Upper half in Persian and<span> </span>coronation</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span> </span>Lower half in Nagari. Appears</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span> </span>to repeat obverse.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Minkha Maung<span> </span>1612<span> </span>Obverse: Sin Byu Shin Wara<span> </span>Wara Dhamma Raza<br />
(Hussein Sheh)<span> </span>Dhamma Raza…Hussein<span> </span>was the coronation</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span> </span>Shah 974.<span> </span>title of Minka</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span> </span>Reverse: Bilingual legend,<span> </span>Maung</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span> </span>Appears to repeat obverse</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Thiri-thu-dhamma<span> </span>1622<br />
Min-Sani<span> </span>1638<span> </span>Period of usurpers</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span> </span>And decline<br />
Narapadigri<span> </span>1638<span> </span>Sin Byu Thakin Sin Ni Tha-</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span> </span>kin Narapadigri 1,000</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span> </span>(Reverse same)<br />
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Thado Mintara<span> </span>1645<span> </span>Sin Ni Thakin Sin Byu Tha-<span> </span>Reading of this coin</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span> </span>Kin Thado Mintara 1007<span> </span>in Phayre Museum</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span> </span>( Reverse same)<span> </span>Catalogue appears</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span> </span>to be incorrect</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Sanda Thu-dhamma<span> </span>1652<span> </span>Shew Nan Thakia Sanda<span> </span>First issue</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span> </span>Thu-dhamma Raza 1014</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span> </span>(Reverse same)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span> </span>Shew Nan Thakin Sanda<span> </span>Second issue, which</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span> </span>Thu-dhamma Raza 1034<span> </span>is in two sizes, the</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span> </span>(Reverse same)<span> </span>smaller having a bar</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span> </span>across the middle on</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span> </span>reverse.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Thiri Thurya<span> </span>1684<br />
Wara Dhamma<span> </span>1685<br />
Muni Thu-dhamma<span> </span>1692<span> </span>Reigneed 13 days<br />
Sanda Thurya <span> </span>1694<br />
Dhammaraza<br />
Nawrata Zaw<span> </span>1696<br />
Mayupiya<span> </span>1696<br />
Kalamandat<span> </span>1697<br />
Naradipati<span> </span>1698<br />
Sanda Wimala<span> </span>1700<br />
Sanda Thurya<span> </span>1706<br />
Sanda Wizaya<span> </span>1710<span> </span>Shwe Nan Thakin Sanda Wi-</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span> </span>zaya Raza 1072 (Reverse</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span> </span>same).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Sanda Thurya<span> </span>1731<span> </span>Shew Nan Thakin Sanda</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span> </span>Thurya Raza 1093 ( Reverse</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span> </span>same)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Naradipadi<span> </span>1731</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Nara</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> Pawara Raza<span> </span>1735<span> </span>Shew Nan Thakin Nara Pa-</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span> </span>Wara Raza 1097 ( Reverse</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span> </span>same)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Sanda Wizala<span> </span>1737<span> </span>Reigned 8 months<br />
Katya<span> </span>1737<span> </span>Reigned 3 days<br />
Madarit<span> </span>1737<br />
Nara Abaya<span> </span>1742<span> </span>Shew nan Thakin Nara </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span> </span>Abaya Raza 1104</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span> </span>(Reverse same)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Thiri-thu<span> </span>1761<span> </span>Reigned 3 months<br />
Sanda Parama<span> </span>1761<span> </span>Shew Nan Thakin Sanda</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span> </span>Parama Raza 1123</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span> </span>( Reverse same)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Maha Raza<span> </span>1764<span> </span>Shwe Nan Thakin Abaya</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span> </span>Maha Raza 1126 (Reverse</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span> </span>Same)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Sanda Thumana<span> </span> 1773<span> </span>Shwe Nan Thakin Sanda<br />
Raza.<span> </span>Thumana Raza 1135 </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(Reverse same)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Sanda Wimala<span> </span>1777<span> </span>Reigned 40 days<br />
Phaditha Dammarit<span> </span>1777<span> </span>Shew nan Thakin </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span> </span>Dhammarit Raza 1140</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span> </span>(Reverse same)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Thamada<span> </span>1782<span> </span>Shew nan Thakin Maha<span> </span>Fall of Maruk-U</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span> </span>Thamada Raza.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span> </span>Burmese conquest</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Uodawpaya<span> </span>1784<span> </span>Amarapura Sin Byu Shin<span> </span>Two sizes. Larger</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span> </span>Naing Gan<span> </span>has an ornamented</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span> </span>Border of slanted</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span> </span>Lines and dots.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><strong><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Appendix-II</span></strong></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<strong>Coins struck by the kings of Arakan from 1523 C.E. to 1782 C.E</strong></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> <img align="middle" alt="Image" border="0" height="195" hspace="6" src="http://www.kaladanpress.org//images/stories/image_1523.jpg" title="Image" width="359" /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<img align="middle" alt="Image" border="0" height="148" hspace="6" src="http://www.kaladanpress.org//images/stories/image_1525.jpg" title="Image" width="300" /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<img align="middle" alt="Image" border="0" height="177" hspace="6" src="http://www.kaladanpress.org//images/stories/image_1531.jpg" title="Image" width="309" /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<img align="middle" alt="Image" border="0" height="188" hspace="6" src="http://www.kaladanpress.org//images/stories/image_1554.jpg" title="Image" width="358" /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<img align="middle" alt="Image" border="0" height="160" hspace="6" src="http://www.kaladanpress.org//images/stories/image_1571.jpg" title="Image" width="304" /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<img align="middle" alt="Image" border="0" height="270" hspace="6" src="http://www.kaladanpress.org//images/stories/image_1601.jpg" title="Image" width="346" /> </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<img align="middle" alt="Image" border="0" height="253" hspace="6" src="http://www.kaladanpress.org//images/stories/image_1612.jpg" title="Image" width="307" /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<img align="middle" alt="Image" border="0" height="181" hspace="6" src="http://www.kaladanpress.org//images/stories/image_1622.jpg" title="Image" width="337" /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<img align="middle" alt="Image" border="0" height="169" hspace="6" src="http://www.kaladanpress.org//images/stories/image_1638.jpg" title="Image" width="330" /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<img align="middle" alt="Image" border="0" height="326" hspace="6" src="http://www.kaladanpress.org//images/stories/image_1645.jpg" title="Image" width="388" /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<img align="middle" alt="Image" border="0" height="129" hspace="6" src="http://www.kaladanpress.org//images/stories/image_1652.jpg" title="Image" width="304" /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<img align="middle" alt="Image" border="0" height="186" hspace="6" src="http://www.kaladanpress.org//images/stories/image_1685.jpg" title="Image" width="373" /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<img align="middle" alt="Image" border="0" height="170" hspace="6" src="http://www.kaladanpress.org//images/stories/image_1710.jpg" title="Image" width="350" /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<img align="middle" alt="Image" border="0" height="224" hspace="6" src="http://www.kaladanpress.org//images/stories/image_1731.jpg" title="Image" width="388" /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<img align="middle" alt="Image" border="0" height="204" hspace="6" src="http://www.kaladanpress.org//images/stories/image_1737.jpg" title="Image" width="369" /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<img align="middle" alt="Image" border="0" height="195" hspace="6" src="http://www.kaladanpress.org//images/stories/image_1764.jpg" title="Image" width="320" /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<img align="middle" alt="Image" border="0" height="206" hspace="6" src="http://www.kaladanpress.org//images/stories/image_1777.jpg" title="Image" width="385" /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<img align="middle" alt="Image" border="0" height="173" hspace="6" src="http://www.kaladanpress.org//images/stories/image_1778.jpg" title="Image" width="312" /> </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">————————————-<span> </span></span></div>
<ol style="margin-top: 0;">
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Its calligraphy is older than that of the rest of the MSS. in my possession.- San Shwe Bu.</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<strong><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Authorities Consulted</span></strong></div>
<ol style="margin-top: 0;">
<li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0;">
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Mr. Tun Aung Gyaw’s Arakanese coins, arranged, translated and annotated by Mr. San Shwe Bu.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The True Chronicle of the Great Image. An Arakanese MSS. translated by Me. San Shwe Bu.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Notes from private Arakanese MSS. placed at my disposal by Mr. San Shwe Bu.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Lecture by Mr. Htoon Chan, Bar-at-law. Printed in “Arakan News” of May 1916.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The coins of India. P. Brown,</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Coinages of Asia. S. Allan.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The Palas of Bengal, Banerji</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Early History of India. V. Smith.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Travels of Fa-Hein. Edited by Giles.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Padre Maestro Fray Seb. Manrique (Translated in Bengal: Past and Present).</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Shihabuddin Talish. Persian MS. Translated by Sarkar.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The Glass Palace Chronicle. Tin and Luce.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">History of Bengal, Stewari.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Musalmans of Bengal. Fuzli Rubbee.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Outline of Burmese History. Harvey.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Catalogue of Coins in Phayre Provincial Museum.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Report of Superintendent, Archaeological Survey, Burma, for the years 1917, 1921,1922 and1923.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">From Akbar to Aurangzebe. Moreland.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">History of the Portuguese in Bengal. Campos.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Coins of Arakan, of Pegu and of Burma. (In Numisman Orientalia) Sir Arthur Phayre.</span></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<strong><em><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The above Article appeared in Burma Research Society, 50<sup>th</sup> Anniversary publication’s # 2, Rangoon, 1960. P 1485-1504</span></em></strong></div>
</div>
</div>Rowannyahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11315383992304973275noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2089436399604203314.post-60066028452595068272012-04-02T09:16:00.000-07:002012-04-02T09:27:29.266-07:00157 - Muslim Identity and Demography in the Arakan state of Burma<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:DocumentProperties>
<o:Author>Administrator</o:Author>
<o:Version>12.00</o:Version>
</o:DocumentProperties>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/>
<w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/>
<w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/>
<w:Word11KerningPairs/>
<w:CachedColBalance/>
</w:Compatibility>
<w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="267">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin-top:0in;
mso-para-margin-right:0in;
mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;
mso-para-margin-left:0in;
line-height:115%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;}
</style>
<![endif]-->
<div align="center" class="Default" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">Muslim Identity and Demography in the Arakan state of Burma </span></b><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="Default" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">By </span></b><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="Default" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">Dr. Habib Siddiqui </span></b><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;"></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">1: <u>Introduction </u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;"></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">Burma (or today’s
Mayanmar) is a country of many nations - many races, ethnicities and religions.
It is not a country either of or for any particular group – be they are the
majority Bamar (Burman), the minority Shan, Kachin, Kayah, Kayin, Rohingya,
Rakhine, Mon, Karen, Chinese, Indians, or whatever. And yet, time and again,
this time-honored realization is either forgotten or deliberately ignored. </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">Racism runs deep
and acts like the Krazy glue holding members of each of these discernible
groups together in their own domain, while it acts like a double-edged knife
cutting through the fabric of the Burmese society, justifying hostility against
disparate groups that have nothing in common either in language or in religion.
And no group is treated as inhumanly as the Rohingya people of Burma, who live
in the northwestern Arakan (Rakhine) state, bordering Bangladesh. The Burmese
military government has denied them their citizenship rights, and through its
atrocities and harassment have forced millions of the Rohingya to live either
as stateless people in its own soil or as unwanted refugees elsewhere. To this
sad account, add the daily hatred, racism and bigotry practiced by the Rakhine
Maghs – the majority ethnic group living in Arakan. Their ultranationalist
leaders and scholars have essentially become the ugly arm of the hated regime
to justify the latter’s draconian measures to uproot the Rohingya from their
ancestral land. </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">Khin Maung Saw’s
article “Islamization of Burma through Chittagonian Bengalis as Rohingya
Refugees” is one such revisionist attempt by a deranged chauvinist Magh to
rewrite the history of the Muslims of Arakan.1 Racism and bigotry are written
all over the article. In this post-9/11 era of hatemongering and Islamophobia,
it is not difficult to understand his evil mindset that steered him to concoct
such an absurd idea that the Rohingya Muslims are working towards Islamization
of Myanmar (Burma). Forget about the fact that Burma is a military-ruled
country with no democracy, how could a mere 2 to 3 million people impose the
dictates of their faith on a nation of 50 million, especially when they are
denied all basic rights – of movement, assembly, marriage, education, jobs,
etc.? One has to be either mentally unstable or very high in mind-altering
drugs to hallucinate such a ludicrous idea! </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">As already
recognized by scores of international organizations and human rights groups,
including the US government and the UN, the legitimate rights of the Rohingyas
of Arakan state of Burma towards equal rights and citizenship in their
ancestral home cannot be throttled by hateful propaganda of anyone, and surely
not by the paid agents of the rogue regime that have not given up on their
divide-and-conquer policy to weaken genuine democratic aspirations of the
people of Burma. And what better tactic than to stoke the fear of Islamization
of the country by a persecuted minority that has already been brutalized and
marginalized! Denied every right, enshrined in the Universal Declaration of
Human Rights, these unfortunate Rohingya people, pushed to settle for an
uncertain life of either statelessness or refugees, inside or outside Burma,
must now defend their honor and dignity against hateful and bigotry-ridden
campaigns by their fellow countrymen – the racist Rakhine/Maghs of Arakan! Electronic
copy available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1949971 </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="page-break-before: always; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">Racism and bigotry cannot come any worse than what thus far has been
showcased by these evil children of Arakanese (and by default, Burmese) racism!
It is sad to see that Saw who has been living in Germany has not learned
anything from its past history of xenophobia. He had the choice to either
reject or espouse the failed model of Nazi fascism that has had wrecked so much
havoc and brought so much pain, shame and unbearable misery to its people.
Instead of siding with the persecuted Rohingyas, he chose the hated monsters of
the Nazi era as his model. One can only feel repulsed by such an evil choice. </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">Thus, it is not
surprising to discover the unmistakable similarities of Saw’s fascist onslaught
against the persecuted Rohingyas with those of the Jews of Nazi-era Germany.
Like his other pseudo-historian peers - Aye Kyaw and Aye Chan (two unabashed
fascists, by any account), his pattern of onslaught against the Rohingya people
is borrowed from the hateful works of convicted war criminals like Julius
Streicher of the Nazi era.2 One only has to change the terms ‘Jew’ to
Chittagonian Bengali/Muslim or Rohingya, ‘Judenstaat’ to Islamization, and
‘Germany’ to Burma (Myanmar) to see the obvious similarity of their hate
campaign. </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">These demented and
paranoid Theravada Buddhists of Arakan, often masquerading as intellectual
voices of their community, are no democrats and surely not liberals. They are,
in fact, closet fascists. If allowed to come to power or sway policy decisions,
they will, in all likelihood, borrow the pages from the hated (German) SS
manual and repeat the heinous crimes of their fellow coreligionists in
Cambodia. It is no accident that Saw’s mentor Aye Kyaw wrote the infamous 1982
Burma Citizenship Law that provided the blueprint for denying citizenship
rights of the Rohingya people – the other dominant ethnic group of Arakan. It
was done with a calculated precision to not only rob the properties of the
Rohingya but also to uproot them en masse from the soil of Arakan, their
ancestral home. It’s an utterly devious and devilish conspiracy. </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">Surely, these
Buddhists of Arakan give a bad name to their religion and the non-violent
founder of their faith. Their malicious words and acts of unfathomable bigotry,
racism, aggression against and oppression of the Rohingya people show that they
are misfits to the civilized world, especially in the 21<sup><span style="mso-text-raise: 4.0pt; position: relative; top: -4.0pt;">st </span></sup>century
when people have learned to live amicably burying their age-old prejudice.
Indubitably, multi-culture, integration and pluralism -- a reality in most
parts of our world today -- are alien concepts to them, and as such, are an
anathema to everything that they stand for or crave for their fractured country
along the ethnic line. </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">The only way this
country of many nations can survive and evolve into a civilized state is not
through the brutal and savage arms of injustice, denial, xenophobia, abuse and
oppression of the minorities but a federal democratic framework that genuinely
protects all ensuring their human rights and equality without any
discrimination. This means, the Rohingyas of Arakan should have the same rights
as enjoyed by a Rakhine; the Karens have the same rights as enjoyed by a Bamar,
and so on and so forth for all the races, tribes, ethnicities, and groups. </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">As much as the
spiteful non-Muslim promoters of ‘Islamization of Europe’ and ‘Islamization of
America’ have failed to bring about mass-scale onslaught against minority
Muslims living in the West, and, instead, have unearthed their own unfathomable
bigotry and racism, and the often-ignored but dirty little secret about the
criminality of the homegrown terrorists and white hate-groups, the fascists of
Arakan </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="page-break-before: always; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">and Burma are doomed to failure with their fear-tactic of using
boogeyman of ‘Islamization of Burma.’ Their disinformation campaign has also
unearthed their true hideous selves. </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">2: Analysis: The
Land and the Indigenous People of Arakan: </span></u></b><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;"></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">To incite violence
and bigotry against the Rohingya Muslims of Arakan, Khin Maung Saw does not
waste any time. He starts with a picture of a Muslim congregational prayer on
the front page, followed by a photo of some soldiers (or possibly guerillas)
sitting on the ground. The connotation is quite obvious. However, such
fear-mongering tactics will not succeed and would only lay bare the hideous
character of their accusers, as it did in Norway. After all, of all the various
communities that call Arakan their home, it is the Rakhine Maghs of Burma that
have continued to practice violence; they want a ‘free’ Arakan away from the no
less monstrous military brutes of Burma, while still purporting to retain its
racist, non-democratic and fascist character that does not allow integration
and multi-culture. </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">In his prologue Saw
mentions the story of an ‘ungrateful’ camel that had dislodged its master from
the tent. He does not duck the connotation by stating that the Rohingyas of
Burma are like that camel in the story that are trying to dislodge the ‘owner’
of the tent. By ‘owner’, he obviously means his own race - the Rakhine Magh. </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">Fact is, however,
opposed to this make-belief fictional story put forth by the chauvinist
Rakhine: the Rohingyas are neither the guests of Arakan nor are they trying to
dislodge anyone. Far from the false Rakhine propaganda of being the outsiders
who had settled in Arakan during the British rule of Arakan -- a persistent
theme in the propaganda materials of Aye Kyaw, Aye Chan, Khin Maung Saw and
other ultra-chauvinist racists of Arakan -- the existence of the Rohingya in
the soil of Arakan predates the Magh influx to the territory from Tibet and
other parts of Burma. </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">As credible
research work by unbiased historians and researchers have amply shown, these
Rohingyas, derogatorily called the Kalas (by the racist Maghs of Arakan), are
the descendants of the indigenous people of Arakan – the true <i>Bhumiputras </i>(<b><i>adibashis</i></b>)
-- of the land.3 For instance, the distinguished historian (late) Professor
Abdul Karim wrote, “<i>In fact the forefathers of Rohingyas had entered into
Arakan from time immemorial.”4 </i></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">After all, as noted
by many area historians the ancestors of Rakhines did not enter the territory
until the 10<sup><span style="mso-text-raise: 4.0pt; position: relative; top: -4.0pt;">th
</span></sup>century CE. Historian </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">D.G.E. Hall writes, </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .25in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">“<i>Burmese do
not seem to have settled in Arakan until possibly as late as the tenth century
A.D. Hence earlier dynasties are thought to have been Indian, ruling over a
population similar to that of Bengal</i>.”5 </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">M.S. Collis who did extensive research
work on Arakan’s history, including studying its coinage and old manuscripts,
similarly concluded that “<i>that Wesali was an easterly Hindu kingdom of
Bengal, following the Mahayanist form of Buddhism and that both government and
people were Indian as the Mongolian influx had not yet occurred</i>.”6 </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">[Note: Wesali, or more correctly spelled
as Vaishali, was an earlier capital of Arakan, established in late 8<sup><span style="mso-text-raise: 5.0pt; position: relative; top: -5.0pt;">th </span></sup>century.]
</span></div>
<div class="Default" style="page-break-before: always; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">Separated to the north by the high hills and deep forests of the Chin
State and to the east by the almost insurmountable Arakan Yoma mountain range
which divides the Arakan coastal area from the rest of Burma, the region came
to be known as the land of the ‘<b>Kala Mukh</b>’ (Land of the ‘Black Faces’),
inhabited by these dark brown-colored Indians who had much in common with the
people (today’s Bangladeshis, or more particularly Chittagonians) living on the
north-western side of the Naaf River, along the adjoining coastal areas of the
Bay of Bengal.7 The resemblance was not limited to physical features like skin
color, shape of head and nose alone, but also in shared culture and beliefs.
They thrived on rice cultivation on the fertile planes and the abundant supply
of fish in the nearby rivers, streams and the Bay of Bengal. The one-mile wide
Naaf River was no barrier to sustain family and cultural ties between these
sea-faring people living on either side of the river. Arakan’s northern part
Mayu, as noted by Dr. Moshe Yegar, can be seen as ‘an almost direct
continuation of eastern Bengal’ [Bangladesh].8 </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">The Arakan Mountain
range also served as a barrier inhibiting Burmese invasions, and allowing
Arakan to develop as a separate political entity. As already noted and
concurred by all historians the influx of the Sino-Tibetans (with Mongoloid
features) in Arakan, resembling today’s Rakhine stock, did not happen until
after the collapse of the Vaisali kingdom in the 10<sup><span style="mso-text-raise: 4.0pt; position: relative; top: -4.0pt;">th </span></sup>century CE.9</span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 5.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">What happened to the region in
the centuries before and after this invasion? As evidenced by numerous
archeological finds, it is obvious that the Hindu colonists, fuelled by their
need for trade and commerce, gold and silver, first colonized the region in the
early 1<sup><span style="mso-text-raise: 4.0pt; position: relative; top: -4.0pt;">st </span></sup>century
CE. According to Dr. Emil Forchhammer, a Swiss Professor of Pali at Rangoon
College, and Superintendent of the newly founded Archaeological Survey (1881):
“<i>The earliest dawn of the history of Arakan reveals the base of the hills,
which divide the lowest courses of the Kaladan and Lemro rivers, inhabited by
sojourners from India… Their subjects are divided into the four castes of the
older Hindu communities…”10</i></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 5.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">By the 3<sup><span style="mso-text-raise: 4.0pt; position: relative; top: -4.0pt;">rd </span></sup>century
(CE), the coastal region of Kala Mukh (Arakan) had been settled with the
colonists dominating and coexisting warily with the indigenous people. In the
sites of major habitation Sanskrit became the written language of the ruling
class, and the religious beliefs were those prevalent at that time in
south-Asia (or Indian sub-continent). 11 The Hindu kings that ruled the coastal
territories of Chittagong also ruled the crescent of Arakan. Presumably, the
indigenous people of Arakan, much like their brothers and sisters living to the
north-west of the Naaf River in (today’s) Chittagong, practiced some loose form
of Hinduism. </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 5.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">The second phase of
Indianization of Arakan occurred between the 4<sup><span style="mso-text-raise: 4.0pt; position: relative; top: -4.0pt;">th </span></sup>and the 6<sup><span style="mso-text-raise: 4.0pt; position: relative; top: -4.0pt;">th </span></sup>century
CE, by which time the colonists had established their kingdom, and named their
capital Vaishali. As a port city, Vaishali was in contact with Samatat (the
planes of lower Bangladesh) and other parts of India and Ceylon (Sri Lanka).
Historically, these early rulers came to be known as the Chandras and
controlled the territories as far north as Chittagong.12</span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 5.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">The Anand Chandra Inscription,
which contains 65 verses (71 and a half lines) and now sited at the Shitthaung
pagoda, provides some information about these early rulers. Interestingly, neither
the name of the kingdom or the two premier cities – Dhanyavati and Vaishali –
is mentioned. This 11-foot high monolith, unique in entire Burma, has three of
its four faces inscribed in a Nagari script, which is closely allied to those
of </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 5.0pt; page-break-before: always; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">Bengali and north-eastern India. As noted rightly by Noel Singer had
it not been for Professor E.H. Johnston of Balliol College, Oxford, who
translated the Sanskrit script and the Indian epigraphists before him, the
contents of the Inscription which remained inaccessible for well over a
thousand years would never have been known.13 </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 5.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">The script on the panel on the
east face is believed by Johnston to be the oldest. According to Pamela Gutman
it was similar to the type of script used in Bengal (Bangladesh) during the early
6<sup><span style="mso-text-raise: 4.0pt; position: relative; top: -4.0pt;">th </span></sup>century
CE. As to the panel on the north face, Johnston mentioned that several smaller
inscriptions in Bengali characters had been added in the 10<sup><span style="mso-text-raise: 4.0pt; position: relative; top: -4.0pt;">th </span></sup>century.
Gutman however felt that the principal text in this section is of the mid-11<sup><span style="mso-text-raise: 4.0pt; position: relative; top: -4.0pt;">th </span></sup>century
CE. The panel on the west face, which is reasonably preserved, is believed by
Gutman to be of the earlier part of the 8<sup><span style="mso-text-raise: 4.0pt; position: relative; top: -4.0pt;">th </span></sup>century. This priceless
document not only lists the personalities of each monarch but also some of the
major events of every reign.14</span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 5.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">So who is this Ananda Chandra?
In verse 64, it clearly says that he was a descendant of the Saiva-Andhra
monarchs [presumably of Banga or Bangladesh] whose kingdom was located between
the Godavari and Krishna Rivers of Bengal, and close to the Bay of Bengal. The
founder of this new dynasty was Vajra Sakti who reigned circa 649-665 CE. His
successor was Sri Dharma Vijaya, who reigned from circa 665-701. As noted by
Singer, and much in contrast to Rakhine claims, Dharma Vijaya was not a
Theravada Buddhist, but probably a Mahayanist. The next in line was Narendra
Vijaya who reigned from circa 701 to 704 CE. The next to rule was Sri Dharma
Chandra, who reigned from 704 to 720 CE. He was the father of Ananda Chandra
who was a munificent patron of Mahayana Buddhism and Hindu institutions.15</span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 5.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">As can be clearly seen from the
above brief review, the rulers that ruled Arakan, in centuries before the
Sino-Tibetan invasion, were of Indian descent, as were the people (the
so-called Kalas) who lived there. They had much in common with Banga, or
today’s Bangladesh. </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 5.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">So what happened to those
indigenous people after the invasion of Arakan in 957 CE by the Sino-Tibetan
race? We have absolutely no historic evidence to suggest that they were
exterminated. It is not difficult to understand that while the kingdom had
changed hands, a majority of those indigenous people (the ‘Kalas’) continued on
with their lives as usual, paying taxes (e.g., in grains) to their new rulers,
as they had done before to the previous rulers. Some perhaps changed their
faith to Buddhism, while many retained their ancestral religion. Theravada
Buddhism, imported mostly from Sri Lanka, took centuries to take its root in
Arakan, gradually replacing the Mahayanist Buddhism of the latter Vaisali
rulers. </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 5.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">It is also important to note
that many of the Sinhalese Buddhists, who later came as monks and settlers to
Arakan, were the descendants of Bengali Buddhists who had fled the country as a
result of internecine wars that took place between the forces of Hinduism and Buddhism
in nearby Bengal in the centuries before Islam came to the region. As Buddhism
was almost wiped out in Bengal by the Hindu rulers and the Brahmin clergy, it
found a safe haven in Sri Lanka where it flourished. And who would have thought
that centuries later those Singhalese Buddhists (with a remarkable facial
similarity with the people of Bengal), the progenies of fleeing Buddhists from
Bengal, would one day become the harbinger of the new faith - Theravada
Buddhism -- in Arakan and rest of Burma? </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 5.0pt; page-break-before: always; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">While the previous Vaishali rulers looked westward, the newer
Sino-Tibetan rulers looked eastward, thus allowing mixing of its race with the
Burman people of today’s Myanmar proper.16 Eventually Arakan became subservient
to the Burman rulers of Pegu until 1287 CE. Over the centuries, thus, two
communities emerged – one the indigenous with Indian (Bengali/Arakanese)
features (the forefathers of today’s Rohingya Hindus and Muslims) and the
other, the new-comers with Mongoloid features (the forefathers of today’s
Rakhine Buddhists). It is not difficult to also conclude that in those days of
porous borders across land and sea there were migration of other races and
religions to this region. Buddhist monks, e.g., came from Sri Lanka bringing in
their Theravada Buddhism, as did others, slowly changing the culture of the
people living there.17 </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 5.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">It is simply regrettable to
notice how today’s ultra-chauvinistic Rakhine and Burman intelligentsia with
tunnel-vision refuses to widen their knowledge of the ‘other’ people, Hindus
and Muslims, who share the same territory. Anything Indian/Bengali/Chittagonian
is usually looked down and frowned upon. It is pure racism at its worst. </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 5.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">3: The Muslim
Factor in Arakan </span></u></b><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;"></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 5.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">Just as it happened throughout
the coastal territories from the Arabian Peninsula to the Barbary Coast and the
shores of Gibraltar and Iberian Peninsula (and beyond) via Alexandria, Tripoli
and Tunis to the west, and to the shores of Mozambique (originally
Musa-bin-Baik) via Zanzibar and Mombasa to the south, and to the lower Gangetic
Delta (Bangladesh) and beyond (to the Strait of Malacca) via the Malabar Coast
of India to the east, the maritime trade route in the India Ocean in those days
(pre-dating European colonization) used to be controlled by the Arab/Persian Muslims.
<sup><span style="mso-text-raise: 4.0pt; position: relative; top: -4.0pt;">18 </span></sup>As
they traded they also created pockets of settlements, and interacting with and
marrying into the local populace, which slowly changed the local customs and
culture.19 </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 5.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">After the rapid expansion of
Islam in the 7<sup><span style="mso-text-raise: 4.0pt; position: relative; top: -4.0pt;">th </span></sup>century, according to Dr. Moshe Yegar, “C<i>olonies of
Muslims, both Arab and Persian, spread all along the sea trade routes… As early
as the middle of the 8<sup><span style="mso-text-raise: 4.0pt; position: relative; top: -4.0pt;">th </span></sup>century, a sizable Muslim concentration
could be found in along the southern coast of China, in the commercial ports of
southern India, and Southeast Asia…. Merchants brought silk, spices, perfumes,
lumber, porcelain, silver and gold articles, precious jewels, jewelry, and so
forth from these countries, and some of the trade made its way to Europe</i>.”20
<i>“Because sailing ships were dependent on monsoon winds and seasons, it was
essential for Arabs and other Muslim traders</i>,” writes Yegar, <i>“to set up
domiciles in ports that were located in the heart of local communities. Muslim
settlements spread rapidly in Asian port cities as Muslim merchants became
vital to the economy of the local communities.</i>”21</span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 5.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">The local inhabitants of
Arakan, as noted in the British Burma Gazetteer (1957), had interactions with
the so-called Mohammedans – the ‘Moor Arab Muslims’ (merchants/traders), dating
at least to the time of Mahataing Sandya (8<sup><span style="mso-text-raise: 4.0pt; position: relative; top: -4.0pt;">th </span></sup>century CE).22 As to the
Muslim settlements in Arakan, the renowned scholars of the early 20<sup><span style="mso-text-raise: 4.0pt; position: relative; top: -4.0pt;">th </span></sup>century,
Professor Enamul Haq and Abdul Karim Shahitya Visarad wrote in 1935: “<i>The
Muslim influence in Roshang [Mrohang: the capital of Arakan during the Mrauk-U
kingdom] and modern Chattagram [Chittagong] has been noticeable from ancient
times. The Arab traders established trade link with the East Indies in the
eighth and ninth century AD. During this time Chittagong, the lone seaport of
East India, became the resting place and colony of the Arabs. We know from the
accounts of the ancient Arab travelers </i></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 5.0pt; page-break-before: always; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">and geologists including Sulaiman (living in 851 AD), Abu Jaidul Hasan
(contemporary of Sulaiman), Ibnu Khuradba (died 912 AD), Al-Masudi (died 956
AD), Ibnu Howkal (wrote his travelogue in 976 AD), Al-Idrisi (born last half of
11th century) that the Arab traders became active in the area between Arakan
and the eastern bank of the Meghna River [in today’s Bangladesh]. We can also
learn about this from the Roshang national history: when Roshang King, Maha
Taing Chandra (788 – 810 AD) was ruling in the 9th century, some ship wrecked
Muslim traders were washed ashore on ‘Ronbee’ or ‘Ramree’ Island. When they
were taken to the Arakanese king, the king ordered them to live in the village
(countryside) in his country.23 Other historians also recognized the fact that
Islam and its influence developed in Arakan in the 9th and 10th century AD</span></i><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">.”24 [Explanatory notes within the parentheses [ ] are mine. It is
worth noting that in the dialect prevalent in Chittagong and Arakan the vocal
sounds ‘Ha’ and ‘Sha’ are interchangeable. Thus the words Roshang and Rohang
are interchangeable. – H.S.] </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">R.B. Smart writes
in the British Burma Gazetteer as follows: <i>“The local histories relate </i>that
in the ninth century several ships were wrecked on Ramree Island and the
Mussalman crews sent to Arakan and placed in villages there. They differ but
little from the Arakanese except in their religion and in the social customs
which their religion directs, in the writing they use Burmese, but amongst
themselves employ colloquially the language of their ancestors.<i>”25 </i></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">As noted by
renowned historian Professor Abdul Karim<i>, “The important point to be </i>noticed
about these shipwrecked Muslims is that they have stuck to their religion, i.e.
Islam and Islamic social customs. Though they used Burmese language and also
adopted other local customs, they have retained the language of their ancestors
(probably with mixture of local words) in dealing among themselves. Another
point to be noted is that the Arab shipwrecked Muslims have retained their
religion, language and social customs for more than a thousand years.”<i>26 </i></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">These shipwrecked Arab
Muslims became the nucleus of the Muslim population of Arakan; later other
Muslims from Arabia, Persia and other countries entered into Arakan. </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">Dr. Yegar says, “<i>Beginning
with their arrival in the Bay of Bengal, the earliest Muslim merchant ships also
called at the ports of Arakan and Burma proper… Muslim influence in Arakan was
of great cultural and political importance. In effect, Arakan was the beachhead
for Muslim penetration into other parts of Burma even if it never achieved the
same degree of importance it did in Arakan. As a result of close land and sea
contacts maintained between the two countries, Muslims played a key role in the
history of the Kingdom of Arakan</i>.”27 </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">It is no accident
that Akyab (today’s Sittwe, the capital of Arakan state of Burma, situated on
the south-eastern bank of the Naaf River) is a Farsi name, as are so many other
towns and villages named, and how over the centuries most of these local
inhabitants along the coastal towns and villages, tired of a corrupt form of
their ancestral region, would convert to Islam.28 And this happened centuries
before Muslim rulers governed some of those territories. </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 5.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">Professor Enamul Haq and Abdul
Karim Shahitya Visarad wrote: “<i>The Arabic influence increased to such a
large extent in Chittagong during mid-10th century AD that a small Muslim
kingdom was established in this region, and the ruler of the kingdom was called
‘Sultan’. Possibly the area from the east bank of the Meghna River to the Naaf </i></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 5.0pt; page-break-before: always; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">was under this ‘Sultan’. We can know about the presence of this
‘Sultan’ in the Roshang [Mrohang, the capital Arakan during the Mrauk-U
dynasty] national history. In 953 AD Roshang King, Sulataing Chandra (951- 957
AD) crossed his border into Bangla (Bengal) and defeated the ‘Thuratan’
(Arakanese corrupt form of Sultan), and as a symbol of victory setup a stone
victory pillar at a place called ‘Chaikta-gong’ and returned home at the
request of the courtiers and friends. This Chaik-ta-gong was the last border of
his victory, since according to Roshang national history – ‘Chaik-ta-gong’
means ‘war should not be raised’. Many surmise that the modem name of
Chittagong district originated from Chaik-ta-gong.” </span></i><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;"></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 5.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">If the story of Arakanese king
-- mentioned in its Chronicles -- moving into Chittagong can be believed, in
southern Bangladesh, especially in Chittagong, not only was there a Muslim
community present but also a Muslim Sultanate ruling there in the 10<sup><span style="mso-text-raise: 4.0pt; position: relative; top: -4.0pt;">th </span></sup>century.
It may explain why Dr. Than Tun, the former Rector of Mandalay University and
Professor of History at the Rangoon University, believed that the kings
mentioned in the Inscription might have been Rohingyas, who lived in the
eastern part of the Naaf River. He writes, “In the Kyaukza or stone inscription
of 1442, it was written that some Muslim kings of Arakan were the friends of
king of Ava.”29</span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 5.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">In their masterpiece, <b>Arakan
Rajshavay Bangla Shahitya</b>, Professor Enamul Haq and Abdul Karim Shahitya
Visarad continued, <i>“In this way the religion of Islam spread and the Muslim
influence slowly extended from the eastern bank of the Meghna to Roshang
Kingdom in the 8th and 9th centuries. From the travelogues of the Egyptian
traveler to India, Ibn Batuta (14th century AD) and from the accounts of the
Portuguese pirates in the 16th century, the influence of the ‘Moors’ or Arabs
was waxing till then. So it is evident that long before the Muslim race was
established in Bengal in the 13th century, Islam reached to this remote region
of Bengal. A conclusion may easily be drawn that after the establishment in
Bengal, Islam further spread in the region. That is why Bengali literature was
for the first time cultivated among the Muslim of the region. Since the 15th
century onwards the Muslims of this region began to engage themselves in the
study of Bengali, that is, began to write books in Bengali, of which we have
lots of proofs.” 30</i></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">The Muslim saints,
the Sufis, who came in hundreds to the shores of Bay of Bengal had a fabulous
influence in proselytizing the local inhabitants to Islam.31 The Arakanese
chronicle gives reference to the traveling of Sufis in that country at the time
of the king Anawarhta (1044-1077 CE) during Pagan period.32 Even, a Russian
merchant, Athanasius Nitikin, who traveled in the East (1470), mentions
regarding activities of some Muslim Sufis of Pegu. The Merchant pictured Pegu
as "no inconsiderable port, inhabited by Indian dervishes. The products
derived from thence are manik, akhut, kyrpuk, which are sold by the dervishes.”
As noted by Dr. Mohammed Ali Chowdhury, these dervishes were Muslims, and
probably of Arab descent, and that at that time some Muslims (from nearby
Muslim India) had settled in those places.33 </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">As it happened
throughout history, wherever Muslims went and settled, they were able to
proselytize the local people. The simplicity of their faith, views about
salvation, egalitarian characteristics and ease of practice, and their ethos -
morals, values, dealings, manners and customs -- had a profound effect on the
local population to gravitate them to the faith of these strangers, the
newcomers, away from the degenerative form of their own religion that they had
endured. These migrant Muslims married into the local populace and parented
children. </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="page-break-before: always; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">In his book, The Essential History of Burma, historian U Kyi writes, <i>“The
superior morality of those devout Muslims attracted large number of people
towards Islam who embraced it en masse.”34 </i></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">This essential
piece of history of the Muslims of the coastal regions of today’s Bangladesh
and Arakan state of Burma is simply ignored by chauvinist elements within the
Rakhine and Burmese community. They cannot imagine Islam amongst the ordinary
masses without rulers being of the same faith. They also forget that Islam from
its very inception has been a simple practical religion, away from the curses
of racism, supremacist concepts and caste system that so overwhelmingly
dominated the then Buddhist and Hindu culture. While the temples, statues,
mandirs and pagodas were built with gold and precious ornaments, and monks and
priests held the demigod status enjoying the benefits of the vast material
resources that were endowed to them for their upkeep, ordinary people went
hungry and poor, and were forced to lead a life of begging and eternal
servitude. It is no accident of history either that vast majority of people in
places like Malaysia, southern Philippines and Indonesia, where no Muslim army
went, would one day become Muslims and abandon their ancestral religions.35 </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 5.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">The restoration of the deposed
king Narameikhla (Mong Saw Mwan) to the throne of Arakan by the Muslim Sultan
Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah of Bengal, thus ushering in the Mrauk-U dynasty
(1430-1784 CE), is a turning point in the history of Arakan. From this time
onward, many of its rulers, indebted to the Muslim Sultan adopted Muslim names
(and may even have converted to Islam), a practice that would continue for the
next two centuries, until 1638 CE.36 It is worth noting here that when
Narameikhla was dethroned in 1404 CE by the Burman forces, he chose to flee to
Muslim Bengal instead of either the Buddhist-ruled Tripura or the Hindu-ruled
territories of India. </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 5.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">When the king Naramikhla
reached the capital, he was widely acclaimed by his people. He was aided by two
contingents of 50,000 Muslim soldiers (first under General Wali Khan and later
under Sandi Khan) many of whom later settled in Arakan. They became his
advisers and ministers making sure that the territory was not lost again to the
Burmans. </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 5.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">The first thing Naramikhla did
after regaining his throne was to transfer the capital from Launggyet to
Mrohaung, which in the hands of Bengali poets and people became Roshang
(Rohang).37 Those Muslims established the Sandi Khan Mosque in Mrohaung. Their
descendants, as noted by the Bengali poets of the 17<sup><span style="mso-text-raise: 4.0pt; position: relative; top: -4.0pt;">th </span></sup>century,
held high positions during the Mrauk-U dynasty. During the successive centuries
the Muslim population in Arakan grew in large numbers as a result of
inter-marriage, immigration and conversion. [In my travels around the Diaspora
communities, I have come across many of the descendants of those soldiers who
came and settled in Arakan during Narameikhla’s time. As Anthony Irwin had
noted some 70 years ago, these Muslims look quite different than average
Bangladeshis; many of them have distinct Arab and Persian touch about them;
many even have Mongoloid touch.] </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 5.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">As a vassal state of the Muslim
Sultanate to the west, Arakan adopted the superior Muslim culture from the west
in its courts, and minted coins with Arabic inscription of the Muslim article
of faith (<i>kalima</i>). In this way, Arakan remained subordinate to Bengal
until 1531. Interestingly, however, as noted above, its kings continued using
Muslim titles even after they were liberated from dependency on the sultans of
Bengal. As to the </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 5.0pt; page-break-before: always; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">reason behind this practice, Dr. Yegar writes, <i>“[T]hey were
influenced by the fact that <b>many of their subjects had become Muslims</b>.
Indeed, many Muslims served in prestigious positions in the royal
administration despite its being Buddhist</i>.”38 In <i>Rakhine Maha Razwin </i>(Great
History of Arakan), Tha Thun Aung describes mass conversion of many Arakanese
to Islam in the 15<sup><span style="mso-text-raise: 4.0pt; position: relative; top: -4.0pt;">th </span></sup>and 16<sup><span style="mso-text-raise: 4.0pt; position: relative; top: -4.0pt;">th </span></sup>centuries. </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 5.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">Because of her geographical
proximity with the south-eastern parts of Bengal, Arakan developed both
political and cultural ties with its neighbor to the north-west. Major Muslim
settlements developed along the rivers of Lemru, Mingen, Kaladan, Mayu and
Naaf. Its courts and royalties patronized Bengali literature. Some of the best
known classical Bengali poets (Alaol, Dawlat Qazi and Mardan) came from Arakan.39
Its capital city essentially became the breeding ground for Bengali literature
in the 17<sup><span style="mso-text-raise: 4.0pt; position: relative; top: -4.0pt;">th
</span></sup>century.40 This Mrauk-U period also came to be known as the
‘Golden Age’ in the history of Arakan. </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 5.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">It is also worth mentioning
here that as a result of rather lax administrative control of Chittagong by the
Mughal and Afghan rulers, and the intermittent rebellion by the Sultans of
Bengal against the central government in Delhi, the territory was lost to
Arakan between 1580 and 1666 CE.41 So the ties between Chittagong and Arakan
were no less striking than those visible today in places like Texas and
California with Mexico. </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 5.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">In their masterpiece work <i>"Arakan
Rajsabhay Bangala Shahitya,” </i>Abdul Karim Shahitya Visarad and Dr. Enamul
Haq wrote, "<i>The way Bangali flourished in the court of the 17th century
Arakan, nothing of that sort is found in its [Bengal’s] own soil. It is
surprising that during the exile of Bengali language in Arakan, it was greatly
appreciated by the Muslim courtiers of the Arakanese kings and the Muslim poets
of East Bengal, especially those of the [greater] Chittagong Division.</i>”42</span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 5.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">These scholars further wrote, “<i>The
study of Bengali literature that the Muslim initiated reached perfection under
the aegis of the courtiers of the Roshang kings. It is needless to say that the
Kings’ Court of Roshang got filled up with Muslim influence long before this.
From the beginning of the 15th century AD the Kings’ Court of Roshang by luck
was compelled to heartily receive the Muslim influence… </i></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 5.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">…. [T]he powerful
intrusion of the Muslim influence that penetrated into the Kings’ Court of
Roshang in the fifteenth century AD grew all the more in the following
centuries. This influence gradually grew so strong that it reached the highest
point in the seventeenth century. The Bengali literature in this century shows
the full picture of the Muslim influence in the King’s Court of Roshang</span></i><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">.” </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 5.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">How can this piece of history
about flourishing Bengali literature and the presence of Muslim courtiers and subjects
in Arakan be ignored by any objective analyst? </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 5.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">Nor should one forget that when
the Mughal Prince Shah Shuja, the Governor of Bengal (1639-59), chose to take
asylum in 1660 CE instead of submitting to the authority of Aurangzeb – the new
Mughal Emperor, he chose Arakan, which already had many high ranking Muslims
serving the king of Arakan. He was accompanied by his family members and
retinues, which included hundreds of bodyguards. Upon arrival, however, the
Mughal Prince was betrayed by the Arakanese king Sanda Sudamma. While there are
competing accounts as to what had ultimately happened to the fate of the
Prince, including one account that suggests that Shah Shuja and his family
members were treacherously murdered (and another that suggests that he was able
to flee to Manipur </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 5.0pt; page-break-before: always; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">with some of his retinues), there is little doubt that many of his
guards who were attacked savagely by the Maghs of Arakan fled to the nearby
jungle.43 Some of the surviving guards were later made royal archers and
bodyguards serving the Arakanese king.44 Their descendants, known as the Kamans
or Kamanchis (bowman), are to be found settled mostly in Rambree Island.45 Some
of the followers of Shah Shuja escaped the persecution of Maghs and crossed to
Burma. The king of Ava settled them in Ramethin, Shwebo, Maydu and Meiktila.
Their descendants can be found today in these places.46</span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 5.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">There was yet another kind of
interaction between the Kingdom of Arakan with its eastern neighbor Bengal,
beginning in the 17<sup><span style="mso-text-raise: 4.0pt; position: relative; top: -4.0pt;">th </span></sup>century, when gaining strength, the kings of Arakan
would allow the plunder of Bengal, and Bengali captives – tens of thousands -
would be brought to work as slaves in Arakan.47 When the Portuguese moved to
the Bay of Bengal, they were allowed to set up their military posts in Arakan.
In return, the Portuguese aided the Rakhine Maghs in their piracy in Bengal,
terrorizing its people and harassing the Mughal forces.48 The joint
Magh-Portuguese marauding expeditions into Bengal continued well after they
were routed out of Chittagong in 1666 by Shaista Khan, the Mughal Viceroy
(Subedar) of Bengal and his son General Bujurg Umid Khan. Taking captives, most
of whom were Muslims, forcing them into slavery was an important part of those
raids.49</span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 5.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">Friar Manrique, a Portuguese
priest who visited Bengal and Arakan and who spent six years in the Augustinian
Church at Dianga (Deang, near Chittagong town), was himself a witness to such
Magh-Portuguese piratical raids. He wrote, “They usually made there general
attacks three or four times in the year, irrespective of minor raids which went
on most of the year, so that during the five years I spent in the kingdom of
Arracan, some <b>eighteen thousand </b>people came to the ports of Dianga and
Angarcale.”50 </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 5.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">As can be seen from Manrique’s
account, the number of those captives was not small, and was in excess of 3,000
per year, and continued for well over a century of piracy. This is further
evidenced by the fact that when the Chittagong fort fell into the hands of the
Mughals, 10,000 Bengali (both Muslim and Hindu) captives got liberty and they
went to their homes. While the Portuguese pirates sold their captives and/or
forcibly baptized them into Christianity, the Magh pirates forced theirs into
slave labors in the paddy fields along the Kaladan River (the river was named
after these Kalas). So these captives also helped in increasing the Muslim
population of Arakan.51 The descendants of these captives mostly reside now in
Kyauktaw and Mrohaung Townships of Arakan.52</span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 5.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">According to historian
Professor Abdul Karim, “<i>In the 17th century the Muslims thronged the capital
Mrohaung and they were present in the miniature courts of ministers and other
great Muslim officers of the kingdom. An idea of their presence is available in
the writings of Muslim poets like Alaol who wrote that people from various
countries and belonging to various groups came to Arakan to be under the care
of Arakanese king. The Portuguese Padre Fray Sebastien Manrique visited Arakan
and stayed for some time; he was also present in the coronation ceremony of the
Arakanese king held on 23 January 1635. He gives a description of the
coronation procession and says that of the several contingents of army that
took part in the coronation, one contingent wholly comprised of Muslim
soldiers, let by a Muslim officer called Lashkar Wazir. The leader rode on
Iraqi horse, and the contingent comprised of six hundred soldiers. In other
contingent, led by Arakanese commanders also there were Muslim soldiers. This
evidence of Sebastien Manrique combined with the fact that there were </i></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 5.0pt; page-break-before: always; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">several Muslim ministers in Arakan gives a good picture of the
presence of the Muslim in Arakan in the 17th century. The influence of the
Muslim officers over the king of Arakan is also evident from the episodes
mentioned by Sebastien Manrique.</span></i><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">”</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">53</span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 5.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">The Muslims of Arakan,
therefore, are an amalgam of new migrants - Shaikhs, Syeds, Qazis, Mollahs,
Alims, Fakirs, Arabs, Rumis (Turks), Moghuls, Pathans - from various parts of
the Muslim world that settled during and before the Mrauk-U dynasty, including
the captives (the so-called Kolas) brought in from various parts of Bengal and
India, and the indigenous Muslims (the children of Bhumiputras who had
converted to Islam over the centuries). They created the genesis of what we
call the Rohingya Muslims. To put it succinctly: the Rohingya Muslims are the
descendants of the indigenous 'Kalas' that either converted or mixed with the
Muslim settlers/travelers/Sufis (including Arab/Persian merchants, traders) to
the region, the non-returning soldiers who came to restore Narameikhla to the
throne of Arakan, the unwilling captives and others that called Arakan their
ancestral home. Hence, the Rohingya Muslims are not an ethnic group, which
developed from one tribal group affiliation or single racial stock, but are an
ethnic group that developed from different stocks of people. </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 5.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">As already demonstrated, the
conversion of these indigenous people to Islam has been no different than what
has happened throughout history in the last 14 centuries along the coastal
regions from Mozambique to Malacca. It should, therefore, come as no surprise
that the Rohingyas of Arakan while having some similarities in matters of
physical features, and borrowing religious, linguistic and cultural heritage
with their neighbors to the west would develop their own distinct identity,
albeit a hybrid or mosaic one. They are neither Chittagonians nor are they
Bengalis [Bangladeshis]. </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 5.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">The Rohingya Muslims - the
‘Musulman Arakanese’ - as Anthony Irwin noted, ‘are quite unlike any other
product of India or Burma that I have seen.’54 Similarly, Moshe Yeager noted,
“There is very little common – except common religion – between the Rohingyas
of Arakan and the Indian Muslims of Rangoon or Burmese Muslims…”55 </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 5.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">While their ancestral territory
would later be colonized by the Tibeto-Burman Buddhists (i.e., the ancestors of
today’s Rakhines) whose cultural ties have been towards the east, it is the
strength of their group character that the Rohingyas of Arakan were able to
retain their linguistic and genealogical ties to the soil. After all, the
Rakhines are genetically, culturally and linguistically closer to the Burmans
(of Burma). On the other hand, as Dr. Yegar noted ‘<i>the Rohingyas preserved
their own heritage from the impact of the Buddhist environment, not only as far
as their religion is concerned, but also in … their culture.</i>’56</span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 5.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">As the children of the
indigenous people of Arakan, the Rohingyas have as much right, if not more, as
the Rakhine Buddhists, to identify themselves with the name that they prefer to
describe them. If the late-coming Tibeto-Burman admixture has no problem in
calling itself the Rakhaing of Arakan, no outsider (and surely not its abuser)
has any right to either define the Rohingya maliciously or deny the same
privilege in self-identifying itself. </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 5.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">To call these indigenous people
of Arakan -- who identify themselves as the Rohingyas in Burma – “unwanted
guests” is like calling the Native Americans unwanted refugees who had settled
in America after the Europeans. As much as no massacre of yesteryears and
ghettoization of the Native Americans today in designated American Indian
Reservation </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 5.0pt; page-break-before: always; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">camps can obliterate their genuine right, place, history and identity,
no propaganda and government or non-government sponsored pogroms can erase the
rightful identity of the Rohingya people of Burma. They are the children of the
soil of Arakan. </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 5.0pt;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">4: The Demography Controversy </span></u></b><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;"></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">Khin Maung Saw
provides a highly distorted rendition of the 1784 invasion of Arakan and tries
to justify the brutal occupation by the racist and bigot Burman King Bodaw Paya
by saying that it was all about reformation of the Buddhist Monk's order. To
him, all those who fled were only 50,000. And obviously, to him, these were
Rakhines (and no Rohingyas). Likewise, the Rohingya factor starts with British
control of Arakan, esp. as he puts it, after 1886, as if they simply did not
exist before the British colonization. He writes, "Arakan was very
under-populated at that time. Therefore, the British brought tens of thousands
of Chittagonian Bengali Muslims into Arakan. The Arakanese (Rakhaings) have to
bear the burdens of these aliens until today. These aliens tried and are still
trying to Islamize Arakan (if not the whole of Burma) by all means." </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">Obviously, such a
narrative belies history, esp. the multi-cultural reality of Arakan during the
Mrauk-U dynasty, preceding Bodaw Paya's invasion. As we have noted elsewhere,
during the 40-year Burmese tyrannical rule (1784-1824) of Arakan, tens of
thousands of Arakanese of all faiths were massacred.57 The conquering Burmese
forces demolished mosques, temples and shrines and stole the treasures of
Arakan (including the Mahamuni statue). They conscripted and enslaved many,
some of whom died out of fatigue and hunger while the living ones were settled
at other parts of Burma.58 Some 20,000 inhabitants were taken as prisoners to
Ava. By 1798, Bodaw’s repeated demand for forced slave labor (e.g., to build
pagodas) and conscript service and the atrocity of his forces plus the rapacity
of his local representatives had forced two-thirds of the inhabitants - Hindu,
Muslim and Buddhist alike – to take refuge in Chittagong (Bengal).59 As noted
by Farooque Ahmed, a researcher at the JNU, just the number of Muslim refugees
to Bengal might have been 200,000.60 What is worse: during the next four
decades of Burman colonization of Arakan, everything that was materially and
culturally Islamic was meticulously razed to the ground. </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">According to G.E.
Harvey, “<i>Arakan had never been populous, and now it became a desert; the
towns were deserted and overgrown with jungle, and there was nothing more to be
seen but ‘utter destruction … morass, pestilence and death.’</i>”61 Khin Maung
Saw’s attempt to whitewash the blood-soaked history of his idol, Bodaw Paya, is
simply ludicrous, if not criminal and evil. He may like to re-read the
historical account of this Buddhist monster, and learn why the Arakanese
enthusiastically collaborated with the East India Company to get rid of the
Burmans. </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">As we have noted
earlier, the number of Muslims who lived in Mrohaung, the capital, during
Mrauk-U kingdom was rather large, probably half the population. It is not difficult
to surmise that the Muslim population could have grown to well over 300,000 in
1784 before the Burman invasion of Arakan, just from the Muslim soldiers alone
that had settled there after restoring Narameikhla to the throne in 1430.62 </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">It is well known
from demographic studies within Bangladesh that most of those fleeing refugees
– mostly Muslim (and some Hindu) Rohingyas and Rakhine Buddhists - never
returned, even when the British allowed such immigration after it had captured
Arakan after the first Anglo-Burmese War of 1824-26. They assimilated within
Bengal, esp. </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="page-break-before: always; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">Chittagong and Chittagong Hill Tract Districts. For example, the
‘Rohai’, comprising nearly half the population in southern Chittagong, trace
their origin to Arakan, and as citizens of Bangladesh, have no desire to return
to Arakan after more than two centuries.63 Similarly many Rakhine Buddhists are
now citizens of Bangladesh. If the descendants of Arakan who had fled to
Chittagong during Bodaw Paya’s invasion of the territory can become citizens of
Bangladesh, K.M. Saw’s claim that the Rohingyas in Arakan are the aliens and
that they don’t deserve Burmese citizenship show his utterly repugnant
chauvinistic attitude that is at odds with scores of international laws
governing basic human rights. </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">We have also seen
throughout history that a persecuted people, no matter how horrible the living
condition is even under the worst of the circumstances minus annihilation,
don’t want to leave their ancestral homes. Many would prefer to endure their sufferings
than opt out into a life of refugee. Thus, it is conceivable that in spite of
the Burman savagery, many Arakanese Muslims, Hindus and Buddhists continued to
live inside Arakan, and many would move to and fro through the porous borders
as they felt either secure or insecure. </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">We are, therefore,
not surprised to read Francis Buchanan’s eye-witness account who was a surgeon
in 1795 to the British Embassy in Ava, the Burmese capital. He wrote about
three dialects spoken: “The first is that spoken by the Mohammedans [Muslims],
who have long settled in Arakan and who call themselves <b>Roangiya </b>[Rohingya]
<b>or native of Arakan</b>.”64 In stark contrast to the propaganda of the
Buddhist racists in today’s Burma, Buchanan clearly identifies the Rohingya
people as the natives of Arakan. [K.M. Saw, e.g., tries to mischievously
downplay this with his silly explanations, which are so ludicrous that one can
clearly see that he was running out of his tricks.]65 How could the Rohingya be
a product of the British colonization when Britain did not even move into the
territory until 1824-6, nearly a quarter century after Buchanan’s account? </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">To account for
Muslim factor in Arakan, Saw shoots onto his own foot by quoting R.B. Smart,
the deputy assistant commissioner of Akyab: “<i>Since1879, immigration has
taken place on a much larger scale, and the <b>descendants of the slaves </b>are
resident for the most part in the Kyauktaw and Myohaung [Mrohaung] townships.
Maungdaw Township has been overrun by Chittagonian immigrants. Butheedaung is
not far behind and new arrivals will be found in almost every part of the
district</i>." </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">Who are these
‘slaves’ that Smart talks about, if they are not the ancestors of today's
Rohingyas? So, surely, before 1886, there were already those Kalas in the
territory. How did they originate? Did they originate during the British rule,
starting at 1824? Surely, not! Can anyone deny the fact that they were a legacy
of the Magh-Portuguese piracy, so evident during much of the 17<sup><span style="mso-text-raise: 4.0pt; position: relative; top: -4.0pt;">th </span></sup>and
the 18<sup><span style="mso-text-raise: 4.0pt; position: relative; top: -4.0pt;">th </span></sup>centuries,
when at least 3,000 Bengalis were taken as captives per year, many of whom were
forced to work as slaves in Arakan? According to Arthur Phayre, based on the
Travelogue of Friar Manrique, the slave population accounted for 15% of the
total population of Arakan. </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">It is not difficult
to also understand that under the new political reality of Arakan with the East
India Company (EIC) in power, some of the descendants of the Arakanese refugees
that had settled in the nearby EIC-controlled Bengal would be allured to settle
back in their ancestral land, and that they would prefer to settle in places
like Maungdaw and Buthidaung, which are closest to Teknaf, the southern tip of
Chittagong in Bengal. </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="page-break-before: always; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">That way, if things did not work out for them they could return to
Chittagong with much ease. </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">The new colonizers
depended on taxation and land-revenue; and rice export was an important trade
in those days. However, with only 740 square miles of the fertile land
cultivable in 1871, rice export was accounting for 105,894 Pounds Sterling
(less than 10% of the total sea-borne trade of Arakan, amounting to 1.35
million Pounds Sterling). More cultivable land in Arakan meant more land
revenue and more income for the British government. </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">According to the
Encyclopaedia Britannica, the population in Arakan grew to 173,000 in 1831,
248,000 in 1839, 461,136 in 1871 and 762,102 in 1901.66 For the total
population in Arakan to grow to those numbers it would have required yearly
annual growth rates of 11.59%, 7.24%, 3.46%, and 2.74% within the first 5, 13,
45 and 75 years, respectively, since 1826. Since the first two growth rates
(until 1839) cannot be explained away from natural growth, one must look at
huge influx or migration from outside to Arakan as the key contributor to
understand the phenomena. </span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 9.0pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 7.75pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="background: yellow; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 7.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 134.9pt;" valign="top" width="180">
<div class="Default">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">K.M. Saw shares the table below about the
demography in Akyab (the first 4 columns). <b>Races </b></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: yellow; border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 7.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.9pt;" valign="top" width="72">
<div class="Default">
<b><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">1871 </span></b><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: yellow; border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 7.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.9pt;" valign="top" width="72">
<div class="Default">
<b><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">1901 </span></b><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: yellow; border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 7.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.9pt;" valign="top" width="72">
<div class="Default">
<b><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">1911 </span></b><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: yellow; border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 7.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.9pt;" valign="top" width="72">
<div class="Default">
<b><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">1871- % </span></b><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: yellow; border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 7.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.9pt;" valign="top" width="72">
<div class="Default">
<b><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">1901-% </span></b><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: yellow; border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 7.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.9pt;" valign="top" width="72">
<div class="Default">
<b><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">1911-% </span></b><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 7.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="background: yellow; border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 7.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 134.9pt;" valign="top" width="180">
<div class="Default">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">Mahomedan</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 7.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.9pt;" valign="top" width="72">
<div class="Default">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">58255 </span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 7.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.9pt;" valign="top" width="72">
<div class="Default">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">154887 </span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 7.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.9pt;" valign="top" width="72">
<div class="Default">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">178647 </span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 7.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.9pt;" valign="top" width="72">
<div class="Default">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">21.05 </span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 7.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.9pt;" valign="top" width="72">
<div class="Default">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">32.16 </span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 7.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.9pt;" valign="top" width="72">
<div class="Default">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">33.71 </span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 7.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="background: yellow; border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 7.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 134.9pt;" valign="top" width="180">
<div class="Default">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">Burmese </span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 7.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.9pt;" valign="top" width="72">
<div class="Default">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">4632 </span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 7.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.9pt;" valign="top" width="72">
<div class="Default">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">35751 </span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 7.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.9pt;" valign="top" width="72">
<div class="Default">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">92185 </span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 7.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.9pt;" valign="top" width="72">
<div class="Default">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">1.67 </span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 7.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.9pt;" valign="top" width="72">
<div class="Default">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">7.42 </span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 7.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.9pt;" valign="top" width="72">
<div class="Default">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">17.40 </span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 7.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="background: yellow; border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 7.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 134.9pt;" valign="top" width="180">
<div class="Default">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">Arakanese </span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 7.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.9pt;" valign="top" width="72">
<div class="Default">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">171612 </span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 7.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.9pt;" valign="top" width="72">
<div class="Default">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">230649 </span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 7.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.9pt;" valign="top" width="72">
<div class="Default">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">209432 </span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 7.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.9pt;" valign="top" width="72">
<div class="Default">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">62.02 </span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 7.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.9pt;" valign="top" width="72">
<div class="Default">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">47.89 </span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 7.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.9pt;" valign="top" width="72">
<div class="Default">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">39.52 </span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 7.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="background: yellow; border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 7.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 134.9pt;" valign="top" width="180">
<div class="Default">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">Shan </span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 7.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.9pt;" valign="top" width="72">
<div class="Default">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">334 </span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 7.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.9pt;" valign="top" width="72">
<div class="Default">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">80 </span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 7.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.9pt;" valign="top" width="72">
<div class="Default">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">59 </span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 7.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.9pt;" valign="top" width="72">
<div class="Default">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">0.12 </span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 7.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.9pt;" valign="top" width="72">
<div class="Default">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">0.02 </span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 7.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.9pt;" valign="top" width="72">
<div class="Default">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">0.01 </span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 7.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="background: yellow; border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 7.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 134.9pt;" valign="top" width="180">
<div class="Default">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">Hill </span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 7.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.9pt;" valign="top" width="72">
<div class="Default">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">38577 </span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 7.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.9pt;" valign="top" width="72">
<div class="Default">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">35489 </span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 7.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.9pt;" valign="top" width="72">
<div class="Default">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">34020 </span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 7.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.9pt;" valign="top" width="72">
<div class="Default">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">13.94 </span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 7.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.9pt;" valign="top" width="72">
<div class="Default">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">7.37 </span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 7.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.9pt;" valign="top" width="72">
<div class="Default">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">6.42 </span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 7.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td style="background: yellow; border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 7.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 134.9pt;" valign="top" width="180">
<div class="Default">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">Others </span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 7.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.9pt;" valign="top" width="72">
<div class="Default">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">606 </span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 7.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.9pt;" valign="top" width="72">
<div class="Default">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">1355 </span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 7.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.9pt;" valign="top" width="72">
<div class="Default">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">1146 </span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 7.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.9pt;" valign="top" width="72">
<div class="Default">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">0.22 </span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 7.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.9pt;" valign="top" width="72">
<div class="Default">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">0.28 </span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 7.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.9pt;" valign="top" width="72">
<div class="Default">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">0.22 </span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 7.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 7; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="background: yellow; border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 7.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 134.9pt;" valign="top" width="180">
<div class="Default">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">Total </span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: yellow; border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 7.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.9pt;" valign="top" width="72">
<div class="Default">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">276691 </span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: yellow; border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 7.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.9pt;" valign="top" width="72">
<div class="Default">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">481666 </span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: yellow; border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 7.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.9pt;" valign="top" width="72">
<div class="Default">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">529943 </span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: yellow; border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 7.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.9pt;" valign="top" width="72">
<div class="Default">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">100 </span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: yellow; border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 7.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.9pt;" valign="top" width="72">
<div class="Default">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">100 </span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: yellow; border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 7.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.9pt;" valign="top" width="72">
<div class="Default">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">100 </span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">Interestingly, while Khin Maung Saw cries foul about the
declining Arakanese (Rakhine) and Hilly population -- becoming only 45.94%
(=39.52+6.42) of the total population in Akyab in 1911, he pretends to suffer
from selective amnesia about why there was the loss of 21,217 individuals
amongst the Rakhines between 1901 and 1911. His silence about the loss of Hilly
people whose numbers had steadily declined by 4557 from 1871 to 1911 (and 1469
between 1901 and 1911) is also strange. Only a half-educated intellectual fraud
could ignore such obvious signs! </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">In the same period (1901-11) the Rohingya Muslim
population in Akyab had only increased its share from 32.16% to 33.71%, which
can be explained by 1.437% annual growth rate within the community. And this
rate is only half the yearly growth rate common amongst Muslim population, and
may suggest that some of the residents of the district could have moved
elsewhere (including to the Chittagong Division). </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">As already hinted, amongst many third world countries with a
sizable Muslim population the yearly growth rate of 3% or higher is not
uncommon. Consider the case of Pakistan (erstwhile West Pakistan prior to 16
December 1971) whose population grew 5-fold from a mere 34 million in 1951,
shortly after the partition of India, to 170 million in 2010 (i.e. in six
decades). Between 1951 and 1972, when it ceded Bangladesh, the yearly growth
rate was 3.2%. Thanks to the family planning program, this rate has significantly
come down to 2.5% in the period between 1972 and 2010.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 9.0pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 23.4pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td colspan="2" style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 23.4pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 129.35pt;" valign="top" width="172">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td colspan="3" style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 23.4pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 43.7pt;" valign="top" width="58">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">1961 </span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="3" style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 23.4pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 43.7pt;" valign="top" width="58">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">1972 </span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="3" style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 23.4pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 43.7pt;" valign="top" width="58">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">1981 </span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="3" style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 23.4pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 43.7pt;" valign="top" width="58">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">1998 </span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="3" style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 23.4pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 43.7pt;" valign="top" width="58">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">2010 </span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="3" style="background: #CCFFFF; border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 23.4pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 43.7pt;" valign="top" width="58">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">% Growth Rate 1951-1972) </span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;"></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="3" style="background: #CCFFFF; border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 23.4pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 43.7pt;" valign="top" width="58">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">% Growth Rate 1951-1961) </span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;"></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="3" style="background: #CCFFFF; border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 23.4pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 43.7pt;" valign="top" width="58">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">% Growth Rate 1972-2010) </span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;"></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="3" style="background: #CCFFFF; border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 23.4pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 43.7pt;" valign="top" width="58">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">% Growth Rate 1951-2010) </span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 6.25pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td colspan="3" style="background: #FF98CC; border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 6.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 134.2pt;" valign="top" width="179">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">Bangladesh </span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="3" style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 6.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 48.55pt;" valign="top" width="65">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">42 </span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="3" style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 6.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 48.55pt;" valign="top" width="65">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">50.84 </span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="3" style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 6.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 48.55pt;" valign="top" width="65">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">75 </span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="4" style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 6.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 48.55pt;" valign="top" width="65">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">142.3 </span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="3" style="background: #FF98CC; border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 6.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 48.55pt;" valign="top" width="65">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">2.800 </span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="3" style="background: #FF98CC; border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 6.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 48.55pt;" valign="top" width="65">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">1.928 </span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="3" style="background: #FF98CC; border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 6.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 48.55pt;" valign="top" width="65">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">1.700 </span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="4" style="background: #FF98CC; border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 6.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 48.55pt;" valign="top" width="65">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">2.090 </span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 6.25pt; mso-row-margin-right: .3pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="background: #FFFF98; border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 6.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 125.35pt;" valign="top" width="167">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">Pakistan </span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="3" style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 6.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.7pt;" valign="top" width="53">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">34 </span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="3" style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 6.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.7pt;" valign="top" width="53">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">43 </span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="3" style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 6.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.7pt;" valign="top" width="53">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">66 </span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="3" style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 6.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.7pt;" valign="top" width="53">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">87 </span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 6.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.7pt;" valign="top" width="53">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">132 </span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="3" style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 6.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.7pt;" valign="top" width="53">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">170 </span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="3" style="background: #FFFF98; border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 6.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.7pt;" valign="top" width="53">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">3.209 </span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="3" style="background: #FFFF98; border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 6.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.7pt;" valign="top" width="53">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">2.376 </span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="3" style="background: #FFFF98; border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 6.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.7pt;" valign="top" width="53">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">2.521 </span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: yellow; border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 6.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.7pt;" valign="top" width="53">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">2.765 </span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; mso-cell-special: placeholder; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;" width="0"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr height="0">
<td style="border: none;" width="167"><br /></td>
<td style="border: none;" width="5"><br /></td>
<td style="border: none;" width="6"><br /></td>
<td style="border: none;" width="41"><br /></td>
<td style="border: none;" width="11"><br /></td>
<td style="border: none;" width="13"><br /></td>
<td style="border: none;" width="29"><br /></td>
<td style="border: none;" width="16"><br /></td>
<td style="border: none;" width="19"><br /></td>
<td style="border: none;" width="18"><br /></td>
<td style="border: none;" width="21"><br /></td>
<td style="border: none;" width="26"><br /></td>
<td style="border: none;" width="6"><br /></td>
<td style="border: none;" width="27"><br /></td>
<td style="border: none;" width="26"><br /></td>
<td style="border: none;" width="6"><br /></td>
<td style="border: none;" width="26"><br /></td>
<td style="border: none;" width="21"><br /></td>
<td style="border: none;" width="18"><br /></td>
<td style="border: none;" width="19"><br /></td>
<td style="border: none;" width="16"><br /></td>
<td style="border: none;" width="30"><br /></td>
<td style="border: none;" width="13"><br /></td>
<td style="border: none;" width="10"><br /></td>
<td style="border: none;" width="41"><br /></td>
<td style="border: none;" width="7"><br /></td>
<td style="border: none;" width="5"><br /></td>
<td style="border: none;" width="53"><br /></td>
<td style="border: none;" width="0"><br /></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">For our purpose here, we need not go all the way westward
to Pakistan, but can compare the growth rate of Muslims inside Arakan to that in
nearby Bangladesh. As can be seen </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; page-break-before: always; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">from the above table, Bangladesh
(formerly East Pakistan) had a 2.8% yearly growth rate between 1951 and 1972.
Thanks again to the family planning program, this rate has significantly come
down to 1.7% in the period between 1972 and 2010. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">From the above analysis, it is quite obvious that the
growth rate among the Muslims in Akyab (2.841%) between 1871 and 1911 is at par
with the trends shown in Bangladesh (2.8%). Thus, all the fuss about massive
migration of Muslims from Chittagong or Bangladesh to Arakan during the British
rule is not only wrong and baseless, it is racist, to say the least. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">Even if we are to assume the conservative estimate of 2.8%
growth rate amongst Rohingya Muslims since 1826, it is not difficult to
estimate that their number could have grown to at least 313,716 in Arakan by
1911. The Rohingya population in Akyab District, per Saw’s table, would have
then comprised only 57% of their total population inside Arakan. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">So far from the utterly false claims of racist elements
within the Rakhine community, the likes of Khin Maung Saw, Aye Kyaw and Aye
Chan, the growth within the Rohingya Muslim community of Arakan was an organic
one – a natural one, which had nothing to do with so-called influx or migration
from British Bengal or Chittagong. On the other hand, much of the early
increase in Rakhine and Burmese population to Akyab and Arakan do clearly show
that it was due to external factors like migration. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">As every student of historiography knows the borders in
those days were much porous, thus facilitating population movement. It is,
similarly, not far-fetched to suggest that the many of those lost from Arakan
census account of 1911, could well have migrated to places like Chittagong Hill
Tract and Cox’s Bazar (southern Chittagong) in today’s Bangladesh. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b><u><span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">5. Conclusion: </span></u></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">In the above analysis of British-era demography of Arakan,
in contradistinction to K. M. Saw’s bloated and unsubstantiated claims that
while “Arakan was a <i>colonie d'exploitation </i>to the British, but to the
Chittagonian Bengalis, Arakan became a <i>colonie de peuplement</i>” what one
actually notices is a clear racist campaign by a half-educated
Burmese/Arakanese Buddhist extremist who has no knowledge of demography.
Unfortunately, Saw is not alone and there are many within his ethnic community
that thrives on selling poison pills of racism and bigotry against the
Rohingyas of Burma. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">As we have noticed, the so-called influx to Arakan was
caused by the Rakhines and not Rohingyas (or so-called Chittagonians from
Bangladesh). The Rakhines of Arakan should be thankful that the Burmese
government has not applied its highly racist and bigotry-ridden litmus test
towards citizenship against them, many of whose ancestors had moved into the
territory of Arakan from Bengal during the British rule. Their accusation
against the Rohingyas of Arakan -- who are the true Bhumi Putras (the
indigenous children of the soil) -- is like that of a criminal who accuses its
victims. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">Regrettably, xenophobia, sponsored by the Burmese
government and aided by Rakhaing ultra-nationalists, has caused forced exodus
of 1.5 million Rohingya Muslims to seek refuge outside Burma, internal
displacement of at least a million, and death of another 50,000. Rohingyas are
denied each and every right guaranteed under the 1948 Universal Declaration of
Human Rights. Extra-judicial killing and summery executions, </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; page-break-before: always; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">humiliating movement restriction,
denial of education, job and healthcare, rape of women, arrest and torture,
forced labor, forced relocation, confiscation of moveable and immoveable
properties, religious sacrileges, etc., are regular occurrences in Arakan,
making the Rohingya people an endangered people of our time who require special
protection under international laws. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">As regional specialists like the distinguished historian -
Professor David Ludden of the New York University (and previously with the Ivy
League school - U Penn), have repeatedly shown through the massive scholarly
works that bear their names – rather than having one singular origin, South
Asia and South-East Asia have always included many peoples and cultures which
had different points of origin and departures and followed distinctive
historical trajectories. What is promoted by ultra-nationalist, narrow-minded
revisionists, pseudo-historians as the single tree of their culture, rooted in
their racial and religious myths, is actually more like a vast forest of many
cultures filled with countless trees of various sizes, shades, ages, colors and
types, constantly cross-breeding to fertilize one another. The profusion of
cultures blurs the boundaries of the forest. The so-called cultural boundaries
of our time are more like an artifact of modern national cultures than an
accurate reflection of pre-modern conditions. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">Will the revisionist historians and charlatan scholars of
Burma reflect upon this fact and amend their ways to make a more inclusive
world in our time? </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">It is high time that the government of Burma repeal its
utterly criminal, morally indefensible, repugnant and inhuman Citizenship Law
that has denied the right of citizenship and belonging to the millions of
Rohingyas of Arakan, who are the true children of the soil. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">[Dr
Siddiqui’s book - <b>The Forgotten Rohingya: Their Struggle for Human Rights in
Burma </b>– is available from Amazon.com] </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<sup><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-text-raise: 4.0pt; position: relative; top: -4.0pt;">1 </span></sup><u><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">http://burmanationalnews.org/burma/images/Documents/kmsislamizationofburma201109.pdf</span></u><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">;
see also Aye Chan’s xenophobic work: <u>http://www.soas.ac.uk/sbbr/editions/file64388.pdf
</u>on the same theme. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<sup><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-text-raise: 4.0pt; position: relative; top: -4.0pt;">2 </span></sup><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">See
Dr. Abid Bahar’s refutation of Aye Chan’s xenophobic works ‘The Development of
a Muslim Enclave in Arakan (Rakhine) state of Burma (Myanmar) and ‘Influx
Viruses,’ in ‘<b>Problems of Democratic Development in Burma and the Rohingya
People</b>,’ ed. Dr. Habib Siddiqui and Dr. Abid Bahar, Arakan Rohingya
Association Japan (JARO), 2007. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<sup><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-text-raise: 4.0pt; position: relative; top: -4.0pt;">3 </span></sup><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">See,
this author’s well-researched article: Rohingya – the Forgotten People, <u>http://www.rohingya.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=143&Itemid=70
</u>and the short comments: <u>http://www.rohingya.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=235&Itemid=70</u>;
<u>http://www.rohingya.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=142&Itemid=70
</u></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<sup><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-text-raise: 4.0pt; position: relative; top: -4.0pt;">4 </span></sup><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Abdul
Karim, ‘<b>The Rohingyas: A Short Account of their History and Culture</b>,’
Arakan Historical Society, Bangladesh (2000). </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<sup><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-text-raise: 4.0pt; position: relative; top: -4.0pt;">5 </span></sup><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">D.G.E.
Hall, <b>The rise and fall of the Kingdom of Mrohaung in Arakan</b>. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<sup><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-text-raise: 4.0pt; position: relative; top: -4.0pt;">6 </span></sup><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">M.S.
Collis, <b>Arakan’s Place in the Civilization of the Bay: A Study of Coinage
and Foreign Relations</b>, Burma Research Society, 50the Anniversary
Publication No. 2, 1960, pp. 1485-1504.
http://merhrom.wordpress.com/2009/03/04/arakan%C2%92s-place-in-the-civilization-of-the-bay/
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<sup><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-text-raise: 4.0pt; position: relative; top: -4.0pt;">7 </span></sup><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Noel
F. Singer, <b>‘Vaishali and the Indianization of Arakan</b>,’ A.P.H. Publishing
Corporation, New Delhi (2008), p. 2. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<sup><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-text-raise: 4.0pt; position: relative; top: -4.0pt;">8 </span></sup><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Moshe
Yegar, ‘<b><i>Between integration and secession: the Muslim communities of
southern Philippines, Southern Thailand and western Burma/.Myanmar,</i></b>’
Lexington Books, Lanham, MD, USA (2002), p. 23. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<sup><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-text-raise: 4.0pt; position: relative; top: -4.0pt;">9 </span></sup><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">See
the excellent article – <b>Coming of the Muslims to Arakan </b>– by Professor
Abdul Karim, <u>http://www.kaladanpress.org/v3/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=298:coming-of-the-</u></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; page-break-before: always; text-autospace: none;">
<u><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">muslims-to-arakan&catid=36:rohingya&Itemid=36
</span></u><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">; see also: <u>http://www.kaladanpress.org/v3/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=872%3Aa-short-history-of-rohingya-and-kamas-of-burma&catid=60%3Aarakan&Itemid=36</u>;
M. A. Tahir Ba Tha, <i>“<b>A SHORT HISTORY OF ROHINGYAS AND KAMANS OF BURMA,” </b></i>originally
written in Burmese under the title “<b>The Rohingyas and Kamans</b>,” (1963)
and tr. A.F.K. Jilani, ed. Mohd. Ashraf Alam (1998).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<sup><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-text-raise: 4.0pt; position: relative; top: -4.0pt;">10 </span></sup><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Singer,
op. cit., p. 5. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<sup><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-text-raise: 4.0pt; position: relative; top: -4.0pt;">11 </span></sup><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Singer,
op. cit., p. 4. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<sup><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-text-raise: 4.0pt; position: relative; top: -4.0pt;">12 </span></sup><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Singer,
op. cit., pp. 5-8; see also Collis (1925). </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<sup><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-text-raise: 4.0pt; position: relative; top: -4.0pt;">13 </span></sup><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Ibid,,
pp-39-40. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<sup><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-text-raise: 4.0pt; position: relative; top: -4.0pt;">14 </span></sup><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Ibid.,
pp. 39-55. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<sup><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-text-raise: 4.0pt; position: relative; top: -4.0pt;">15 </span></sup><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Ibid.,
pp. 55-57, 83. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<sup><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-text-raise: 4.0pt; position: relative; top: -4.0pt;">16 </span></sup><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">According
to Wilhelm Klein, author of a few books on Burma, “All of a sudden, Arakan
changed. The invading tribes made the country face east, away from India. As
Burma began to flex its muscles, the profound changes born at Pagan started to
transform Arakan,” Burmese Outpost. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<sup><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-text-raise: 4.0pt; position: relative; top: -4.0pt;">17 </span></sup><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">A.F.K.
Jilani, <b><i>A Cultural History of Rohingya</i></b>, (2001), p. 13. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<sup><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-text-raise: 4.0pt; position: relative; top: -4.0pt;">18 </span></sup><u><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">http://karnafuli.angelfire.com/articles/ArakanandRohingyas.pdf</span></u><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">. In
his work, ‘<b><i>Between integration and secession: the Muslim communities of
southern Philippines, Southern Thailand and western Burma/.Myanmar</i></b>,’
Dr. Moshe Yegar writes that the sea lanes ‘from Egypt and Persia to India on
the one hand, from India to southeast Asia on the other, were in Arab hands.’
p. 1. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<sup><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-text-raise: 4.0pt; position: relative; top: -4.0pt;">19 </span></sup><u><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">http://karnafuli.angelfire.com/articles/ArakanandRohingyas.pdf</span></u><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<sup><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-text-raise: 4.0pt; position: relative; top: -4.0pt;">20 </span></sup><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Moshe
Yegar, ‘<b><i>Between integration and secession: the Muslim communities of
southern Philippines, Southern Thailand and western Burma/.Myanmar</i></b>,’ p.
2. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<sup><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-text-raise: 4.0pt; position: relative; top: -4.0pt;">21 </span></sup><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Ibid.,
p. 3. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<sup><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-text-raise: 4.0pt; position: relative; top: -4.0pt;">22 </span></sup><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Ibid.,
p. 1. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<sup><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-text-raise: 4.0pt; position: relative; top: -4.0pt;">23 </span></sup><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">See
also the British Burma Gazetteer (1879). </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<sup><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-text-raise: 4.0pt; position: relative; top: -4.0pt;">24 </span></sup><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Dr.
Muhammad Enamul Haq and Abdul Karim Shahitya Visharad, “<b><i>Arakan Rajsabhay
Bangala Sahitya </i>(tr. Bengali Literature in the Court of Arakan) 1600-1700</b>,”
Gurudas Chattaopadhyay and Sons, 203/1/1 Cornwallis Street, Kalikata, India. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<sup><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-text-raise: 4.0pt; position: relative; top: -4.0pt;">25 </span></sup><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">British
Burma Gazetteers<b>. </b>Vol. A, 1917, District Akyab. p. 90.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<sup><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-text-raise: 4.0pt; position: relative; top: -4.0pt;">26 </span></sup><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Abdul
Karim, op. cit., <u>http://www.kaladanpress.org/v3/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=298:coming-of-the-muslims-to-arakan&catid=36:rohingya&Itemid=36</u></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<sup><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-text-raise: 4.0pt; position: relative; top: -4.0pt;">27 </span></sup><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Moshe
Yegar, op. cit., p. 23; see also Abdul Karim, op. cit. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<sup><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-text-raise: 5.0pt; position: relative; top: -5.0pt;">28 </span></sup><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">See,
Dr. Abid Bahar’s article on linguistic similarities from his book: <b>Burma’s
Missing Dots - the Emerging Face of Genocide, </b>Ch. 4; <u>http://www.kaladanpress.org/v3/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1721:mystery-behind-the-chakma-and-the-rohingyas-linguistic-similarities&catid=35:rohingya&Itemid=29
</u></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<sup><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-text-raise: 4.0pt; position: relative; top: -4.0pt;">29 </span></sup><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">See
the citations in A.F.K. Jilani’s ‘A Cultural History of Rohingya,’ (2001), p.
37. M. A. Tahir Ba Tha, <i>“<b>A SHORT HISTORY OF ROHINGYAS AND KAMANS OF
BURMA,” </b></i>originally written in Burmese under the title “<b>The Rohingyas
and Kamans</b>,” (1963) and tr. A.F.K. Jilani, ed. Mohd. Ashraf Alam (1998).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<sup><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-text-raise: 4.0pt; position: relative; top: -4.0pt;">30 </span></sup><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Dr.
Muhammad Enamul Haq and Abdul Karim Shahitya Visharad, “<b><i>Arakan Rajsabhay
Bangala Sahitya </i>(tr. Bengali Literature in the Court of Arakan) 1600-1700</b>,”
Gurudas Chattaopadhyay and Sons, 203/1/1 Cornwallis Street, Kalikata (1935);
printed at Atindra Nath Chowdhury, Kalikata, India. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<sup><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-text-raise: 4.0pt; position: relative; top: -4.0pt;">31 </span></sup><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Moshe
Yegar discusses the contribution of the Sufis, the Muslim missionaries, in
converting indigenous people to Islam in his book ‘<b><i>Between integration
and secession: the Muslim communities of southern Philippines, Southern
Thailand and western Burma/.Myanmar</i></b>,’ p. 7. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<sup><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-text-raise: 4.0pt; position: relative; top: -4.0pt;">32 </span></sup><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">The
Arakanese chronicle, referring to an incident during king Anwartha’s time
(1044-1077), states: “When he (attendant of the king) entered the forests he
found a fakir, possessed of mystic wisdom.” It also mentions that Muslims
resided in Pagan and Popa in those days. Anwartha’s son Saw Lu was breast fed
by a Muslim lady who was mother of Rahman Khan, who later ruled Pegu. See
A.F.K. Jilani’s “A Cultural History of Rohingya,” (2001), pp. 39-43. </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; page-break-before: always; text-autospace: none;">
<sup><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-text-raise: 5.0pt; position: relative; top: -5.0pt;">33 </span></sup><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">See
the references in <u>http://karnafuli.angelfire.com/articles/ArakanandRohingyas.pdf</u>;
Dr. Mohammed Ali Chowdhury, “<i>The advent of Islam in Arakan and the
Rohingya,” </i>Seminar paper at the Arakan Historical Society, Chittagong Zila
Parishad Hall, Chittagong, December 31, 1995 (cosponsored with Chittagong
University, Chittagong, Bangladesh). </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<sup><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-text-raise: 4.0pt; position: relative; top: -4.0pt;">34 </span></sup><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">U
Kyi, op. cit., p. 160. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<sup><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-text-raise: 4.0pt; position: relative; top: -4.0pt;">35 </span></sup><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Moshe
Yegar, op. cit., p. 7. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<sup><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-text-raise: 4.0pt; position: relative; top: -4.0pt;">36 </span></sup><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Dr.
Yunous, in his book – <b>A history of Arakan </b>-- surmises that Narameikhla
could have genuinely become a Muslim. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<sup><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-text-raise: 4.0pt; position: relative; top: -4.0pt;">37 </span></sup><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Abdul
Karim, op. cit. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<sup><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-text-raise: 4.0pt; position: relative; top: -4.0pt;">38 </span></sup><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Yegar,
op. cit., p. 23. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<sup><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-text-raise: 4.0pt; position: relative; top: -4.0pt;">39 </span></sup><u><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">http://www.albalagh.net/current_affairs/0090.shtml
</span></u><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<sup><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-text-raise: 4.0pt; position: relative; top: -4.0pt;">40 </span></sup><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Dr.
Muhammad Enamul Haq and Abdul Karim Shahitya Visharad, “<i>Arakan Rajsabhay
Bangala Sahitya </i>(tr. Bengali Literature in the Court of Arakan) 1600-1700,”
Gurudas Chattaopadhyay and Sons, 203/1/1 Cornwallis Street, Kalikata, India. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<sup><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-text-raise: 4.0pt; position: relative; top: -4.0pt;">41 </span></sup><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Dr.
Mohammed Ali Chowdhury, op. cit. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<sup><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-text-raise: 4.0pt; position: relative; top: -4.0pt;">42 </span></sup><u><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">http://www.kaladanpress.org/v3/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1905:the-cultural-affinity-of-rohingyas-with-bengal&catid=16:rohingya-article&Itemid=27
</span></u><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<sup><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-text-raise: 4.0pt; position: relative; top: -4.0pt;">43 </span></sup><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Niccolai
Manucci, <b>Storia do Mogro </b>(History of Mughal India), 1653-1708.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">44 Between 1690 and
1710 these Kamans or Kamanchis became the virtual rulers or king makers in
Arakan, before they were subdued by Arakanese Magh Maha Dhabado who ascended
the throne under the title of Sanda Wizaya in 1710. He deported them to the
Rambree Island and other places inside Arakan. Thousands of Muslims fled to
other parts of Burma, including taking refuge in Ava (Burma). </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">45 See this author’s
article: <b>Imagine this - you are a Rohingya, </b>or <b>What is happening in
Burma</b>? <u>http://www.albalagh.net/current_affairs/0090.shtml </u>for a
description of various Muslim groups in Arakan. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">46 M. A. Tahir Ba
Tha, <i>“<b>A SHORT HISTORY OF ROHINGYAS AND KAMANS OF BURMA,” </b></i>originally
written in Burmese under the title “<b>The Rohingyas and Kamans</b>,” (1963)
and tr. A.F.K. Jilani, ed. Mohd. Ashraf Alam (1998). </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">47 See the link: <u>http://www.kaladanpress.org/v3/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=866:towards-understanding-arakan-history-part-ii&catid=60:arakan&Itemid=36</u></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">48 The Arakan
pirates, both Magh and feringhi, used to come by the water-route and plunder
Bengal.... Mohammedans underwent such oppression, as they had not to suffer in
Europe. As they continually practiced raids for a long time, Bengal daily
became more and more desolate and less and less able to resist them. Not a
house was left inhabited on their side of the rivers lying on their track from
Chittagong to Dacca. The district of Bakla [Backergunge and part of Dacca],
which formerly abounded in houses and cultivated fields and yield a large
revenue as duty on betel-nuts, was swept so clean with their broom of plunder
and abduction that none was left to tenant any house or kindle a light in that
region. ...... When Shayista Khan asked the feringhi deserters, what salary the
Magh king had assigned to them, they replied, ''Our salary was the Mughal
Empire. We considered the whole of Bengal as our fief. We had not to bother
revenue surveyors and ourselves about court clerks but levied our rent all the
year round without difficulty. We have kept the papers of the division of the
booty for the last forty years.'' See this author’s article Rohingya: the
Forgotten People - for citation sources: <u>http://www.kaladanpress.org/v3/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=707:rohingya-the-forgotten-people&catid=35:rohingya&Itemid=29</u></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">49 <u>http://www.banglapedia.org/httpdocs/HT/B_0650.HTM</u></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">50 Abdul Karim, op.
cit.; Shihab-ud-din Talish, the famous 17th century historian gives a horrible
picture as to how the Magh and Portuguese pirates carried away people from
Bengal, oppressed them and sold them as slaves. He says: “<i>As these (piratical)
raids continued for along time, Bengal became day by day more </i>desolated.
Not a house was left inhabited on either side of the river lying on the
pirates’ track from Chatgaon (Chittagong) to Dacca. The prosperous district of
Bakla (Bakergung) was swept clean with the broom of plunder and kidnapping, so
that none was left to occupy any house or kindle a light in that region… The
Arakan pirates both Magh and Feringi (Portuguese) used constantly to plunder
Bengal. They carried off the Hindus and Muslims they could seize, pierced the
palms of their hands passed thin strips of cane through the holes, and threw
the men huddled together under the decks of their ships. Every morning </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; page-break-before: always; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">they
flung down some uncooked rice to the captives from above as people fling grain
to fowl. They sold their captives to the Dutch, English, and French merchant at
the ports of the Deccan. Sometimes they bought their captives to Tamluk and
Balasore for sale at high prices…… Only the Feringis sold their prisoners but
the Maghs employed all whom they carry off in agriculture and other
occupations, or as domestic servants and concubines.</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">51 Yegar, op. cit.,
pp. 23-24. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">52 A.F.K. Jilani, op.
Cit., pp. 42-43. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">53 Abdul Karim, op.
cit., <u>http://www.kaladanpress.org/v3/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=298:coming-of-the-muslims-to-arakan&catid=36:rohingya&Itemid=36</u></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">54 Anthony Irwin, <b>Burmese
Outpost</b>, Collins, London (1945), p. 22. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">55 Moshe Yegar, <b>The
Muslims of Burma: A study of minority groups</b>, Weesbaden: Otto </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Harrassowitz (1972),
p. 111. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">56 Ibid., p. 25. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">57 Dr. Habib
Siddiqui, <b><i>The Forgotten Rohingya: Their Struggle for Human Rights in
Burma</i></b>, Amazon.com. As to the Burmese invasion of Arakan in 1784, the
following eye-witness report by Francis Buchanan provides a vivid picture of
the atrocities committed by the Burmese invaders: “<i>Puran says that, in one
day soon after the conquest of Arakan the Burmans put 40,000 men to Death: that
wherever they found a pretty Woman, they took her after killing the husband;
and the young Girls they took without any consideration of their parents, and
thus deprived these poor people of the property, by which in Eastern India the
aged most commonly support their infirmities. Puran seems to be terribly
afraid, that the Government of Bengal will be forced to give up to the Burmans
all the refugees from Arakan</i>.” (<b><i>Francis Buchanan in Southeast Bengal
(1798): His Journey to Chittagong, the Chittagong Hill Tracts, Noakhali and
Comilla</i></b>. Dhaka University Press, Dhaka, 1992: 82) </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">58 A.F.K. Jilani, A
Cultural History of Rohingya, op. cit., pp. 68-73. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">59 G.E. Harvey,
History of Burma, London (1925), pp. 267-8; see also: M.S. Collis, Arakan’s
Place in Civilization of the Bay, Journal of Burma Research (JBRS), 50th Anniversary
Publications No. 2, Rangoon (1960), p. 499; Muhammad Ishaque, ed. Bangladesh
District Gazetteers, Chittagong Hill Tracts, Dacca (1971), p. 33. According to
a report of the East India Company, some 35,000 refugees entered Chittagong in
the British Bengal from Arakan in 1799 alone (Asiatic Annual Register 1799: 61;
Michael Charney, Ph.D. Thesis, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 1999). </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">60 Dr. Habib Siddiqui<b>,
The Forgotten Rohingya: Their Struggle for Human Rights in Burma</b>,
Amazon.com; <b>Rohingya: The Forgotten People, </b><u>http://www.rohingya.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=143&Itemid=74
</u>; According to Farooque Ahmed, a former senior researcher at the JNU,
India, by 1798 two-thirds of the inhabitants of Arakan had left Arakan for
Bengal. The number of those Muslims who fled was 200,000. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">61 G.E. Harvey,
Outline of Burmese History, op. cit., pp. 154-5. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">62 Many of the
indigenous people had become Muslims before Narameikhla was restored to the
throne. Supposing that only 5000 of the Muslim soldiers that came with Generals
Wali Khan and Sandi Khan had settled in Arakan, this number alone under normal
kind of conditions could grow to 169,331 and 341,092 at an annual population
growth rate of 1% and 1.2%, respectively, in 1784. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">63 M. A. Chowdhury,
op. cit. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">64 Francis Buchanan,
The Languages of Burma, Asiatic Researches (Calcutta), vol. 5, 1801. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">65 K.M. Saw claims
that during the British census, the British officials did not record anyone as
Rohingya. They recorded Arakanese (Rohingya) Muslims and Hindus according to
their religious persuasion. Such a categorization cannot be a criterion by
which one can deny their ethnic identity. Here in the USA, e.g., Muslim
Americans are often not recorded per their national origin. For example, in
census, one may be categorized as an Asian American, or at the most south Asian
(if one is from former British India). </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">K.M. Saw also says
that Buchanan had encountered those Rohingyas in Amarapura and not in Arakan.
How could they have ended up there if they did not exist in Burma? Like many
Arakanese, these natives of Arakan were brought by the forces of Bodow Paya.
His use of the term ‘slave of the slaves’ show his racist character that
approves of enslavement of other people, including the piracy of Magh marauders
in Bengal. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">66 <u>http://books.google.com/books?id=-jRKAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA305&lpg=PA305&dq=population+of+Arakan+in+1871&source=bl&ots=U7r2p</u></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; page-break-before: always; text-autospace: none;">
<u><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">40NUF&sig=KrdLceigMXyXetb4BndnaA-Zv3w&hl=en&ei=nMuZTuCOFOW50QGjoJmHAw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&sqi=2&ved=0CDoQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=population%20of%20Arakan%20in%201871&f=false</span></u><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">67 In his work ‘<b>The Eastern Frontier
of British India,</b>’ Calcutta (1964), p. 351, A. C. Benerjee also says that
that there was one Muslim</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> for every two Arakanese
Buddhists </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>Rowannyahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11315383992304973275noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2089436399604203314.post-18750799932867263832012-04-02T02:39:00.000-07:002012-04-02T02:39:10.439-07:00156 - Who are Rohingyas?<link href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CKOTINM%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtml1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml" rel="File-List"></link><o:smarttagtype name="City" namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags"></o:smarttagtype><o:smarttagtype name="country-region" namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags"></o:smarttagtype><o:smarttagtype name="PlaceType" namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags"></o:smarttagtype><o:smarttagtype name="PlaceName" namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags"></o:smarttagtype><o:smarttagtype name="place" namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags"></o:smarttagtype><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:UseFELayout/>
</w:Compatibility>
<w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel>
</w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" LatentStyleCount="156">
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if !mso]><img src="http://img2.blogblog.com/img/video_object.png" style="background-color: #b2b2b2; " class="BLOGGER-object-element tr_noresize tr_placeholder" id="ieooui" data-original-id="ieooui" />
<style>
st1\:*{behavior:url(#ieooui) }
</style>
<![endif]--><style>
<!--
/* Font Definitions */
@font-face
{font-family:Wingdings;
panose-1:5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:2;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:0 268435456 0 0 -2147483648 0;}
@font-face
{font-family:SimSun;
panose-1:2 1 6 0 3 1 1 1 1 1;
mso-font-alt:宋体;
mso-font-charset:134;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 135135232 16 0 262145 0;}
@font-face
{font-family:"\@SimSun";
panose-1:2 1 6 0 3 1 1 1 1 1;
mso-font-charset:134;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 135135232 16 0 262145 0;}
/* Style Definitions */
p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal
{mso-style-parent:"";
margin:0in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-fareast-font-family:SimSun;}
h2
{mso-margin-top-alt:auto;
margin-right:0in;
mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
margin-left:0in;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
mso-outline-level:2;
font-size:18.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman";
font-weight:bold;}
h3
{mso-margin-top-alt:auto;
margin-right:0in;
mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
margin-left:0in;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
mso-outline-level:3;
font-size:13.5pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman";
font-weight:bold;}
a:link, span.MsoHyperlink
{color:blue;
text-decoration:underline;
text-underline:single;}
a:visited, span.MsoHyperlinkFollowed
{color:purple;
text-decoration:underline;
text-underline:single;}
p
{mso-margin-top-alt:auto;
margin-right:0in;
mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
margin-left:0in;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-fareast-font-family:SimSun;}
span.createby
{mso-style-name:createby;}
span.articleseparator
{mso-style-name:article_separator;}
@page Section1
{size:8.5in 11.0in;
margin:.3in .5in .3in 1.5in;
mso-header-margin:.5in;
mso-footer-margin:.5in;
mso-paper-source:0;}
div.Section1
{page:Section1;}
/* List Definitions */
@list l0
{mso-list-id:771128888;
mso-list-template-ids:-977518978;}
@list l0:level1
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:.5in;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-.25in;
mso-ansi-font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Symbol;}
ol
{margin-bottom:0in;}
ul
{margin-bottom:0in;}
-->
</style><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin:0in;
mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-ansi-language:#0400;
mso-fareast-language:#0400;
mso-bidi-language:#0400;}
</style>
<![endif]-->
<h2 style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt;">Who are Rohingyas? <o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span class="createby"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Mayu Maung @ Mayurkhareir Bhai </span></span><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt;">Bismillaahir Rwah’maanir Rwah’eem.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt;"><br />
Alh’amdu lillaahi Rwabbil A’alameen, Wasswalaatu Wassalaamu A’laa Saiyidil Mursaleen
wa A’laa Aalihee wa Aswh’aabihee Ajmae’en. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt;">Before going to the subject it is assumed to be
appropriate of forwarding a hint to the Quranic understanding of human life and
its relation to here and hereafter as introduction in the beginning and as conclusion
in the end. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt;"><br />
<br />
<strong><span style="color: blue;">THE NOBLE QURAN IS A UNIVERSAL ADDRESSES, FROM
ALLAH ALMIGHTY THE CREATOR OF ALL CREATURES AND THE ALL DOMINION OVER ALL
UNIVERSES, TO HUMANKIND IN THE PAST, IN THE PRESENT AND IN THE TIME TO COME UP
TO THE LAST DAY. MOHAMMAD IBNE ABDULLAH (SAW) IS MADE HIS LAST MESSENGER TO
HUMANKIND FOR ACHIEVEMENT OF THE GUIDE OF NOBLE QURAN</span>.<o:p></o:p></strong></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt;"><br />
<br />
<strong>English equivalent of some Arabic alphabets written in the following
Quranic passages:-</strong><b><br />
</b><br />
</span><span style="color: blue; font-size: 16pt;">Th = <span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA">ث</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> ; j = <span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA">ج</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> ; h’ = <span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA">ح</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> ; kh = <span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA">خ ; د</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>’ = d-d when an alphabet holds dal it
sounds double; dth = <span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA">ذ</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> ; rw = <span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA">ر</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> when it is with fat-h’ah and hdwammah ; sh = <span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA">ش</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> ; sw = <span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA">ص</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> ; hdw = <span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA">ض</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> ; tw = <span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA">ط</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> ; dthw = <span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA">ظ</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> ; a’, e’,
u’ = <span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA">ع</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>
; q = <span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA">ق</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>
; lw = <span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA">ل</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>
when the alphabet holding lam-e-Allwaah is with either fat-h’ah or hdwammah ;
wa = <span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA">و</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>
; aْ = <span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA">اْ</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>
when an Arabic alphabet holds hamzah with fat-h’ah, eْ = <span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA">ىْ</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> when an Arabic
alphabet holds hamzah with kasrah, uْ = <span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA">وْ</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> when an Arabic alphabet holds hamzah with
hdwammah.</span><span style="color: blue; font-size: 14pt;"> <br />
</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><br />
<strong>A hint to the Quranic understanding of human life and its relation to
here and hereafter.</strong><b><br />
</b><br />
Auoodthu Billaahi Minashshaitwaanir Rwajeem. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt;"><br />
<br />
<strong>Qadkhalat ming Qablikum Sunanung Faseerwoo Fil Arhdwi Fangdthwuroo
Kaifa Kaana A’aqibatul Mukadthdthibeen</strong> (3:137). Many similar ways (and
mishaps of life) were faced by nations (believers and disbelievers) that have
passed away before you (as you have faced in the battle of Uhud), so travel
through the earth, and see what was the end of those who disbelieved (in the
Oneness of Allah, and disobeyed him and His Messengers).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt;"><br />
<br />
<strong>Lillaahi mulkussamaawaati wal arhdwi wa maa feehinna, wa huwa a’laa
kulli shaieeng qadeer</strong> (5:120). To Allah belongs the dominion of the
heavens and the earth and all that is therein, and He is Able to do all things.
(Dominion = All-ruling authority). <br />
<br />
<strong>Wa Kaanallwaahu Bikulli Shaieem Muheetwaa</strong> (4:126). And Allah
is ever encompassing all things. (that is, nothing is kept out of His
encompassing and grip.)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><br />
<strong>Innee Jaae’long Fil Arhdwi Khaleefah</strong></span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> (2: 30). I (Allah) shall create a vicegerent on
earth.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt;"><br />
<br />
<strong>Wa Maa Khalaqtul Jinna wal Ingsa Illaa Liya’budoon</strong> (51: 56).
And I (Allah) created not the jinn and mankind except that they should worship
Me (Alone). (Allah SWT has created mankind and jinn, only to obey and worship
Him). <br />
<br />
All these verses indicate that as long as obeying of Allah Almighty is left on
earth i.e. till one man alone is left obeying Allah Almighty on earth; Allah
Almighty shall preserve the existence of earth intact with him. When no more
obeying of Allah Almighty is left on earth, Allah Almighty shall end the
existence of earth. This shall be the last day of all creations.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt;"><br />
<br />
<strong>Mainyutwie’rrwasoola Faqad-d Atwaa-a’llah</strong> (4:80). He who obeys
the Messenger (Mohammad SAW), has indeed obeyed Allah SWT.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt;"><br />
<strong>Wamaa Yangtwiqu A’nil Hawa</strong> (53:3). Nor does he speak of (his
own) desire. <strong>Inhuwa Illaa Wah’yui Yooh’aa</strong> (53:4). It is only a
revelation revealed. (Whatever guidance the Messenger Mohammad SAW is giving to
human life for living, is from Allah Almighty.)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt;"><br />
<br />
<strong>Yaa Aiyuhalladtheena Aamanuttaqullwaaha wa Qooloo Qaulang Sadeedaa</strong>
(22:70). O you who believe! Keep your duty to Allaah and fear Him, and speak
(always) the truth. <strong>Yuswleh’ Lakum Aa’maa lakum wa Yagfir Lakum
dthunoobakum wa Mainyyutwie’llaaha wa Rwasoolahoo Faqad-d Faaza fwauzan
A’dthweemaa</strong> (22:71). He will direct you to do righteous good deeds and
will forgive you your sins. And whosoever obeys Allah and His Messenger SAW, he
has indeed achieved a great achievement (i.e. he will be saved from the
Hell-fire and will be admitted to paradise).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt;"><br />
<br />
<strong>Laa Nufarriqu baina Ah’adim Minrrwusulih</strong> (2:285). They (Who
believe in Allah, His Angels, His Books and His Messengers) say, “We make no
distinction between one another of His Messengers”.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt;"><br />
<br />
<strong>Wa Idth Akhadthallwaahu Meethaaqannabiyyeena Lamaa Aataitukum Ming
Kitaabiyaun wa H’ikmating Thumma Jaa Akum Rwasoolum Muswaddiqal Limaa Ma A’kum
Latuْminunna Bihee wa Latangsurwunnah, qaala A-aqrwartum wa Akhadthtum A’laa
dthaalikum Iswree, Qaaloo Aqrwarnaa Qaala Fashhadoo wa Ana Ma A’kum
Minashshaahideen</strong> (3:81). And (remember) when Allah took the covenant
of the prophets, saying: “Take whatever I gave you from the book and Hikmah
(understanding of the Laws of Allah), and afterwards there will come to you a
Messenger (Mohammad SAW) confirming what is with you; you must, then, believe
in him and help him”. Allah said: “Do you agree (to it) and will you take up My
Covenant (which I conclude with you)”? They said: “We agree”. He said: “Then
bear witness; and I am with you among the witnesses (for this)”.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt;"><br />
These verses indicate that without obeying of Mohammad SAW there is no obeying
of Allah Almighty and His other Messengers.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt;"><br />
<br />
<strong>INTRODUCTION</strong> <br />
<br />
Rohingyas are Muslims. They want to live as Muslims according to Quran and
Sunnah. They desire peaceful co-existence among all communities they are living
with. Their struggle is for establishment of justice and peace.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt;"><br />
<br />
Rohingyas are aboriginal inhabitants of Arakan. The word Rohingya is not a
surfacing from politics. It is a historical name of a community living in
Arakan. Historically the old name of Arakan is Rohang and her people are Rohingyas.
Rohingyas did not write the history of Rohang, it was written by other people,
mostly Europeans. It appeared not only in a single book, it appeared in many
books. It is not a myth; it is a history by evidence.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt;"><br />
<br />
Arakan was an independent sovereign <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placename w:st="on">Muslim</st1:placename>
<st1:placetype w:st="on">Kingdom</st1:placetype></st1:place> up to 1784AD in
which year it was colonized by Burmese king Bodawphaya. It is a multi-national
country with two major communities of Rohingyas and Maghs. Rohingyas are
Muslims and Maghs confess Buddhism. It is a riverine country comprises an area
of 22,000 sq. miles. It is situated between <st1:country-region w:st="on">Bangladesh</st1:country-region>
and <st1:country-region w:st="on">Burma</st1:country-region> and bordering <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">India</st1:place></st1:country-region> in the
north. It is harboring <st1:place w:st="on">Bay of Bengal</st1:place> with a
length of about more than 300 miles in the west. Arakan is separated from <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Burma</st1:place></st1:country-region> by a
barrier of big high mountain call Arakan Yoma in the east sloping down from
north to the south. It is ornamented with a thick tropical evergreen rain
forest. Naturally and geographically it has relation with <st1:place w:st="on">Bengal</st1:place>
in many ways.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt;"><br />
<br />
<strong>ADVENT OF ISLAM TO ARAKAN</strong> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt;"><br />
<br />
The Arabs were seafaring people since 4th and 5th centuries in the Bay of
Bengal, which in early days was called <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placename w:st="on">Arab</st1:placename> <st1:placetype w:st="on">Lake</st1:placetype></st1:place>.
The continuance of their travel to the east brought Islam into Arakan probably
at the time of Prophet Mohammad SAW. Mr. R. B. Smart, author of Burma
Gazetteer, stated: “ About 788 AD Mahataing Sandya ascended the throne, founded
a <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">new city</st1:place></st1:city>
(Vesali) on the site of old Ramawadi and died after a reign of twenty two
years. In his reign several ships were wrecked on Ramree Island and the crews,
said to have been Mohamedans, were sent to Arakan proper and settled in
villages” (Burma Gazetteer, Akyab District, Vol. I, Chapter II, History and
Archeology by R. B. Smart). These shipwrecked Mohamedans were Arabs (<st1:country-region w:st="on">Burma</st1:country-region>, an <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placename w:st="on">Arab</st1:placename> <st1:placetype w:st="on">Land</st1:placetype></st1:place>
of the East by Ch. Mohd. A. F. Hazary in the <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Dacca</st1:place></st1:city> Review, p. 35). The Arab merchants and
mystics carried out missionary activities among the locals. The superior moral
character and high missionary zeal of those devout followers attracted large
number of people towards Islam who embraced it en masse (History of Burma in
Burmese by U Kyi p. 160); similar writing is also found in New Arakan History
by Dengnyawadi Sayadaw U Nya Na p. 161-162. As such the Muslim population of
Arakan had grown substantially during the pre-Mrauk-U era, especially after the
advent of Muslim rule in <st1:place w:st="on">Bengal</st1:place> in 1203. In
13th, 14th and 15th centuries, central Asian Muslims arrived and settled in
Arakan from which time Muslim Saltanate (Kingdom) was established up to 1784AD
in which year it was occupied by Burmese king. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt;"><br />
<br />
<strong>THE NAMES ARAKAN, ARAKANESE AND RAKHINE</strong> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt;"><br />
<br />
In fact, geographically, Arakan is a continuation of <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Chittagong</st1:place></st1:city> plain. It has close overland ties
with <st1:place w:st="on">East Bengal</st1:place>. Before pollution with
Burmans it was an Indian land with a population similar to <st1:place w:st="on">Bengal</st1:place>.
In the history book of Ancient India it is written that the people lived in
this plain were communities of Rakhshas. They were not ogres, but a common
people similar to Bengalees. In those days, in the presence of Rakhshas
community it was not known that the name of the land was Arakan, Rakhine or
Rakkhapura. The name Arakan and Rakhine appeared only in Mrauku Empire.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt;"><br />
Actually the name of Arakan in Burmese is Rakhine. Rakhine is not a separate
name from Arakan. A biological scientist who reached Arakan in eighteenth century
discovered a variety of banana in the banana plantations of Rohingyas. This
scientist named it Musa Paradisiaca Arakanensis. He attached the Muslim name to
its variety as it was found with them. Magh Buddhists called it Kala Ngappyaw
Thi that is Muslim banana. Kala is a derogatory term to Muslims given by
Buddhist Maghs and Burmans. Burmans call this banana Rakhine Ngappyaw Thi. This
mentions that Rakhine is translation of the word Arakanese in to Burmese. In
Field – Marshal Sir William Slim's "Defeat into Victory" page 146,
wrote: "When we withdrew, …. was followed by a bitter internecine struggle
for land and power between the Arakanese and Maughs ", which is
attributing Arakanese to the Muslims and Maughs to the Buddhists. Major Anthony
Irwin, another British officer who served in Arakan front, in his Burmese
Outpost pp. 21-22, wrote, " At first Maghs had it all their own way, for
they were better organized and better armed, having a fair sprinkling of
rifles. But as they pushed north, so they met up stiffer and more organized
resistance and were not only held but forced to retreat, for they are, man to
man, no match for the Mussulman Arakanese ", which is clearly attributing
the term Arakanese to the Muslims. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt;"><br />
<br />
The almost certain is that the name Arakan became popular after the Muslim
conquest of the country in 1430 CE. The Arakan kings were well versed in
Persian and it was official language of Arakan upto 1845. In the Journal of
Burma Research Society (JBRS), 50th anniversary publication No. 2, pp. 491 – 2,
under the caption, Arakan's Place in the Civilization of the Bay, wrote,
"It took a hundred years for the kings (Arakan Kings) to learn the
doctrine of Islam. When it was well understood they had founded what was known
as the Arakanese Empire". “In 1531 Minbin (Zabuk Shah) ascended the
throne, with him the Arakanese graduated in their Moslem studies and the empire
was founded”. “The last king Thamada 1782-5, bearing as if in irony the name of
the first king on earth has less authority than ever, for he was from the
despised race of Ramree” (Outline of Burmese History by G. E. Harvey. P. 97).
Ramree is an island to where Muslim archers were deported earlier. Medieval
Portuguese and other European travelers mentioned it Arracan, Aracco, Orracan,
Arrakan and Van Linscoten writes it Arakan which is nearest to the modern name
(A History of Chittagong by Dr. S. B. Qanungo Vol. I, page 232). One of the
coins found in Arakan and preserved in the <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placetype w:st="on">museum</st1:placetype> of <st1:placename w:st="on">Calcutta</st1:placename></st1:place>
minted by Sultan Bahadur Shah dated 965 A. H. (1557 – 58 CE) was inscribed in
Persian with Kalema on obverse side and mint name Arakan on the reverse side.
Similar coins minted by his predecessor Sultan Mohammad Shah 962 AH (1554 – 55
CE) with inscription of mint name Arakan was preserved in <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placename w:st="on">Calcutta</st1:placename> <st1:placetype w:st="on">Museum</st1:placetype></st1:place>.
Mohammad Shah's coins with the same reading are also found preserved in the <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placename w:st="on">British</st1:placename> <st1:placetype w:st="on">Museum</st1:placetype></st1:place>. The name of Arakan did not
appear as a solitary instance in Persian or Arabic language. Different
important places, rivers and mountains of Arakan also bear names in same
language. For example, the name of the capital city of <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Arakan</st1:place></st1:city> is Akyab (Ek – Ab) meaning land of one
water in Persian. Badr Moqam, a Muslim shrine at Akyab, was established in
eighth century (Journal of the Asiatic Society of Pakistan JASP, Vol. VII,
1962, Analytical Study of “Badar Muqum by Siddiq Khan”). The names of rivers:
Kaladan (intellectuals), Naf (nerve), Kalapanj (50 learned men) are also of
either Persian or Arabic in origin testifying to the fact of Islamic sway over
the region now known as Arakan. Thus the terms Arakan and Arakanese are
attributed to Muslims. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt;"><br />
<br />
In a made up history of Arakan by Magh Buddhists and Burmans wrote about Mrauku
Dynasty's Islamic identities that when Sulaiman Shah was reinstated to his
throne with the help of <st1:place w:st="on">Bengal</st1:place> king, an
agreement was reached between them. According to agreement some of the points
are shown below:- <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt;"><br />
<br />
1. Persian language should be official Language of Arakan;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt;"><br />
2. The kings should bear Muslim names;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt;"><br />
3. On one side of the currency coins Islamic Kalema “Laa Ilaaha Illallwaahu
Muhammadur Rwasoolullwaah" should beimprinted and the other side should
bear Muslim name of the king;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt;"><br />
4. The imprint of State Emblem should be "Laa Ilaaha Illallwaahu
Muhammadur Rwasoolullwaah";<br />
5. The State should stay feudatory to Bengal Sultan etc.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt;"><br />
<br />
In <st1:place w:st="on">Bengal</st1:place> there is no any historical record of
such agreement. A historian of <st1:place w:st="on">Bengal</st1:place> copied
this from the history of Arakan made up by Maghs and Burmans. Moreover in <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Burma</st1:place></st1:country-region> and
Indian subcontinent there are neither any historical records nor systems of
non-Muslim kings keeping Muslim names; Muslim kings forcing non-Muslim kings to
keep Muslim names, imprint Islamic Kalema on currency coins and state emblem of
non-Muslim country, and apply an Islamic language as an official language for
non-Muslims who do not know that language. Islamic names and signs are holy to
Muslims; Muslims do not allow desecration of these. Muslims of fifteen century
were better than the Muslims of today. Is there any evidence of such happenings
today anywhere in the world that Muslims are forcing non-Muslim subordinates to
bear Islamic holy signs? It is not acceptable that Bengal Muslim King had
forced non-Muslims of Arakan to bear holy signs of Islam because it is not
sacred to them. If it is right, why don’t Maghs of today have any such sign
remained as a lineage from their ancestors according to their claim? But these
customs of Arakan’s Royal Families are found only with Rohingyas and Muslims of
Burma. From history it is clearly found that Arakan kings were not under the
pressure of <st1:place w:st="on">Bengal</st1:place> kings. The reign of Arakan
kings bearing Muslim names had covered up to the <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placename w:st="on">Meghna</st1:placename> <st1:placetype w:st="on">River</st1:placetype></st1:place>.
It is not necessary to please Muslim subjects by bearing Muslim names, because
Muslims naturally do not please with a non-Muslim bearing Islamic name
whosoever he is. Marbles and stones were found inside pagodas and images of
Mrauku (Fattariqilla) with the imprint of Islamic writings. If anyone wants to
know about this, ask Maghs and Burmans; surely their sincerity shall reveal the
truth.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt;"><br />
<b><br />
<strong>THE MONGOLOID BUDDHIST PEOPLE OF ARAKAN ARE MAGHS NOT RAKHINE</strong></b>
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt;"><br />
<br />
Magh Buddhists of Arakan under the patronage of Burmans lordship reaped maximum
benefit from the ignorance and unconsciousness of the Rohingya Muslims.
Nowadays only, the educated class of Rohingya community, after making thorough
research into the history of Rohingyas, comes to know that Rakhine is the name
of Muslims living in Arakan. The Buddhist community of Arakan owns the name
Magh only as their lineage of ancestry traces to <st1:country-region w:st="on">Magadha</st1:country-region>
origin of <st1:place w:st="on">Bihar</st1:place>. But the purity of Arian blood
in these Magadah immigrants was lost as a result of intermarriages between them
and their co-religionists – the Mongolians, who overwhelmed the region for
centuries since 957 CE. Though they are of Magadah origin, in the later period,
they have started abandoning it and assimilated into Burmans. Their culture,
civilization, language and appearance are totally of Burmans. Some of them are
although struggling for Arakan, but their mentality and behavior are of
Burmans. Burmans write their language as Burmese. They speak it with slight
phonetic differences. The original Buddhists of Arakan are left in a very few
quantity in the name of Barua <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt;"><br />
<br />
In the society of Arakan's Maghs, there are those who are politically moving
against Rohingyas are mostly from <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Bangladesh</st1:place></st1:country-region>. The infiltrated Magh
Buddhists of Bangladesh are constitutionally recognized as ethnic community of <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Burma</st1:place></st1:country-region> whereas
the native Rohingyas of Arakan are branded as infiltrators, for they are
Muslims. Is it not that majority community of a country at the helm of
administration is persecuting minority of other races on the basis of race and
religion?<br />
<br />
Today's politicizing of words Rakhine and Rakhine Pre for Buddhist Maghs is
nothing but a conspiracy to make Rohingyas foreigners in their motherland and
Arakan devoid of Rohingyas. Actually Maghs are not Rakhine, They are Maghs. If
they want to disown the name Magh, then they are Burmans only, not Rakhine. At
the time of independence movement the leaders of so-called Rakhine had served
in the movement of Burma Independence Movement under the leadership of general
Aung San, instead of moving for the independence of Arakan. Burmese kings were
ivited by Maghs to occupy Arakan. They had even abandoned the name Rakhine and
bore the name Burman and took pride to be member of big star in the national
flag. After coming of military regime, when Maghs are totally assimilated into
Burmans with negligible differences in few factors and Rohingyas are made
constitutionally foreigners and politically impotent, then only <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Burma</st1:place></st1:country-region>'s
authority recommended a state for Magh Buddhists by kidnapping the name Rakhine
from Muslims after achieving confidence for their policy. In support of this
they have made a history up, to deceive the people of <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Burma</st1:place></st1:country-region> from
reality of the history. In our life, that is before and after independence of <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Burma</st1:place></st1:country-region> and up to
now, there is not seen any official writing on Muslims of Burma by the
government. The worst is that the regime is clandestinely behind all
anti-Muslim activities. Muslims are made fall guy for all of regime's
perpetrations against innocent civilians.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt;"><br />
<br />
Most of the present day Buddhists of Arakan and <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Bangladesh</st1:place></st1:country-region> say that the word Magh
is a wanton coinage by Englishmen which does not stand true as the British came
to the East in eighteenth century and the name Magh was prevalent even in
seventh and eighth centuries.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span> </span><br />
<br />
The Maghs (Buddhists) of <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Bangladesh</st1:place></st1:country-region>
are categorized into two groups namely Jhumia Maghs and Roang Maghs indicating
that the Roang Maghs (Bangladesh District Gazetteer, Chittagong p. 115) have
come from what was known as Rohang and they belong to a separate ethnic group
of Arakan. The Marma (<st1:country-region w:st="on">Myanmar</st1:country-region>)
community of <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Bangladesh</st1:place></st1:country-region>
claims that they are Rakhine. They speak Burmese language with slight phonetic
differences as Magh people of Arakan. The Burmese word <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Myanmar</st1:place></st1:country-region> is
pronounced as Marma in Magh Language. Thus the name suggests that they are
Burmans. This Marma history is left for study. <br />
<br />
From the east, Burmans are regularly immigrating into Arakan. In southern
Arakan they are majority. Today Burman communities are being settled throughout
Arakan by the regime including northern most Arakan to get rid of its original
ethnic communities. It is assumed that in near future there will be no more
either Rohingyas or Maghs. Today Burmese authority says that there is no
Rohoingyas, next day they will say, there is any Maghs. O’ Magh people, wait
for this.<br />
<b><br />
<strong>BURMANS</strong></b> <br />
<br />
It is necessary to mention what Burmans are. General mass of original Burmans is
simple and kindhearted. They are pleasant and cordial towards friends and
guests and helpful to strangers. Naturally they are not harmful to any one. But
I doubt the survival of this nature when each and every body of Burmans is
adopting the policy of their leaders. It is the ruler’s policy of racism
polluting Burman community. Throughout the time it is found that the
nationalism was exploited for the interest of rulers only pushing the country
into chaos and the people to pauper. We hope if Allah Almighty wills our
beloved Su shall be able to lead the country to peace and justice to prosper.
From Central Asia to <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Philippines</st1:place></st1:country-region>
it were mostly Buddhist people converted to Islam by their free will. A man can
be killed physically but not his freedom of will. One of the Lord Buddha’s
saying predicted the advent of last prophet Mohammad SAW that may probably
signals Buddhists to convert to Islam. Muslims never force anyone to accept
Islam. As far as belief is concerned, it depends on one’s freedom of will, a
gift from Allah Almighty. If Allah Almighty wishes one to be a Muslim, no one
can bar him from becoming Muslim, if Allah Almighty does not want one to be a
Muslim, no one can make him Muslim. To become a Muslim depends on one’s desire
to be a Muslim. It is a sincere overture to end antagonism among all
communities of <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Burma</st1:place></st1:country-region>.<br />
<br />
<strong>MAGH PEOPLE OF ARAKAN</strong> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt;"><br />
<br />
Why do Maghs want to disown their own name? The fact is that for more than 2
centuries from the middle of 16th century till 1784, the year of Burmese
conquest of Arakan, the Maghs of Arakan in collusion with Portuguese
freebooters caused such an agonizing terror and consternation in the minds of
people of <st1:place w:st="on">Bengal</st1:place> that the name Magh becomes
synonymous with pirates. The fierceness, cruelty, lawlessness and their
obnoxious activities had led the land under occupation to earn the ignoble name
of "Magher Mulluk" which means a land without law, justice and order.
Magher Mulluk has become a proverbial saying in Bengali language meaning
lawlessness.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt;"><br />
<br />
An account of the mid-seventeenth century historian Shahabuddin Talish
"Fathya–I–Ibriya p. 183" suffices to authenticate the fact that those
Maghs marauders belonged to the <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placetype w:st="on">kingdom</st1:placetype>
of <st1:placename w:st="on">Arakan</st1:placename></st1:place>. The account
appears in his Fathya–I–Ibriya p. 183 as such "Arrcan pirates, both Maghs
and Firingi, used constantly to (come) by water route and plunder <st1:place w:st="on">Bengal</st1:place>. They carried off the Hindus and Muslims, male and
female, great and small, few and many, that they could seize, pierced the palms
of their hands, passed thin canes through the holes, and threw them one above
another under the deck of their ship. In the same manner as grain is flung to
fowls, every morn and evening they threw down uncooked rice from above to the
captives as food". The Maghs have earned such a bad name during last many
centuries that it has become a great shame for their descendants of today to
own the name Magh. Instead they had started calling themselves as Rakhine the
derivative of which is directly related to Arakan and Muslims. In <st1:country-region w:st="on">Bangladesh</st1:country-region> district gazetteers, <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Chittagong</st1:place></st1:city>, p. 115, wrote, "The term
Rakhaing is in fact the corruption of Roang/Recon, the old name of Arakan.
Hence all terms Rakan, Rakanj, Arkhank, Recon, Arraco, Arrcan used by different
historians are related to either Roang or Arakan. It is in no way related to
Rakkhapura as claimed by Arakanese chronicles”.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt;"><br />
<br />
<strong>THE ROHINGYA LANGUAGE AND ITS COVERAGE<o:p></o:p></strong></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span> </span><br />
<br />
The old languages of Indian subcontinent are Pali, Sanskrit, Bengali and Hindi.
The South East Asian languages were derived from these languages of Indian
subcontinent. The later derived languages are regionally different from each
other and become almost different from the ancestral languages. The plain
containing <st1:city w:st="on">Arakan</st1:city>, <st1:country-region w:st="on">Assam</st1:country-region>,
Mizoram, Tripura, <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Chittagong</st1:place></st1:city>,
Chittagong Hill-tract has a common language for communication. It is either
Rohingya or Chittagonian language, which is spoken throughout the time
immemorial by all communities of the plain including Maghs. With the change of
time and place it varied, but communicable standard still exists. This language
is actually the language of Rohingyas, Maghs and Chatganyas. Maghs, by going
alongside with Burmans, adopted Burmese language abandoning their own language.
What an outrageous accusation, original people with original language are being
alleged as foreigners! <br />
<br />
Rohingya language is an admixture of different languages developed during a
course of more than thousand years. Persian had been official language of
Mrauk-U kings till 1845, 22 years further beyond the conquest of Arakan by the
Britishers. Many famous Muslim court poets who served the kings of Arakan like
Shah Alwal, Daulat Qazi, Magan Siddiqi etc. wrote in Persian and Arabic or in
the language of Rohingyas, a mixture of Bengali, Persian, Arabic, English and
Burmese. Although the Rohingya language was wide spread during the era of
Arakan kings (The Muslims of Burma, A Study of Minority Groups by Moshe Yegar
1972 p. 25) today its existence as a written language has diminished as it was
mainly destroyed by the Burman invaders in 1784 and not preserved well by
subsequent colonialists.<br />
<br />
<strong>ROHANG AND ROHINGYAS<o:p></o:p></strong></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span> </span><br />
<br />
The term Roang/Rohang/Roshang – the old name of Arakan is a dialect from Arabic
term Raham (blessings, mercy). Arab and Persian traders of earliest days
attributed this name to the old kingdom of Vesali (a century prior to the
Chandras) the country they used to visit. In 788AD the shipwrecked Arabs having
been washed ashore on an island in the west coast of Arakan called the land
Raham Borri in Arabic that means "The <st1:placetype w:st="on">land</st1:placetype>
of <st1:placename w:st="on">Allah</st1:placename>'s blessings", (<st1:country-region w:st="on">Burma</st1:country-region>, an <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placename w:st="on">Arab</st1:placename> <st1:placetype w:st="on">Land</st1:placetype></st1:place>
of the East by Ch. Mohd. A. F. Hazary, the <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Dacca</st1:place></st1:city> Review p. 35). The term still left as
it was with a slight change in Burmese as Rambree while in English as Ramrhee.
Chakma king Manikbi's husband fought many battles with Maghs in the country
called Roang (Arakan) in the year 1118 – 1119 AD (Vide Arakan History:
Dengyawadi, Aradafung, pages 17 to 19). During the reign of Chakma king Kamal
Chega, there was war with Roang and the Chakmas migrated into that country
(Bangladesh Dist. Gazetteers, Chittagong Hilltract pp. 33 – 34). In the Tripura
chronicles, Rajmala mentioned, "the Tripura king penetrated deep into
Roshang and conquered it. Then the king entrusted it to his governor of <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Chittagong</st1:place></st1:city> and directed
him to carry plan for complete subjugation of Roshang into effect (History of
Chittagong by Dr. S. B. Qanango vol. I, pp. 159–60). The celebrated 17th
century Arakan court poet Shah Alwal's ballad on the lamentations of Ameena,
the youngest daughter of ill-fated Maghul prince Shah Shuja after his death,
amply mentioned about the <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placetype w:st="on">kingdom</st1:placetype>
of <st1:placename w:st="on">Rohang</st1:placename></st1:place> and Rohingyas.
All these facts and evidences clearly indicate that the indigenous name of
Arakan was Rohang, a term used first by Arabs.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt;"><br />
<br />
The term Rohingya is derived from the word Rohai or Roshangree, a terminology
perverted to Rohingya (<st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Burma</st1:place></st1:country-region>,
An Arab Land of the East by Ch. Mohd. A. F. Hazary). They are inhabitants of
old Arakan (Rohang / Roshang / Roang). Among the Muslim population of <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Chittagong</st1:place></st1:city>, two distinct
ethnic characters are found; one is known as Chatganya and the other Rohai. In
fact today's Rohais of Chittagong are those Muslims who fled Arakan (Rohang) to
escape Burman's atrocities after they occupied it in the year 1784AD. More than
50% of <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Chittagong</st1:place></st1:city>
district's total populations are Rohais. They trace their ancestral origin to
Arakan. The Rohingyas trace their origin to Arabs, Moors, Turks, Persians,
Moghuls, Pathan and Bengalees (M. A. Rahim, Reader in History, Social and
Cultural History of Bengal, Vol. I, 1201–1576, <st1:placetype w:st="on">University</st1:placetype>
of <st1:placename w:st="on">Karachi</st1:placename>, Co-Operative Housing
Society, <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Karachi</st1:place></st1:city>
5).<br />
<br />
When we study the relation between the Arabic words Raham, Raihan and Rohingya
words Roang, Rohang, Rakhine, Arakan, we surely find that they are same words.
The differences found in these words are due to the differences of time and
place as naturally happening everywhere in the world. Out of many examples,
here is being cited one. A green scented plant called Roang Phul (Roang flower)
by Rohingyas and taken as national flower which is being used holily to send to
Masjid on Friday prayers, is called Raihan flower by Arabs. It is clearly
indicating that with a change of time and place, the Arabic words Raham, Raihan
are pronounced by Rohingyas as Roang, Rohang, Rakang or Arakan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span> </span><br />
<br />
A British army officer who served in Arakan front during Second Great War
remarked about the ethnic character of the Muslims as follows: "and to
look at, they are quite unlike any other product of <st1:country-region w:st="on">India</st1:country-region>
or <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Burma</st1:place></st1:country-region>
that I have seen. They resemble the Arabs in name, in dress and in habit. The
women and more particularly the young girls, have a distinctive Arab touch
about them" (Burma Outpost by Anthony Irwin pp. 22).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt;"><br />
<br />
In the history of Arakan written by Burmese authorities and Magh Buddhists, the
presence of either Rohingyas or Muslims in Arakan is not mentioned except those
Kaman Muslims for whom they expect their conversion to Buddhism in near future.
As such these Kaman Muslims are put under such pressure of authority and Magh
Buddhists that they shall have no alternative but to be converted to Buddhism
in future. Such writing mentioned above has appeared in the booklet of Arakan
published by the Burmese authority. There is another small community like
Rohingyas called Barua, practicing Buddhism and speaking Rohingya language is
also listed as an ethnic minority of <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Burma</st1:place></st1:country-region> just for being Buddhists,
whereas another similar community of Hindu is facing same situation as
Rohingyas for they are not Buddhists. The policy of Burmese ruling group is
"to be a Burman is to be a Buddhist". The western world's Christian
missionaries in the name of NGOs are active among tribal people living in
mountainous ranges of Arakan, the conversion of whom to Christianity has
enraged the Burmese authority who has threatened them to abandon Christianity
and accept Buddhism otherwise they shall be driven out of the country. Most of
them have already crossed over to <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Bangladesh</st1:place></st1:country-region> territory and living as
Bangladeshi tribal people. These are the true pictures of Burmese authority's
policy. When Burmese authority cannot Burmanise Rohingya community, then they
have started driving them out of Arakan. Rohingyas’ sister community, the Magh
Buddhists, not all, are also aiding in executing Burmese authority's plan. It
is very difficult to understand the liberation movement of Magh Buddhists against
Burmese regime.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt;"><br />
<br />
The Burmese regime is always issuing clarification that there are no Rohingyas
in <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Burma</st1:place></st1:country-region>;
it is a make up of kalasoe (a derogatory and alleging term to Muslims who are
fighting for their survival). In the history of Burmese Muslims written by some
authentic historians of <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Burma</st1:place></st1:country-region>
wrote that when the Burmese king Bodawphaya occupied Arakan, the prisoners of
war of all 3700 artillary forces taken by him were Muslims excluding all other
ordinary Muslim prisoners taken as porters. They were settled around the moat
of <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Mandalay</st1:place></st1:city>
palace, Sagaing and along the belt of Amarapura to Pyinmana. (I had grown up in
the Setkyanwezein Quarter of <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Mandalay</st1:place></st1:city>
where Rohingyas’ descendents are living. In this quarter an old man who was
found healthy and strong at the age of more than hundred years used to say that
he had seen Thibaw Min the last king of <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Burma</st1:place></st1:country-region> while he was a young man. He
said that his forefathers were descendents of Rohingyas from Arakan. This
Muslim community claims that they are Rakhine and formed into a race of
Thungtaung Khunihtya Myoo ie. Race of 3700.) More than 60% of Burmese Muslims
living in proper <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Burma</st1:place></st1:country-region>
are descendants of these Arakanese Muslims (Rohingyas). They had given faithful
artillery services to all succeeding Burmese kings. At the time of Thibaw Min
they had fought tooth and nail against Britishers. Unfortunately the regime is
alleging that these Rohingya Muslims of Arakan are not of pre-British period.
On 25th September 1954 at 8:pm, the then Prime Minister of <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Burma</st1:place></st1:country-region>, U Nu, in
his radio speech to the nation declared Rohingya as an indigenous ethnic
community. Then there was Rohingya program relied from Burma Broadcasting
Station, <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Rangoon</st1:place></st1:city>.
On National Day there were Rohingya Cultural Exhibition in <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Rangoon</st1:place></st1:city> officially. Rohingyas’ ethnicity is
recorded in Encyclopedia Burmanica. The name Rohingya appeared in the book of
geography prescribed for high school classes. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt;"><br />
<br />
<strong>IDENTITY OF MAGHS AND ROHINGYAS</strong> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt;"><br />
<br />
Both Maghs and Rohingyas must realize a real undeniable factor that is
controlling the identity of both communities. When Maghs with Burmans and
Rohingyas with Bengalees, are living together, their identities are no more
left, but when both of Maghs and Rohingyas are living together, their identity
is remained intact. Is there any evidence that the Magh community has
disappeared in the society of Rohingyas or Bengalees? It is being made a
challenge to anyone to bring evidence in this regard. It is as clear as full
moon in the cloudless sky that Maghs have completely disappeared in the society
of Burmans naturally. Alleging Rohingyas as infiltrators on account of
difference in religion and their resemblance to Bengalees, is nothing but a
conspiracy to wipe out Rohingyas from Arakan to pave the way for assimilation
of Maghs into Burman society easily. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt;"><br />
<br />
<strong>THE ANTI-ROHINGYA POLICY OF BURMESE JUNTA AND THE WAY OF ITS
IMPLEMENTATION</strong> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt;"><br />
<br />
The Burman mind is consistently haunted by the apprehension that one day the
history of Arakan might be repeated and they have to wash their hands off
Arakan. For prevention of such situation they have adopted a persistent
clandestine policy to wipe out Rohingya Muslims of Arakan the potential danger
in their eyes. The ethnic cleansing operations being launched off and on
against Rohingyas are the result of this deep-seated fear, the Burmans are
harboring secretly in their hearts. The irony of fate is that, the governments
of Burmans especially military regimes through many decades, by all means of
their media are propagandizing against Rohingyas in such a way that today the
people of Burma ignorantly perceive that Rohingyas are foreigners. The worst
is, Rohingyas’ sister community the Maghs, not all, who are always fanning the
flame to burn more and aiding Burmans in implementing their plan of wiping out
Rohingyas from Arakan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt;"><br />
<br />
After occupation of Arakan by Burman in the year 1784, all Islamic and
Magh-Buddhist identities were vandalized and the population of Muslims and
anti-Burman Magh Buddhists were massacred. Bringing of Burman-Buddhist
appearance to the land was being carried out, the drive of which is active up
to these days. It is a noteworthy fact that the original Magh-Buddhist
identities were different from that of Burman-Buddhist appearance. At the time
of British occupation from the year 1824 to 1948 the Burmans were not able to
carry out such activities. But unfortunately in the year 1942 when there was an
administrative vacuum due to the leaving of Japanese from the area and the
Britons were about to re-enter the place, one hundred thousand unarmed Muslim
civilians were massacred by well organized armed Magh Buddhists of Arakan under
the patronage of Burman political party leaders with the aim of total cleansing
of Muslims from the land to give it a total Burman Buddhistic appearance. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt;"><br />
<br />
Nowadays throughout the time Muslims are being uprooted and Buddhist people
mostly from proper <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Burma</st1:place></st1:country-region>
are settled in the vacated places. Muslims are forced to work for the new
Buddhist settlers' establishment in the places from where Muslims are uprooted.
Masjids, Islamic schools, Islamic identities are being destroyed and Buddhist
pagodas, monasteries are constructed in their places; highest summit of
mountains and hills of Muslim area and the central positions of Muslim
settlements are not spared to erect pagodas and monasteries by Muslim forced
labors with their own expenses without any wages. Muslims are forced to provide
all necessary materials. Donations for construction of these are collected from
Muslims either by force or with a very contrived plan against their will. Muslims
are not allowed either to build a new mosque or repair the old ruining ones.
Not only the mosques, other religious centers and institutions are also not
allowed to establish. Muslim women are forced to abandon Hijab (a veil that
covers head to foot of a woman), work outside along with men and engage
themselves in a way, which is not worthy of their lives. Women with veils are
harassed, disgraced, smacked and their veils torn away by the armies. To
Muslims it is a serious blasphemous act against the religion of Islam. Rohingya
U’lemas (educated leading members of religion) are being forced to bow Buddhist
images, national flag, shave beard, and take prayer caps and turbans off their
heads. If anyone is not following the order they are harassed, their beard plucked
out, heads smacked throwing away caps and turbans. Actually these acts are
insults hurled at Muslims’ faith. Today marriages of Muslims are discriminately
and unjustly either banned or imposed restriction. If marriage of a couple is
about to be granted, the pair should visit army camp; the bride should show her
body to army officer, if needed she should be modeled in the army camp; the
injection of sterility should be carried out by the bridegroom; after marriage,
the wife should visit army camp again to show her belly to the officer time to
time. Clandestinely Muslims are being forced to abandon their religion.
Buddhist young men are being encouraged to marry Muslim girls. The authority
declares that Rohingyas can stay in Arakan, if they abandon their ethnicity of
Rohingya; if they say nothing against perpetrations committed upon them by
Burmans and Maghs; if they abandon their culture, civilization and religion; if
they offer their daughters to Burmans and Maghs for marriage. These are
sinister designs of Burmese policy to change the Muslim land into a wholly
Buddhist one. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt;"><br />
<br />
The Rohingya Muslims of Arakan are not recognized as citizens of <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Burma</st1:place></st1:country-region> by the
authority of junta. Today they are foreigners in their own motherland. They
have no right of nationality and basic human rights defined by the UN Charter
of Human Rights. They have no freedom of speech, politics, religion and
movement from place to place even from village to village. There are no
facilities of business, health, and education for Rohingya Muslims. They can't
claim ownership of anything officially. Farmers cannot sell their agricultural
produces; the authority auctions it; the man who wins the auction is the buyer
of farmers goods; then farmers are left under the mercy of him; moreover farmers
are to pay government taxes also at a very high rate which compels him either
to take loan by pawning his land or surrender the land to the authority. Where
is food for him to survive? Similar situations are met with other produces and
income-oriented projects also. This entire situation made them illiterate,
poor, helpless, unhealthy and dependent people. Their lives, properties and
dignities are not secured. Killing, molestation and raping of women folks,
beating, forced labor; arrest, detention and giving of false allegation upon
anyone they like are usual phenomena being faced by Rohingya Muslims. From some
Muslim villages such inhuman actions by law enforcing agencies are heard that
parents are tied to a post and in front of them their young daughter is made
naked and inhumanly raped either to death or unconsciousness; in some occasions
the infuriated young men of the community kill the perpetrators. Young
Rohingyas are shot to death in groups under false allegation without trial and
many men are beaten to death similarly. There is no justice and trial for
Muslims. Magh Buddhists and Burmans can commit any crime upon Muslims as they
like and for that they have no crime officially. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt;"><br />
<br />
The Maghs and Burmese authority are always alleging that Rohingya Muslims are
infiltrators from <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Bangladesh</st1:place></st1:country-region>.
There was a devastating cyclone hit Kyauktaw area of northern Arakan killing
thousands of people and made hundreds of thousands homeless. Next day in the
newspaper of <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Burma</st1:place></st1:country-region>
appeared a news captioned "Kala people infiltrated into Arakan under the
pretext of cyclone". The cyclone-hit area was seen as a burnt out area,
the survived ones are dying of hunger and after-cyclone diseases. Is it
believable that the people of <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Bangladesh</st1:place></st1:country-region>
where they are enjoying full of democratic and human rights, freedom of speech,
politics, business and movement and free of harassments by law enforcing
agencies are immigrating into Arakan of above said situation? In a meeting of
gazette officers and political leaders of Arakan State attended by general Tin
Oo (now NLD's vice president), one of the Burma Socialist Program Party (BSPP)
Magh leaders spoke on the occasion that if the infiltration of Kalas from the
western border is not prohibited, this country will become Kala country within
twenty years. One can make an assessment into the facts of these situations.
After perceiving the reality of fact, what Burmans and some Maghs want, can be
traced out. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0in 7.5pt 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt;">Under the patronization of Burman policy makers, being
not content with their above anti-Rohingya activities, with the advancement of
information technology, to mislead the world, some Maghs are further forging
ahead seriously in misinforming and mispropagandizing about Rohingyas and their
struggle for survival, either inside or outside the country, under the pretext
of present day war against terror by the US. As Rohingyas are Muslims, Maghs
think that they will be able to persuade Americans to wipe out Rohingyas from
their native land as they have been doing the same with the help of Burmese
junta. It is a universal nature of Allah Almighty that false never gains
victory over the truth.<br />
<br />
The measure of persecution being perpetrated upon Rohingyas by the authority is
so cruel that the native Rohingyas have no alternative but to flee their
beloved motherland leaving hearths and homes behind with tears. Today more than
half of them are found in foreign countries passing a life of illegal
immigrants under the sympathy of respective governments.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0in 7.5pt 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt;"><br />
In foreign countries they are found either in the form of villages, quarters or
scattered here and there. A few of them reached <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">America</st1:place></st1:country-region> and European countries.
They are found in <st1:country-region w:st="on">Saudi Arabia</st1:country-region>,
<st1:city w:st="on">Dubai</st1:city>, <st1:country-region w:st="on">Pakistan</st1:country-region>,
<st1:country-region w:st="on">India</st1:country-region>, <st1:country-region w:st="on">Thailand</st1:country-region> and <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Malaysia</st1:place></st1:country-region>. In <st1:country-region w:st="on">Bangladesh</st1:country-region> a big size of Rohingyas is found in
southern <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">Chittagong</st1:city></st1:place>,
particularly Cox's Bazar and Bandarban districts are their abodes along
Burma-Bangladesh border. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0in 7.5pt 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt;"><br />
For more details see “Arakan Past and Present” by Dr. Mohammad Yunus.<br />
<br />
Laa Ekrwaaha Fiddeeni Qadtabaiyanarrwushdu Minal Gaiyi. There is no compulsion
in religion. Verily the right path has become distinct from the wrong path.<br />
<br />
Waqulil Haqqu Minr Rwabbikum, Famangshaa-a Fal Yuْmin Wa Mangshaa-a Falyakfur,
Innaa Aa’tad-dnaa lidthwaalimeena Naarwan Ah’aatwa Bihim Surwaadiquhaa. And
say: “The truth is from your Lord”. Then whosoever wills, let him believe; and
whosoever wills let him disbelieve. Verily We have prepared for the
dthwaalimeen (polytheists and wrongdoers), a fire whose walls will be
surrounding them (disbelievers in the oneness of Allah).<br />
<br />
These verses indicate that no any Muslim has right to force or persecute
non-Muslims to accept Islam. Acceptance of Islam or to have faith in Islam is
left on the will of all mankind and jinn. It is based on the freedom of their
choice the gift of which is granted by Allah Almighty so that their human
wisdom and will may have chance to realize the Oneness of Allah Almighty. If
they accept they will be winner of the paradise; if they reject they will be
losers in the here and hereafter.<br />
<br />
May Allah SWT guide us on His path – Aameen. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span class="articleseparator"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><!-- START of joscomment --><!-- END of joscomment --> </span></span><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h3 style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt;"><!-- END: CONTENT --><!-- BEGIN: LEFT COLUMN -->Book
Shelf<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://rohingyatimes.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=209&Itemid=98">A
History of Arakan (Past & Present)</a><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://rohingyatimes.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=250&Itemid=99">Rohingyas'
Outcry and Demands</a><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://rohingyatimes.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=277&Itemid=113">A
Cultural History of ROHINGYA</a><o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://www.facebook.com/pages/Rohingya-Times/103088926398063" target="_TOP" title="Rohingya Times"><!-- Facebook Badge START --><o:p></o:p></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<!-- Facebook Badge END -->Rowannyahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11315383992304973275noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2089436399604203314.post-43980261228603797492012-03-31T23:23:00.001-07:002012-03-31T23:23:44.777-07:00155 - Rohingya History: Myth and Reality<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="entry" style="text-align: justify;">
<div style="color: red; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><strong>Rohingya History: Myth and Reality </strong></span></div>
<br />
<strong>By Zul Nurain</strong><strong> </strong><br />
<strong>Introduction</strong><br />
During the last few years, I came across some historical works on the
Rohingya history by some native Rohingyas and some illustrious history
scholars such as Martin Smith and Professor Dr. than Tun. The works of
native writers include: an attempt to solve the differences of opinions
on Rohingya history, the hidden chapters of Arakan history, Wesali and
its people, Rationale to be considered by Rohingya critics – all in
Burmese and Towards understanding Arakan history, Rudiments of Arakan
history – in English. Some of these works are already on a website,
based in Japan. One of the above treatises: The Hidden Chapters of
Arakan History was found to be pirated by one pseudo historian, Zaw Min
Htut in Japan who produced and distributed it widely with his own name
as the writer: An insult to the original author. But the problem is some
readers and viewers of above works came on heel to criticize and
condemn those works as baseless, false and fabricated. This censorious
group collected a lot of critical articles and published it in Japan in
2003. The name of their critique is Criticism on Rohingya’s false
history. As far as my historical knowledge concerned my study of those
works informs me that those are not Esoof Fables and make believe. They
are well referenced, better documented with reliable source materials.
The critics are not confined to criticizing natives, they boldly refute
what Dr. Than Tun and Martin Smith write: These two are not alley
writers but highly respected history scholars. Dr. Than Tun’s comment on
Rohingya’s historicity is a bold, brave as well as a benevolent deed.
Everyone should note the tight and risky atmosphere in which he shed
light on Rohingya history. His remark on Muslim rulers in north Arakan
and the relativity of present day Rohingya with them is not an
imagination. He documented his remarks with “Ava” age inscription with
their registration numbers. So we must say all above works had already
given a vindication for Rohingya and their history.<br />
Constructive comments and criticism always help a writer to review
and improve his works. Actually history is always an endless blending of
facts and imagination. But I find those treatises above contain less
imagination compared the facts there in which are drawn from the works
of authentic writers whose works based principally on primary source
materials. The writer’s comments and opinion makings were seen
minimized. Perhaps it is just to avoid refutation and criticism from
Rohingya’s opponents. Thus the native’s works highlight on the facts of
history; judgment on those is left for the readers and viewers to make
for themselves.<br />
Experiences have shown it is traditional and habitual to this
censorious group to come on heel to decry any historical documents that
shed light on Rohingya’s historical background. The fact is they have an
inculcated mindset and are overwhelmed by traditional chauvinism. If
actually won’t be an exaggeration if I say they are suffering from
Rohingya Phobia. There is no therapy for it unless they change their
outworn ideas. The point not to forget is, on our side there are a lot
of issues in Rakhine version of Arakan history that we can disprove with
facts and figures. So the censorious readers and viewers of Rohingya
historical works should think over if you point out one finger to
others, another four will stand against you. One living in glass house
should not throw stones on others. Rakhine version of Arakan history is
embellished with legends, lutes and makes believe. But we are not going
to turn over all those in the interest of maintaining unity among
coursing. We cautiously avoid to comment on the misinterpretation of
Arakan history by some native historians and some amateur writers just
to refrain from rift and friction among us. But now due to their (the
critics) ridiculous and irrational criticism of above works I have to
take this steps. The critics’ maybe historians, professional or amateur.
But they are biased and blindfolded by ultra-nationalistic tendency.
Their decry is not based on reality and historical facts but on their
chaurinism and malevolence against Rohingya. Hence my task now is to
give a precise and comprehensive explanation of above censorious
critique.<br />
The author of ” Towards Understanding Arakan’s History: Rudiments of
Arakan history said his book was overseen thoroughly by many senior
Burmese historians who include one of the most respected history
Professor Dr. Than Tun, he said Dr. Than Tun had edited his treatise and
had given an invaluable forwarding too. Here the complementation of Dr.
Than Tun alone is sufficient, I think, for the critics to change their
mind and accept reality of Arakan history.<br />
Refutation and decry on Rohingya history of momentum when foreign
historians and international media began to shed light on the
historicity of Rohingya, especially immediately after the Rihingya
refugee crisis in 1991. Remarkable critics in this context are U Khin
Maung Win of New York whose articles appeared in “Far Eastern Economics
Review” July issue 1991 and U Khin Maung Saw of Hamburg University who
read a paper on this subject.(Rohingya History) in a conference on
Myanmar affairs in 1993. Their works were full of illusions not based on
real facts and authentic references. What they write are based on hear
and say and traditional Rakhine Legends, tales and delusions. U Khin
Maung Saw’s writing is of very much bigotry. He ignored the works of
illustrious scholars. He ridiculously criticized Martin Smith, a Myanmar
specialist, who wrote same articles shedding light on Rohingya’s
historical background. Again when Professor Dr. Than Tun referring to
Myanmar stone inscriptions writes. “There were Muslim rulers in north
Arakan, who were very friendly with “Avak”, are (Myanmar King). Perhaps,
it was Bengal turned Islam (12<sup>th</sup> century A.D). The present
day Rohingya of Mayyu may be descendents of those early Muslims,
criticism of his articles began to grow louder. (Dr. Than Tun’s remark
see “Kliya magazine, August, 1994″, “North Arakan”. The final word of
his critics is what Dr. Than Tun writes in against traditional Rakhine
historical conception (see. Criticism of Rohingya’s false history,
Japan,2003). The so called traditional concept cannot enclose the
discovery of history. History is a subject, the more we study, the more
we discover. There are a lot of many things that are not yet discovered
by historians. Denying latest finding in the name of traditional concept
is neither logical nor scientific. What we must accept is the latest
discovery of Arakan history by prominent, illustrious historians such as
Dr. Than Tun, Martin Smith, Dr. Pamela Gutman, Dr. J.L.Lieder of France
and Dr. S.B Kunango of Bangladesh is the only thing that can solve the
lifelong imbroglio of Arakan history. We can see a sea of difference
between traditional version of history and what the above scholars bring
into light virulence against a race should not blind us. We must
reconcile to logic and reasons.<br />
To accept the true non-historical work is free of or void of
criticism. These may be various dimension of a subject in question. But
decry and criticism on the above works of Rohingya are virtually
ridiculous and aggressive just only because this works above unveil
longtime deliberately hidden chapters of Arakan history. These critics
are not courageous enough to accept the reality of history. They are
misted by writers of older generations who knowingly adulterated and
misinterpreted Arakan history. Facts were mixed with legends and
delusion, some facts were prevaricated just to suit Rakhine taste and
obliterate Rohingya from historical landscape of Arakan. This inculcated
mind set of theirs is difficult to fade away.<br />
<strong>Motives behind the Criticism</strong><br />
Depriving Rohingya of its history and portraying them as aliens, as
if they entered Arakan during British rule and there after, have been
the cardinal motives of Rakhine historians and politicians. Most of
their history books have been written after British occupation of
Arakan. A dichotomy between Rakhine and Rohingya took root at least a
century ago then. Rakhine do not want to share the history with Rohingya
who have never been alien to the land. So Rakhine have manual to
obliterate the part of Muslim role as far as possible. A lot of this
role Muslims or Rohingya had played in Arakan’s socio-political life was
deliberately hidden. The above works of Rohingya dedicated to unearth
those hidden chapters. This attempt just hits the nail right on the top
.This effort of unrevealing initiated the bigots and jealous. Here in
the words of Professor Robert. J. Samuelson,” the discovery of history
is always and exhausting project, part adventure, and part ordered
because the past is surrounded in its own secret of time, place, belief,
motivation and personality.” It is quite true in the case of Arakan
history.<br />
The Rakhine had had a free hand to write Arakan history in the way
they like or wish it to be. Most of their works are devoid of any source
materials. Imaginary works overwhelmed their narrations. In the early
time, there were very few historians who dived deep into the study of
Arakan history. There were rarely any native writers either. ( see:
Pamela Gutman; preface, “Ancient Arakan”. Most writers did their works
during British period. “Maurice Collis”, a British Commission and
historian whom many Burmers regard as the fairest minded western
historian remarks,” the work of Rakhine chronicles are mixed up with
legends and exaggeration in praise of their King and Religion. They are
unreliable, void of historian reality.( see: M. Collis, Into hidden
Burma Chapter, Arakan). Yet British time historians had to collaborate
with those native writers. M. Collis himself did his history research in
collaboration with U San Shwe Bu. Rakhine were the most favored,
privileged people in British-Burma because they were the ones who
invited British and along with them against the Burma. (Before Burmese
occupation in 1775, Arakan was independent).<br />
In colonial administration most of the senior officials other than
the British were Rakhine. For example; pre-independence British governor
council secretary was U Moe Aung (who lately became interior minister
also) and chief of police force was U Tun Hla Aung. Thus, Rakhine were
in a good position to persuade British historians to portray Arakan
history in the liking of them. Again after independence, having racial
affinity with the mainstream Burma, they enjoyed much favor from the
central government and got free hand to write Arakan history as they
want it to be: which unquestionably is to obliterate all parts of Muslim
(Rohingya) played in Arakan history. Senior Burmese historians say they
avoid interfering in this free writing in the name of national unity.
But their version of Arakan history is obviously in disagreement with
that of Rakhine’s.( see: Dr. Than Tun 80<sup>th</sup> birthday Bulletin, open letter to Than Tun, Rakhine Thahaya magazine, Yangon, 2004).<br />
<strong>Disregard of Academic Ethnic: Omission, Misinterpretation and Misquotation</strong><br />
There are a lot of issues in Rakhine version of Arakan history
deserved to be disproved. But I am not going to argue all in squarely. I
will just select a few pivotal points which only concern Rohingya.
Mrauk-U dynasty was founded by King Narameik Hla in 1430 AD with the
benevolent military help of Bengal Muslim King. The Hey day of Arakan
history began from then. But most Rakhine historians are reluctant to
discuss this Muslim involvement openly and precisely. They prefer to
mention the help of “Mon” who were opponent of Myanmar then. The fact is
“Mon” struggle for about 20 years to get control of Arakan against
“Ava” (Myanmar King) was a failure. Exiled Arakan King Narameik Hla got
the help of Bengal King. The King’s first retinue headed by General
Walikhan consisting of ten thousand force (see: J. Lieder, Ascendance of
Mrauk-U dynasty, 2004) expelled the occupying Burmese army and got
control of Arakan, but betrayed his trust.<br />
Instead of enthroning Narameik Hla, Walikhan made himself King of
Arakan. Narameik Hla was imprisoned at Babutaung (Babuhi). He ruled
there for some years. He introduced there Muslim Sharia Law. He enjoyed
the support and collaboration of some princes and grandees who
originally opposed Narameik Hla and invited Ava Min Khaung to take over
Arakan. No Rakhine chronicles clearly explained about the period of
Walikhan rule. Narameik Hla escaped from imprisonment, reached again to
Bengal and obtained a larger army than the first one. This army was
headed by Sandi Khan who was ordered to take a fitting action against
Walikhan for his perfidy. When Sandi Khan’s army arrived at Arakan (then
the capital was Laung Kyet) Walikhan showed little resistance and
surrendered to Sandi Khan. He was sent to the Bengal King to face a
fitted punishment deserved for his perfidy.<br />
Narameik Hla was put on his right full throne. He kept all the Muslim
forces to protect him. There still was potential danger of attack from
both Myanmar and Mon. (see: U Hla Tun Pru, a senior politician; Mrauk-U
King Narameik Hla; Rakhine Tasaung magazine, 1998). Here Narameik Hla
escaped from imprisonment, went again to Bengal attained a second
retinue to help him and came back to Arakan, took the control of the
land from Walikhan. These all processes were not done over night. It
took a long period, perhaps, some years. This was the stint of
Walikhan’s Rule over Arakan which Rakhine chronicles virtually ommitted.<br />
Here though some chronicles writes very faintly about the retinues of
Bengal King, they never mention the number of them. They never narrate
the permanent settlement of the retinues and the period of Walikhan’s
Rule. I came across only one historian who writes the retinues were
settled in Arakan permanently was Dr. Aye Chan, presently in Japan, in
his open letter to one, Zaw Min Htut, a pseudo historian.<br />
Another historic event in the part Gazi Abdul Karim of Minbya town,
took in first Anglo Burma War. He fought along with the Burmese Army
with his Muslim Recruits. He was captured a line and put in Calcutta
Military Jail. He was later highly appreciated by British Officers for
the advice they got from him and which later were proved to be very
useful during the military operation of the war.(see: Anglo-Burma first
war record, by Captain Robertson). No Rakhine political and historical
work ever mentioned it.<br />
There are Rakhine Mosques in Yangon and Mawlamyaing which were built
by Arakanese Muslim Combatant, of early Rakhine and Myanmar Kings (see:
encyclopedia Britannia, 2003). Rakhine chronicles never discuss about
this they don’t regard Muslim as a part of them. Thus Muslims religious
edifices have no place in Rakhine history.<br />
Again National School Education was an important factor in
anti-colonial struggle. Mr.Zainuddin of KyaukTaw town was once the
principal of Akyab National High School. The chronicle compiled by
Arakan State Council in 1984 demeaned him describing as assistant
principal.<br />
A lot of Rohingya elders jointly acted along with their Rakhine
compatriots against colonial force. But none of their role was ever
mentioned any post independence political and historical literature.
Muslim in north Arakan played a nevoid role during anti-fascist
resistance. They helped the British a lot. There British recruited a
Rohingya army in the name of “victory force” British Military Officers
had praised the part this force had played British utilized Rohingya’s
full energy for British war effort, despite lucratim and lofty promises
concerning Rohingya’s future, post war British Government did nothing
for Rohingya.<br />
Eventually Rohingya’s life today become as was predicted by them
British Commander Major Anthony Irwin.( see: A Irwin, Burmese outpost
and F.M William Slim; Defeat into victory). This post of Muslim role was
almost obscured in Rakhine chronicles. This part of Muslims or
Rohingyas in the struggle of independence was almost obscured in Rakhine
historical and political literature. To suppress the Rohingyas, to
demean the Rohingyas politically, Rakhine historians’ literates amply
misinterpret and misquote illustrious historians. To mention a few, one
critic of Dr. Than Tun’s article which shed light on Rohingya’s presence
in Arakan in early medieval period, pointed out that Muslims were never
a free people in Arakan. In Rakhine period too, they required travel
permit. He quoted fairer for his assertion. But in Maurique’s works,
there were none like this. Only the Portuguese who attempted to seize
the throne of Arakan twice in first decade of 17<sup>th</sup> century
were ordered to take travel permit in case, they went to go further West
of Chittagong. It was just to restrict them from making contact with
Moghul in the West. The issuant of the permit was the Arakan Governor of
Chittagong.( see: detail below p 23 )<br />
Another history scholar (whose name I don’t mention here to save his
dignity) misquoted Dr. Pamela Guttmann as to have said that Arakan
population of early history was Tibeto-Burman (Mongoloid). In the book
and on the page he referred; Pamela says (” we are not sure of early
population of Arakan. Perhaps present hilly people who live in remote
areas such as Mro, Khami, and Sak were among them. The presently
dominant Rakhine are a Tibeto-Burman race, the last group of people to
enter Arakan during 10<sup>th</sup> century and on.”) (Pamela; The Lost
Kingdom, Bangkok, 2002, P-5). Here it is clear that there were no
Rakhine in Arakan before 10<sup>th</sup> century. These early people were Indo-Aryan, plus some hilly peoples mentioned above. Rohingya came out from those Indo-Aryans.<br />
This very history scholar again misinterpreted E. Forechamar, British
time archeological director. He said “Rohingyas are British time
immigrants in Arakan. Seeing the massive yearly influx of immigrants E.
Forechamaer predicted “Arakan to become Palestine of the east.” (E.
Forechamer, Arakan, 1981, P-5). Actually it was on page-2 of that book.
Here the point to consider is, there were no immigrant problem in 1891
in Palestine. There was not Arab-Israel problem. What Forechamer said
was not of politics but matter of religion. He compares Judaism in
Palestine and Buddhism in Arakan. He said Rakhine myth that Buddhism in
Arakan will flourish in Arakan for five thousand years as was prophesied
by Lord Buddha himself may be true. As Judaism endured in Palestine for
many thousands of years so will Buddhism in Arakan. And Arakan may
become the Palestine of the east. Here it is obvious on Rakhine scholar
deliberately misuse a respected history scholar, for his non political
purpose.<br />
Here the question arises – Why are all these misconducts? Because
Arakan society envolved on dichotomy since many centuries ago.
Abhorrence and virulence against Rohingya has a historical root. Even
today we can observe it in Arakan society in various forms. There was a
mass massacre of Muslims in 1660-63 AD during the crisis of Arakan King
Sanda Thudamma versus exiled Moguul Prince Shah Shujah. Again the
gruesome massacre of Muslim in 1942 is another landmark of Arakan
politics. Pointing out of the killing spree of Muslims in Rakhine
contemporary leaders then. (see: detail below p: 24). To sum up all
above misconducts are only due to Rakhine people’s tendency of
exclusionism. They don’t want to share Arakan with Rohingya. Thus
respect of academic ethnic is not important for them, their desire and
political objective is paramount to them.<br />
<strong>Historians are influenced</strong><br />
Detailed and scientific study of Arakan history began only in the
last few decades. Early historical literatures were mostly imaginary.
Sometimes ethnic history is mixed up with that of religion. Anyway,
western writers had to rely on those native writers for source
materials. Thus westerner’s works are sometime over Rakhinized.
Rakhinization virtually means demeaning Rohingya. Col. A. Phayre writes
with the help of U Nga Mai. M. Collis’ works on Arakan history was
carried out in collaboration with U San Shwe Bu. R. B. Smart wrote his
Burma gazetteer, Akyab distinct with the heap and motivation of his
Rakhine staffers. Even the latest writers Pamela Guttmann and J. Lieder
had a tensile co-operation with Rakhine intellectuals in their writing
of their respective Ph.D Thesis on Arakan history. It may partly be
because that they needed the native people’s helps for some source
materials.<br />
On the other hand the implication of this closeness indeed has a
ruinous impact on the role of Rohingya in Arakan. When Pamela Guttmann
was writing her thesis (in 1975 – 76) U San Tha Aung was director
general of higher education department. He too was an Arakan history
researcher. In one way or another Pamela had to seek the help of U San
Tha Aung. I am of the opinion that U San Tha Aung was a factor that
Pamela didn’t discuss elaborately about Rohingya although Rohingya
consist of half the population of Arakan. She didn’t attempt to
illuminate the connection between the present day demography and early
settlers of Arakan. This connection is a very important issue in Arakan
history. But thanks to her, she on various chapters of her thesis
distinguished presently dominant Rakhine not to be the early settlers
but the latest comers. In an indirect reference she says “local people
in Dudan near Saing Daing (a village in Buthidaung Township) still speak
the language of early inscriptions such as Khali for stream. Dudan is a
Rohingya village.<br />
Thus Rohingya language has similarity with that of early
inscriptions. Again her transliteration of Ananda Saudra stone monument
shows a huge nearness to the Rohingya language. Here we can track the
root of Rohingya in those early people who inscribed those inscriptions.
From the description of Pamela we can say for sure that inscribing of
those archeological remains were not the work of present Rakhine a
nation U San Tha Aung inserted in his “Ananda Sandra stone monument”. It
is not Rakhine as U San Tha Aung says, used Indian Language, but the
inscribers themselves were Indians. Here the only people in Arakan with
Indian complexion, tradition and language in the Rohingya. To the Irony
of our fate, historians don’t openly discuss that point just not to
annoy the Rakhine. Dr. Than Tun once told me when he wrote that early
Rakhine literature such as Rakhine “Minthamie Exechin” was like Burmese
and he didn’t find separate literature, he received a lot of criticism
from Rakhines. So he said he avoided commenting on Rakhine version of
history just not to be in clash with them. That is why we say historians
in the need by Rakhines.<br />
<strong>Who are the early settlers of Arakan</strong><br />
We already have got a rough idea about the early population of
Arakan. An objective study of early demography can clear the imbroglio
of Arakan history. Rakhine chronicles vaguely connected its present with
the past. In fact there is a missing link between the past and present,
especially in the context of demography. Latest scientific researchers
Dr. Pamela Guttmann says the present day dominant Rakhine are of
Tibeto-Burman origin and their entry into Aran began since 10<sup>th</sup> century. After long resistance from the Sak tribe they got the control of Arakan plain in 10<sup>th</sup> century. Their first capital was Sambewak and their First King was Kethathein. Sambewak was founded in 1018 A.D.<br />
Here arises the question – the rich culture, literature,
archeological remains and religions that flourished there since before
Christian era’ belong to whom? Does this civilization belong to Mro,
Sak, Khami and Chin whose arrival according to inscriptions there
preceded the Rakhine’s ?. That is not possible as these peoples are
still tribal, untutored and mostly are until recently animist. Their
languages are different vastly from the inscription. Here is the missing
link. Once the Rakhine and the hilly peoples are excluded, the rightful
inheritants of those early civilizations should be the Rohingya.<br />
The most complex points here is Rohingyas are today Muslims but not
Muslims from Arab, Iran or India. They are native converts. From the
time they turned Muslim, they discarded Buddhistic civilization. This
Buddhistic civilization goes into the hands of Buddhist Burman since 10<sup>th</sup>
century, who also has been the ruling people of the land ever since
then. It is a historical and logical point. When present day Rohingya
are trying to unearth this hidden point, it indeed falls against
interest of some rested interest group. This group wants to neglect the
ethnic root of Rohingya and try to portray them simply as Muslim.
Muslims from India and Bengal who immigrated into the land of Rakhine
people. This is the root of the problem. This is the point Rakhine
people hold tight to degrade Muslims (or) Rohingya. This is the point
they until today use to deprive Rohingya of all rights in Myanmar.<br />
So I humbly implore foreign history scholars, especially those from
India and Bangladesh in whose hands there are ample historical
materials, to give a benevolent concentration on this missing link of
Arakan history so as the historical imbroglio is cleared up and
Rohingyas are rescued as well. In Arakan, Rohingya alone has an ethnic
co-relation and connection with early Indo-Aryan people of Arakan. On
the other hand if you take them as Muslim, the whole Mrauk-U period was
unquestionably of Muslim dominance in all sphere of Arakanese life. Some
western historians even designated Arakan then as a Muslim Country.
(see: below P: 10).<br />
<strong>Evolution of Arakan History</strong><br />
When and how the history of Arakan began? How did it evolve up to
now? To cover this subject in detail is a big task. The objectives of
this treatise is not to go that detail just intend to clear up the
ambiguous impression on Rohingya created by some black propaganda of
vested interest. Maintaining Rohingya’s true historical image is my
objective. I just want to explore how the argumentation against and
objection of Rohingya history are illogical and groundless. We will
bring here a skeleton of chronological abridgement of the past history.<br />
Arakan is a coastal plain separated from Burma proper by a natural
barrier; “The Arakan Yoma Ranges”. Dr. S. B. Qunango says; “Arakan is
the continuation of Chittagong plain. It is link with Chittagong region
has been very close since time immemorial. Century after century both
regions have been under the same rule”. He further compared “Arakan
relation to Chittagong with of Norway to Sweden”. People and
civilization infiltrated into Arakan through Chittagong area since many
centuries before Christian era. Sudan people and Indian civilization
spread into the Arakan and Indian ruled there century after century.
Name of places, mountains and rivers were given by those Indians. For
example; “Gesappa Nadi” (Kaladan River), “Malayu Nadi” (Mayu River),
“Ingsana Nadi” (Leymyo River), “Srimabu Nadi” (Kheri Chaung) and so
called “Dannya Vadi” (Dannya Wadi), “Vesali” (Wethali) were names given
by Indian people then. (see: E. Forechamer, Arakan, 1891, 1)<br />
To authenticate above version of foreign scholar, here, I would like
to add the assessment of a Rakhine scholar U Aye Chan (now Dr. Aye Chan)
from Yangon University History Department. He wrote in an article, “All
inscriptions before 10<sup>th</sup> century were Indian literature. Not
only the ruling class but their subjects also used that literature.
Burmese inscriptions were found only after 10<sup>th</sup> century. For
example, Dasaraza Stone inscription. That was a swift change. There
might have been a rapid and momentous political and cultural revolution
in Arakan during (early) 10<sup>th</sup> century A.D. So it is difficult for us to say the present Rakhine are the same as those settlers before 10<sup>th</sup>
century. It is an important issue remains to clear up for coming
generation researchers. (U Aye Chan; Assessment of Rakhine history,
Rakhine Tasaung magazine 1975-76 in Burmese.<br />
Rakhine chronicles say these early people ruled from the capitals,
Thabaiktaung, Dannya Waddy, Wethali successively. Dr. Pamela referring
to early day inscriptions confirmed Dannya Wadi lasted until 6<sup>th</sup>
century AD when the capital was shifted to Wathali (Vesali) by Sandra
dynasty rulers then. Wethali (Vesali) lasted until the over run of
Burma. (who later called Rakhine) in early 11<sup>th</sup> century. The
Burma shifted their capital to “Sambawak” and their first king was
Kethathein (see; Pamela; Ancient Arakan, 1976: her Ph.D Thesis). Here
through the infiltration and military excursion of Burma took place from
10<sup>th</sup> century, the land came into their control only in 11<sup>th</sup> century.<br />
Before the successful reading of the early inscriptions in late
British period, Arakan past history was in the mist. Writers have vague
and different opinions. Some had tried to extend Wethali period to early
Christian era. The successful reading of ancient inscriptions had
cleared the contentious opinions of different writers. The last ruler of
Dannya Wadi was the group of the people whose surname was Sandra
(Chandra). This Sandra family had valued over Arakan until 11<sup>th</sup> century. The successive records of their rules were preserved on a stone monument erected by one of their 8<sup>th</sup>
century King, Ananda Sandra. That was why that monument until today has
been called Ananda Sandra stone monument. It was brought from Wethali
to Mrauk-U, the last capital of Rakhine Kingdom, by one of their 16<sup>th</sup>
century King: Min Ba Gyi (a) Zabauk Shah. During the Sandra rule, there
of course were ups and downs. There were times of instability, chaos
and absence of central government. Sometimes local chiefs and warlords
ruled locally. Here Pamela says a prince from other side of Naf River
had to stabilize the disintegrated kingdom in the last decade of 6<sup>th</sup>
century. Mahavira (from Chittagong area) established his capital at
“Parapura” which according to Ptolomey’s record is to be localized as
Pruma village of Maung Daw North. His control was strengthened from
there. He won over the locally standing chiefs and later the capital was
shifted into inner Arakan. Perhaps to Wethali. (Pamela; Ancient Arakan:
1976).<br />
Dr. Kunango opens an especial chapter in his “History of Chittgong
volume-1; 1978″ about this Sandra family who also ruled over Chittagong
until 10<sup>th</sup> century when Cada from South India and Pala from
North-east India alternately occupied Chittagong. Sandra lost their
sovereignty there. But Arakanese Chandra were still in power, Dr.
Kunango says compared their inscriptions coins, there was a huge
similarity between the Sandra’s of Arakan and Chittagong. Perhaps the
same family members ruled over the two regions with different
capitals.(see; Dr. Kunango, History of Chittagong volume-1; 1978).<br />
Rakhine chronicles say one Wethali King Sulataing Sandra in AD-957,
tried to occupy Chittagong but he returned back without making war. His
mission might have intended to restore Sandra rule there by driving out
the “Coda”. His not making war has some reasons. What so ever the fate
of Sandra in Arakan turned feeble too. On his return from Chittagong
Sulataing Sandra got a migraine like severe headache and at the advice
of his astrologers, he made a journey to “Tagoung”, Upper Burma. He
lived there three years. On his return journey near “Maw Tin”, south
coast of Arakan his fleet’s way caught by a terrible storm and he
perished there. Instability, strife and chaos broke out in “Wethali”.
Rakhine chronicles say two, “Myo” father and son, some say uncle and
nephew: “Amrathu and Paipru” declared themselves as King and make
“KethriTaung”, their capital. (Here in “Wethali”, there might be someone
from Sandra’s Family). The “Myo” ruled nearly twenty years. The “Pyu”
and “Shan” from the east frequently invaded and attacked them. Arakan
was desperately instable. At least a “Sak”(Thek) Ngamin Nasadon became a
King and he made his capital “Pynsa”. He became subject of repeated
invasion by the Burman from the east. Burman was trying to take
advantage from the instability of Arakan. Despite long resistance for
years by the “Sak”, finally the Burman got the control of Arakan plain.
(Pamela; “Ancient Arakan”)<br />
Here Pamela Guttmann points out “Ananda Sandra’s inscription north
side indicates there still was a King of Sandra’s Family line that
resisted all these tribal disobedience and insurrections. He was crying
for help from “Wethali”. It was the last gasp of Last Sandra King”. What
so ever in early 11<sup>th</sup> century, the Burman became the
dominant race. They ruled Arakan ever since and later known as Rakhine.
The name Rakhine was first found in 12<sup>th</sup> century, Ava
inscription (Pamela; “Ancient Arakan”). Dr. Kunango also says the name
Rakhine was given by the Burman. In modern usage, the Land is Rakhine
and the people there are “Rakhine Thaa”.<br />
The first King of invading Burman was “Kethathein”. All succeeding
Kings up to the Last Mrauk-U King bear Burmese names. These Arakan Kings
from “Kethathein” had no longer the Sandra littles. Hence, all
inscriptions and literature in Arakan were in Burmese. Thus these
Burmese Kings are difficult to say to have blood tank with early
Sandras. Two distinct things; Sandras and Indians where as the Kings
from 11<sup>th</sup> century and over were all Burman.<br />
In “Wethali” there were various seats of Buddhism and Hinduism. But
from the time of Burman control Hinayana (or) Teraveda Buddhism began to
grow stronger. (see. Dr. Than Tun; 8<sup>th</sup> Birthday Bulletin”). Islam got root there only from 8<sup>th</sup> century. A.D Islam was introduced in Arakan through the cyclone stricken ship wrecked Arabs (see. U Nga Mac, Rakhine Razwin).<br />
Rakhine chronicles try to relate first Burmese King “Kethathein” as
the first cousins with the defected “Sak”(Thek) King Ngamin Mgadon who
intern was forcibly connected with late Sandra King “Sulataing Sandra”.
It is said that after “Sulataing Sandra” perished, his Queen “Sada Devi”
had handed over her infant son to a “Sak” tribe of Saing Daing Hill for
adoption. How can it be possible? An Aryan child cannot easily be
handed over to tribal untutored “Sak” Family. The King died but the
Queen and their relatives were still alive. What forced them to hand
over a child to the “Sak” tribe? It is a twist of Rakhine chronicles,
perhaps to link late Kingship with early “Sandras” who ruled over Arakan
for many centuries continuously. Another point, it is illogical the
invading Burman would choose a cousin of defeated “Sak” King as their
rules. Ngamin Ngadon himself cannot be an Indian Sandra. If “Sak” King
“Ngamin Ngadon” and his victor “Kethathein” both are from “Sandra”
Family as Rakhine chronicles claim, why the Last “Sandra” King in
Wethali is said to have fought against them. (Pamela; Ancient Arakan).
Neither “Ngamin Ngadon” nor his victor “Kethathien” were from “Sandra”
Family. If they were so, “Sandra” dynasty would have continued in
Arakan. But “Sandras” were finished. Name, Language and literature all
became Burman.<br />
A substantial proof of “Sandra age finished, a new Burman era began”
is successive Pagan rulers, “Anaw Rahta”, “Kyan Sitha”, “Aloung Sesu”,
despite their military excusion into Arakan they nwver extended their
full sovereignty over there. But kept Arakan as vassalage. Burmese Kings
in their retreat used to take along only Indians as war captives. King
“Kyan Sit Tha, in late 11<sup>th</sup> century, captured 3000 Indians
from Rambree and settled them in Myin Kyan and Miktilla townships. (see;
G. E. Harvey; “Out time of Burmese History”. Of Rambree and offshore
island had that many Indians, their population in main land Arakan would
had been in zillion.<br />
Relation between the main stream population, Indian and ruling Burma
turned disarm one of us ever since then. On the other hand, there was
Muslim religions penetration into Arakan. Rakhine Historian “U Nga
Mae’s” Rakhine Razawin and other works of western historians high light
the point that Muslim Arabs got settlement in Arakan since the time of
Wethali King “Mahataing Sandra AD 788″. Cyclone stricken shipwrecked
Arabs who were settled in Arakan proper by the Kings then propagated
their religion and the natives mostly the Indians had converted to
Islam. Most of the converts were found during the early rule of Burman
(Rakhine). Muslim population gradually increased by 12<sup>th</sup> and 13<sup>th</sup>
century principally due to the missionary works of Muslim saint like
“Badr Walia” who abodes are still to lay found along the coast of
Arakan. He was known as the Saint of Sea, and seafaring people were his
devotees.<br />
There were Muslim infiltrations on the north too. Bengal then turned Muslim by 12<sup>th</sup>
century. Some Chieftains or Warlord from other side of “Naf River”
established their rules over Arakan. Muslim Legends say One “Amir Hamza”
at Gaulauggie (Upper Mayu and Pruma valley) ruled for longtime and he
fought a series of war with some rulers in inner Arakan. Another case of
Muslim rule was the rule of “Hanifa” and “Keyapuree”, a married couple
making their seats of rule at Mingalar Gyi range. Two peaks on Mingalar
Gyi range still are totally called “Hanifa Tanki and Keyapuree Tanki”.
The records of these episodes in book form have been recited group by
Muslim until recently in Arakan. These may be instances of Muslim King
in north Arakan which Dr. Than Tun described in his article (”Keliya
magazine, August, 1994). Thus in Arakan Muslim became a big majority
which is why Rakhine chronicles say in the time of “Anu Lun Min”, the
King employed fourty-two thousand Muslims, in various hard works. (see;
“Dannya Waddy Arey Daw Pon” by Rambree Saradaw.) If you say this is an
exaggeration of the chronicler, then how can we rely on other content;
fit and rest of other chronicles of native writers? (See; also below P:
11).<br />
“Dannya Wady Areydaw Pon” mentions another instance, that a war
Captive “Kalaa” (Muslim) was given treatment. When cured, he was treated
“Myocaa” Governor of Akyab. As said above Rakhine Burma have enthrall
and ethnic affinity. Sometimes, they are two body one soul. Thus Rakhine
used to rely on Burma in case of political despondency. One there was
political instability, rivalry and chaos; they used to seek help from
Burman. Burmese King occasionally used their army to restore a King of
their choice in Arakan. “Bodan Phya” of Ava’s occupation of Arakan in
1785 AD was an instance in this context. An early instance was when 15<sup>th</sup>
century King, “Narameik Hla” began to rule very cruelly and in uncivil
way some princes and grandees sought the help of Ava (Myanmar) King “Min
Khaung” in AD 1404. “Min Khaung” invaded Arakan, “Narameik Hla” fled to
Gaur the Capital of Bengal Muslim King. His supporters had invited
“Mou” King “Razadirit” to take over Arakan. Mon in Hanthawaddy (Lower
Burma), Burman in Ava (Upper Burma) was rivals at that time. Hence “Mon
Razadirit” and “Ava Min Khaung” fought a series of battles for about a
dozen of years to get control of Arakan. But “Laung Kyet”, Capital of
Arakan then remained in the hands of “Min Kaung”. War torn Arakan was
devastated. People suffered untold miseries. The Exile King “Narameik
Hla” served with Bengal King in his army about 20 years; most probably
was about twelve years. (see; U Nyo Mya, Kung Baung Shapondaw, 2003,
pg.129). He got the favor and trust Bengal Patten King. The King helped
to regain his throne. Perhaps, he procured the help of Bengal King with
some submission provisions. After two episodes of armed struggle
“Narameik Hla” finally got his throne in “Laug Kyet”.<br />
Since then, the political, economic, social and cultural structure of
Arakan had changed at all. Etiquette of Muslim court system was
introduced. Both groups of Bengal retinues were kept permanently for his
protection. Muslim became a privileged class in Arakan. Muslim culture
flourished. Persian, the official language of Bengal was also became the
official language of Arakan. Persian skilled officers, ministers were
appointed coins were minted in Persian script. Some coins bore Arakan
King’s Muslim name on outside and the Muslim “Kalima” (verse of
confession of faith) on another side. Local Muslims whose language was
not Persian began to write their language in Persian script. Calligraphy
in Persian developed Muslim art. Muslim poetry and literature were
encouraged. Arakan Kings kept the Muslim names. Some western writers
remarked Arakan as a Muslim State.<br />
In the world political atlas of 15<sup>th</sup> century Arakan was
shown in the category of Muslim States. (see; Abu Aaneen, Arakan
History, 2003). Arakan’s foreign correspondence until 18<sup>th</sup>
century was found in Persian. Some copy of those correspondence were
discovered by “J. Lieder”, (see; J. Lieder, “The Ascendance of Mrauk-U
dynasty, 2003). After all, it is a consensus of the historians that
Arakan became vassalage of Muslim Bengal at least for a hundred years.
Here some Rakhine writers try to deny that fact, by highlighting the
points “Narameik Hla’s” successor “Min Khari (a) Ali Khan” captured
“Ramu” and his successor “Ba Saw Pru (a) Kalima Shah” was able to occupy
Chittagaung, because they were not under any political influence of
Bengal. The fact is that, Chittagaung ever before “Narameik Hla” was
under Arakan rule. Bengal without Chittagaung in fact is a wide region.
During Arakan’s internal war above Arakan lost its control over
Chittagaung due to lack of proper central Government. Perhaps,
Chittagaung fell under the control of Local Chief or “Tripura King” in
the north-east. That was why “Narameik Hla’s successors’ “recapturing of
Chittagaung did not have any affect on its relation with Bengal King
who helped “Narameik Hla” to get back his throne.<br />
During the reign of Mrauk-U dynasty King “Min Saw Hla” in early 16<sup>th</sup>
century Muslim missionary from India headed by “U Kadir” and “Hanu
Meah” were allowed to preach Muslim religion. They built many mosques in
various places and recruited new preachers from India. It had a
miraculous like effect. People village by village converted to Islam.
The momentum of conversion was so great that some Buddhist elders had
raised alarm and lodged a complaint during the time of third King, “Min
Bagyi (a) Zabauk Shah (A 1538-52) who after discussing the case in his
“Luttaw (Parliament)” stopped the missionary works. (see; Pundit U Tha
Tun, Rakhine Maha Razawin BE 1282). Consequently Arakan had already
produced hundreds and thousands of Muslims in this period. This converts
consist of both local Indians and Tibeto Burmans. Due to stronger
influence of Rohingya Culture, all assimilated and accumulated as
Rohingya. (See; below p: 21)<br />
There still were other categories of Muslim. When Bengal was occupied
by “Devi” Emperor “Akbar in 1572 from the hand of “Pattan” King,
thousands of “Pattan” ran into Arakan. Arakan King protected them and
employed them in ranks and files of the King. They were shown great
favor by Arakan Kings. (see; Dr. Kunango, History of Chittagong vol. I,
1975). Again early 17<sup>th</sup> century King, “Narapadi”, brought
thirty thousand dyers and weavers from Chittagong and settled them in
Arakan valleys, to enhance his fertile industry foreign export. The King
did it besides the objections of his ministers. (see; J. Leader, “The
Ascendance of Mrauk-U Dynasty”, 2003).<br />
The irony today is that some including a few highly educated Rakhine
try to say that, there were no Muslim Population in Arakan. Before
British time except a tiny community of slave descendents and “Narameik
Hla’s” Bengal retinues. The fact majority population in Arakan even
before British occupations was Muslims and all were natives who
converted to Islam and other who facilitated by Rakhine Kings to settle
in their country. It was because Arakan Kings then needed their
services. Muslim influence was not only on political, military and
economic field but also on religious culture. British time Archeological
director “E. Forccharmer” writes; The Badr Mokan Mosque in Akyab was a
prototype for many Buddhist temples. (see; E. Forcchamer, Arakan, 1891).
Again Dr. Pamela writes; “The Pra Hla Zedi (temple) of Sandoway, and
the famous Shit Thaung Phaya temple of Mrauk-U were built on the model
of “Barasuna” and “Chutasuna” Mosques of Bengal”. (see; Pamela, “The
Lost Kingdom”, Bangkok, 2002).<br />
There are all authentic records. No one can fool us on this. Muslims
in Mrauk-U was a well rooted community. Their influences there were
indeed very great. In early 18<sup>th</sup> century, the politics of
Arakan was wholly and solely in their hands. They made their own King
and Kings of their own choice. (see; below P: 19). Yet some of our
compatriots have been beating dead horse enhancing anti Rohingya, anti
Muslim propaganda denying the existence of Muslims in Arakan before
British time. Even some are going to say for that this Muslims in Arakan
entered into Arakan only recently Bangladesh. Here to notice one thing
is Muslim and Rohingya in synonymous. (see; below P: 19).<br />
Many assert that Rohingya are Bangladeshi. Actually it is Bangladesh
who should raise complaint for being forced to shelter millions of
Rohingya amidst their originally dense population. Rohingya in Arakan
from A.D 1662, occasionally subjected to mass massacre had to flee for
safe haven into Bengal in thousands in each time. These expatriates made
a community in Chittagong region; In British time census they were
categorized in the name of “Rowaing” People from Rowang: Arakan.<br />
Finally I would like to furnish my above narration with the words of
an illustrious scholar. Professor G.E Harvey writes though Arakan was
predominantly Buddhist, it could not resist the spread of Islam both
through the sea and Land. By 13<sup>th</sup> century Islam spread all
over Arakan; Badr Mokan Shrine (abode of Saint Badr Walia) dotted
through out the coast. (Harvey; Outline Burmese history, 1944, Pg 92).<br />
Whatsoever Muslim-Rakhine racial harmony tested until the second
phase of Mrauk-U dynasty. The harmony turned sour due to a historic
event: The crisis of Moghul Prince Shah Shujah versus Rakhine King
“Sanda Thudamma”. Shah Shujah viceroy of Bengal (excluded Chittagong
which was under Rakhine King) defeated at the hand of his brother
“Aureng Zeb” in their struggle to gain the “Dehli” empirical throne was
warmly given asylum by Arakan King “Sandra Thudamma” in A.D 1660.
Rakhine Armada escorted him from “Dacca” to Chittagong. From Chittagong,
he proceeded to Mrauk-U through the Land. The route he crossed through
was still called “Shujah Road” in Bangladesh. He subjoined for some days
in Maung Daw. This place is called “Shugah Village” in Maung Daw. Then
he proceeded to Mrauk-U where he was warmly welcomed along with his
hundreds of body guards. They were provided all necessary facilities to
stay peacefully and comfortably. He was promised to provide a vessel for
his final Journey to “Meckah” where he intended to retire for life. But
lately problem arose between the exiled Prince and Arakan King.<br />
Rakhine version of the crisis is Shujah was killed in a battle of a
coup coup d’etat he staged to seize the throne of Arakan. There are a
lot of premises to factor who initiated the crisis. Since there are no
interest servers of Shujah, Rakhine literature on this topic seemed
always to be one sided. The factors related to this crisis to take into
account are many. Why Shujah was not supplied with a ship for his trip
to “Meckah” as was promised by Arakan King through more than a year
passed then? Where is his six camels loaded jewelleries gone? Why Arakan
King forcibly took into marriage one of Shujah’s daughter? Were not
there lyrics of poems glorifying the beauty of Shujah’s daughters sung
by children from the street to appease their King whose crazy love for
those young women was in every one’s mouth in the Kingdom? (see; U Hla
Tun Pru, Arakan).<br />
Suppose! Shujah tried to seize Arakan throne. Then he should have
initially staged the coup with the help of his body guards he brought
with him from Bengal. Then the body guards were rebel or criminals. Why
were those rebels recruited by the same King as his royal body guards?
Besides this recruited body guards hundreds of other body guards of Sha
Shujah were resettled in remote villages, provided them with land and
tools for husbandry. They were arranged to get married with local women.
(see; J. Lieder; “The Ascendances of Mrauk-U dynasty, 2003). Is it
logical that criminals would be treated in such a Philan therapy? Again
if Arakan King had not an ulterior motive he would not had ordered the
“Dutch factors” in Mrauk-U to leave the town overnight before the on
slaughter on Sujah’s family was began. (Moshe Yegar, “The Muslims of
Burma”, 1972).<br />
All these factors lead us to the conclusion that the above Rakhine
version of the crisis is not true. This in fact is a biased notion to
cover up their King’s ugly character. The fact was Arakan King was crazy
to marry one of Shujah’s daughters. He was also too greedy to seize the
jewelleries of Shujah which was never seen in Arakan court. To fulfill
his lust, he spread false rumors of an unfounded rebellion and
consequently by a brutal attack on the Prince family, he killed the
exiled Prince and his wife. Then one of his daughters was forcibly
married the rest of the exiled Prince family was put in prison. Shujah’s
jewelleries were seized. Some people said the imprisoned family members
of Shujah were released by the intercession of queen mother. (Sandra
Thudamma’s mother) who argued that it was not proper to kill royal
asylum seekers. One year later in 1662, Shujah’s followers who remained
in north Arakan tried to rescue rest of Shujah family with unarmed
attack. But this episode was crushed by the King’s Army. In this
rebellion, all members of Shujah and thousands of local Muslims were
killed in cold blood. Dutch Dak register recorded everyone seen with
beard was killed by Rakhine King’s Army. One of the King’s Muslim
Ministers “Shah Al-Awal” was imprisoned on the charge of accomplice with
the rebellion. “Al-Awal” remained in prison for seven years. (see;
Moshe Yegar; Muslim of Burma).<br />
<strong> </strong><br />
<strong>The Murder of Shah Shujah and Its Impact</strong><br />
<strong> </strong><br />
The murder of Shujah was a disregard of diplomatic norms. It had had a
very ruinous effect on Arakan History. The grandeur of Mrauk-U Kingdom
began gradually to fade away. The Empire like Kingdom no longer could
maintain its stability. Rivalries, insurrection, civil disorder and
chaos prevailed over the whole country. The Kings loyal ally the
Portuguese were no longer faithful to him. Relation between the King and
the Portuguese spoiled. The Portuguese at the Bay and Chittagong began
to take the side of Moghul. Finally the King was murdered in his own
Palace.<br />
One remarkable lesson here is, once when an Arakan Prince took asylum
in Muslim Bengal, he was treated well and provided with all necessary
help to regain his throne. The Prince established Mrauk-U dynasty and
grew up as a strong and splendid Empire. But one of the Kings of this
Empire mistreated the exiled Muslim Prince, broke diplomatic principles
and finally murdered the whole family of the exile. From there no Arakan
gradually lost its past grandeur and finally its sovereignty. It is a
lesson for all Arakanese. In another word when Muslim-Rakhine
relationships were harmonious, Arakan prospered; when it turned sour
Arakan lost everything including its precious sovereignty.<br />
Of course, it might be true “Devi Emperor Aureng Zeb” was ready to
take off his brother, Shujah’s head due to their royal feud. The murder
of Royal Moghul family by others was utterly unbearable for him. It
seemed as a great insult to him and to his empire. Thus he ordered his
Army general to make war on Arakan and seize it as soon as possible.
General Mir Jumla launched both naval and land attack on Arakan. The
Portuguese in Chittagong and at Bay of Bengal who had been loyal ally to
Arakan for centuries abandoned Arakan King and sided with the Moghul.
Mir Jumla’s army occupied Chittagong and Ramu in 1665 A.D. Historian say
the sudden death of Mir Jumla and the weather condition there
obstructed Moghul army to march further on. Thousands of Rakhines were
killed and thousands along with their weaponry and warships were
captured. Local Bengalis once captured and enslaved by Rakhine rose
against them. They began to attack Rakhine civilians there. As a result,
Rakhine there began to flee the land of further south leaving behind
their legacies. (see; Dr. Kunango, History of Chittagong, vol-I, 1978).<br />
A few years ago, during the Shujah crisis Muslim from Arakan flocked
in thousands into Chittagong area to escape the indiscriminate massacre
of Arakan King. Now the Rakhine in Chittagong had to runaway into
Arakan. Thus the structure of Demography in Arakan looks a different
shape. North Arakan became Muslim predominant where as south Arakan
became Rakhine Heart Land. The Lost Chittagong was a great blow to
Arakan Kingdom, which ruled over there for centuries. Arakan never
regain its power over there.<br />
Situation in domestic front changed too. Political rivalry grew up.
Insurrection arose. “Sanda Thudamma” himself was murdered in his Palace.
Anarchy and Chaos prevailed over the whole country. The King
indiscriminate massacre of Muslims earlier had created a fearful
communal atmosphere. Mrauk-U began to run down the road from its zenith.<br />
Royal guards recruited from among the Shujah’s followers took the law
in their own hands. They roamed across the country with swords and fire
at their hands. People used to tremble before them. They made and
unmade Kings at their will. Some are for days and some are for months.
Arakan in fact was in a quagmire. Yangon University Professor W.S. Desai
named the royal body guards (followers of Shujah) Kings makers of
Arakan. (see; W.S. Desai ; “The Pageant of Burmese History). Here
noticeable point is Rakhine chronicles say these royal guards who were
skilled archery and also called “Kamanthei” denoting their weapons: the
bows and arrow, numbered a few hundred. A few hundred could not the
power of the country in their own hands. Perhaps their numbers were
greater than what the chronicles say. These “Kaman” forces had exploited
the politics of Arakan for forty years. When “Sanda Wizaya” came on
power (A.D 1710-1720) he maintained sort of stability for some years but
he too was murdered later. He got control over the “Kaman” force and
deported them to Akyab and Rambree islands where they are still found as
a community with distinct character having Muslim faith and Rakhine
culture. A point of father research in here. Rakhine historian used to
say Buddhist Rakhine also consisted in the “Kaman” force. But we find
the deportees all in Akyab and Rambrae were Muslims. The King suppressed
Muslims a lot. Thus, 3700 Muslims had to flee to Burma proper. (see
below P: 22).<br />
After “Sanda Wizeya’s” murder situation became worse. Looting,
killing, robbery and arsons became routines of the day. Power rivalry
among Rakhine ran deep. Some had sided with Muslims. In 1737, one Muslim
“Sultan Raza Katera” was made King. (Rakhine State Chronicles, 1984).He
too did not last long. He was dethroned. Then Muslims insurrection
broke out in the country. (Rakhine State Council Chronicle, 1984).
Muslims sent off their families up to “Panwa” (Ramu) as to haven, and
they took active part in the politics (King making) of Arakan. (Net Myit
San Aung; the sak tribes and Rakhine King; Rakhine Thahaya magazine,
2002). No rule of law in country. Law of jungle ruled there. Kings came
and Kings want; no one could rule for long. Famine and a pandemic
frequently visited the Land. People fell in nightmare.<br />
One Dahbaing Gyi Thauk Tire (an Influential Lord) organized the
Muslims honored them by various means. With collaboration of Muslim, he
was facilitated to become King in 1772 AD. He too was opposed by others,
rivalry did not cease and he finally was overthroned in 1772 AD. Main
Leaders despised him. As a result and according to Rakhine, tradition
some so called princes had invited “Bodaw Phya” of Ara to interfere in
Arakan. “Bodaw Phya” responded and invaded Arakan and occupied it in
1775. The famous “Mahamuni” image erected some 2000 years ago was
carried away to Mandalay.<br />
“Bodaw Phya” introduced his rule appointing four “Myowan” (Governor)
for four divisions of Arakan. One special Muslim “Myowan” was appointed
to handle Muslims affairs them and there. A special royal decree was
issued for Muslims allowing them to their social disputes according to
their religious verdict. (J. Lieder – Muslims names of Arakanese Kings,
Rakhine research Journal II, 2003). Muslims judges (Razi) were
appointed. There are still many families of those “Razi”, British for
maintained that “Razi” system.<br />
Soon after “Badaw Phya’s” occupation Rakhine began to dictate Burmese
rule. Burmese rule was said to be cruel and disgustful. The very
princes who invited Myanmar King began to oppose his rule. Insurrection
broke out led by “Nga San Dai” one of the inviters of Myanmar King. The
greater the momentum of the insurgency, the harsher the cruelty of the
King. Historians say the “Myowans” took stiff and brutal measures to
punish the insurgents that the people had to desert the Land. More than
half the population: according to some estimate two and half lakh people
fled the Land into Bengal. This exodus of refugees and insurgents
brought Burmese King into direct confrontation with the British
Government there. This confrontation finally led to the first Anglo –
Burma war in 1842. This exodus of refugees of refugees comprises both
Muslim and Buddhist (Rakhine). (See; Bonpauk Tha Kyaw, The danger of
Rohingya in the Union; 1990; a memorandum put up to the SLORC
Government). These refugees returned to Arakan when British occupied it
in 1826. Salient point here is R.B Smart in his Burma gazetteer, Akyab
district denoted Muslim returnees as Chittagonians and this remark still
today remains a reason to accuse Rohingya (or) Muslims as
Chittagonians.<br />
<strong>British Period</strong><br />
As we have seen Muslim-Rakhine relationships deteriorated since late
Mrauk-U period. It did not improve much during Burmese rule, though
there were no remarkable problems. The Rakhine had invited British and
fought the war along with them. Most Rohingya were neutral, passive in
the time of first Anglo-Burma war. But some actively took part in the
Burmese Army. “Thado Mingyi Maha Bandoola” marched from “Sein Pyu Kyun”,
slim to Arakan with five battalions each comprising 2000 fighters war
horses and elephants. In Arakan, he recruited fresh members of Army.
(see U Lay Maung, Myanmar political history I, 1973, pg:20). Bandoola
found the Muslims in Arakan more co-operative and supportive. He got a
Muslim army led by “Qazi Abdul Karim ” of Minbya. Abdul Karim got
captured alive in the war and was put in “Calcutta Military Jail”.
Bandoola later shifted his head quarter to “Lakwaidek”. Buthidaung from
where he recruited new fighters. (Captain Robertson; first Anglo-Burma
War record).<br />
The great grand father of this writer’s grand father was one of the
recruits. British won the war. Arakan fell under British rule. During
British rule, Rakhine enjoyed special favor of British. Yet there were
not any noticeable problem for the Muslims either. Muslim judicial
system (Qazi system) was maintained by the British Official Qazis
(Judges) was appointed. There are several Qazi families in Arakan to
day. In late British Period independent movement revived. Rakhine
compared to Rahingya were mostly educated and they have ethnic affinity
with the Burman. So they closely collaborated with mainstream Burmese
movement. Rakhine Mrauk-U Othamma was a lead activist of independence
movement. Muslim elders, leaders, students just co-acted or participated
in Rakhine led movements. Muslims did not try to have separate
movements. Muslim then thought, they were part and parcel of Rakhine.
They even called themselves as Rakhine or Arakanese Muslims. Advocate
“Sultan Mahmood” (later Health Minister of U Nu’s last cabinet) U Pho
Khaing, U Yasin were members of “All Arakan Nationals Solidarity
Organization”. Mr. Zainuddin of Kyauk Taw actively advocated the cause
of national school education and later became the principal of Akyab
National High School. U Ba Sein of Sandaway, U Thein Maung of Kyauk
Phyu, and another U Thein Maung of Myebon, U Pho Khing and Daw Aye Nyunt
(a) zurak were some of the well known leaders of independence movement.
U Thein Maung, Kuauk Phyu was chairman of district AFPFL (Pasapala).<br />
In normal politics “Goni Marakan” of Akyab was a native M.L.e in
British time assembly of 1935.U Pho Khaing from Akyab, U Abdul Gaffar
from Buthidaung and U Sultan Ahmed from Maung Daw were 1947
constitutional assembly members. U Sultan Ahmed and U Abdul Gaffar were
constitution drafting committee members. (U Kyaw Win +3, Myan History,
1955-1962). All these were possible only because this Muslims whom we
called Rohingya are Burmese national. More important point is the
nationality question Muslims in Arakan was settled by Boghoke Aung San
and Mr. A. Jinna of Pakistan during their meeting in Karachi on 7<sup>th</sup>,
January, 1947. Then there was a hot political issue about leaders were
demanding north Arakan to be included in coming state of Pakistan. Due
to this hot issue, Boghoke Aung San his close aide Mr. Rashid to Jinna
some months ago as a emissary to sound out Mr. Jinna’s stand on this
issue. (Moshe Yegar Muslims of Burma, 1972). In their negotiation on 7<sup>th</sup>,
January, 1947, Mr. Jinna withdraws the claim of east Bengal Leaders and
conceded that the religion in question will be within Burma and the
Muslims there on will be Burmese citizen. (see. U PoGaLae; Boghoke;
1967; 244). Consequently post independence Burmese Government gave full
constitutional guarantee to this people. They enjoyed full citizenship
rights. They had parliament arias, Parliament secretaries and with last
cabinet of U Nu, Sultan Mahmood M.P from Buthidaung health minister.
Enjoying the night of Franchise and having the right of having can
fleeted in the Parliament indicate, they have and having the right of
having era elected in genuine Burmeser’s.<br />
<strong>Changes of Attitude</strong><br />
Despite all these harmonious virtues, lately we encountered changes
of heart and attitude. What we thought in 1920s and 1930s were proved
wrong. Our belief that we are also Rakhine and we will not be
discriminated came to be questioned. In late 1930s and early 40s some
Rakhine began to spread anti-Muslims tendencies. They were unwilling to
share the future with Muslims. Exclusive, divisive political agendas
were being fostered. Consequently there came 1942 killing spree of
Muslims. Muslims did not find Rakhine as partners. Muslims were not
welcomed in their social and political outfit. Outcry against Muslim
interest grew louder. This exclusionism, in my belief, is ruinous to
Arakan future. Yet Muslims (or) Rohingyas enjoyed full citizenship
rights.<br />
This anti-Muslim and anti-Rohingya element in Arakan still has been
decrying and refuting everything of the Rohingyas. Here Rohingya means
people of Rohang (i.e Arakan since other races in Arakan either take or
given their own ethnic names respectively, Rohingya virtually became
synonymous with Muslim. (see: detail on P 18 below). The ultra-motive of
above Rohingyas opponents into make Arakan exclusively a Buddhist
state. They want to get rid of Rohingya. Thus black propaganda and
discriminatory administrative mechanism have been in full steam for a
long stint. They are successful up to some extent because Rohingya
happened to be a degraded and vulnerable community in Arakan. They
raised a lot of questions against Rohingya. Some repudiation and
objections of theirs have been explained in previous chapters. Yet there
are a lot more. These are: Rohingyas are refugees; there were not
Muslims before Mrauk-U Dynasty; Mrauk-U Dynasty had only a small Muslim
community; Muslims are not native but aliens; Muslims never have been a
political fixture in Arakan history; some who were in Mrauk-U period
were only slave descendants.<br />
However, the reader of this short treatise, especially through what I
have narrated in previous chapters can make an independent judgment on
how far above repudiation is true and what Rohingya really is – Still I
believe it will be more helpful to give detailed explanation concerning
major accusations against Rohingya. It may lessen the confusion created
by the censure. I would try to do it here on. Their main accusations are<br />
(1) – Rohingyas are aliens: British time immigrants which a British record show.<br />
(2) – The term Rohingya is a lately creation, not historical.<br />
(3) – Muslims in Rakhine period was just a small community of slave descendents and Narameik Hla’s Bengal retinues.<br />
(4) – Slave community was not allowed to have married life.<br />
(5) – Muslims in Rakhine period required travel permits.<br />
(6) – 1942 communal not was initiated by Muslims.<br />
(7) – Mujahid had persecuted Rakhine to consider being Rakhine or Burmese.<br />
(8) – Rohingya literature & culture all are different from Rakhine.<br />
(9) – Rohingyas are now but massive infiltrators from Bangladesh recently.<br />
Appalling point here is these all are just to disseminate a false
image of Rohingya. These have vestige of truth. Let us see below.<br />
Before embarking on answering or explaining above censorious
repudiation I have to say. I already have the conviction that the
readers of this treatise will have a picture in mind Rohingya’s history
and identify just from previous chapters. The picture you got from there
on of course will convey a message who these questioners are and what
their motive of denial really mean. The illusion that so called
Rohingyas are British time immigrants in wrong. Geo-Historical context
of the Land where Rohingya live and their historical landmarks are
different from other India related peoples in Myanmar. Rohingya have
been natives there since ancient time. Going through the explanation
below my readers can realize it and make an independent and unbiased
judgment on it.<br />
<strong>The Repudiation of Rohingya’s Opponents</strong><br />
<span style="text-decoration: underline;">(1) Rohingyas are not the original settlers of Arakan</span><br />
Who are the original settlers of Arakan? Rohingya or Rakhine? Of
course Rakhines are bonfire nationals of Arakan. They have a proud
history of their own. They have inherited and cherished Buddhist
civilization of Ancient Arakan, because they already were Buddhist
before they entered Arakan. They have been a dominant race there for the
Last millioneum. But the preceding millioneum concerned to Rohingya
alone. Through out the Rakhine period there were co-existence and
contribution of Muslims, who are today known as Rohingya. The grandeler
and splendor of Rakhine dynasties, especially of Mrauk-U Dynasty were
the contribution of Muslims there. Indo-Aryan people ruled over Arakan
dynasty after dynasty, century after century before the arrival of
Burmans who today are called Rakhine. (M.collis + U San Shwe Bu; Into
hidden Burma; chapt: Arakan). Yangon University Professor G.H.Luce
explored it in detailed. He wrote before to the century in Arakan, the
people and civilization all were Indian. (see; G.H.Luce; Early Burma
Pre-Bagan).<br />
Again British time archeological department director Emile
Forcchammer through his study of ancient inscriptions and archeological
remains said “Arakan was an Indian Land before 10<sup>th</sup> century.
Name of places, rivers, mountains will all kept by Indians in their
Indian Language. Their rule lasted for many centuries. Three names of
the country were “Dannia Vady” (Dannya Waddy), and “Vesali”(Wethali).
Present day “Kaladan” river was “Gessapa Nedi”. “Leymyo” river was
“Insna Nadi”, “Mayu” river was “Malayu Nadi”, “Kere Chaung” was
“Sirimabu Nadi”.(see; E. Forcchammer; Arakan; 1891, 1). Here Rakhine
historian U San Shwe Bu recognized this undeniable fact. He said the
language of early people turned into present Rakhinel language due to
massive and continued infiltration of Burmese people from the east.
(see; M. Collis; Into Hidden Burma; Chapt: Arakan). Here the notion of U
San Tha Aung that Rakhine people in early period seemed to write Indian
language is found to be wrong. (see; Wethali Age Ananda Sandra Stone
Monument, by U San Tha Aung, pg:12).<br />
The fact in ground was the people themselves were Indians not present
day Rakhine. Former Yangon University History Professor Dr. Kyaw Thek
says “Rakhine crossing the mountain passes conquered Arakan from the
hands of Indians and then ceforth they were able to control their
sovereignty, because they were brave and brilliant Burmese descendents.
They speak an early form of Burmese. (see; Dr.Kyaw Thek; Pyi Taungsu
Myanmar Naingan Thamaing, Kaith Myanmar Press, Yangon). The most
illustrious scholar Dr. Htin Aung, once chancellor of Yangon University
wirtes; Rakhine and Burman are the same race. Rakhine speak in a accent
of early Burman. More important, their religion is the same too. (see;
Dr. Htin Aung, Burma before AD 1280; trans: U Aung Than, 2003, pg.40).
Professor Dr. Than Tun says, Rakhine is a branch of Burman. Their early
literatures were found in Burmese. (see; Than Tun 80<sup>th</sup>
Birthday Bulletin). In contract to some present day writer’s claim that
Rakhine is an Indo-Aryan race. Senior Rakhine Politic and Historian U
Hla Tun Pyu say, Rakhine and Burman have affinity in blood and religion.
He quoted a Burmese adage to substantiate his remise that Burman, Bran,
Rakhine, Yaw, and Tavoy . . . . . . all together seven groups none but
Burman races. (see; History of Arakan; combination of his articles;
published by U Min Lwin).<br />
The lasted research of Dr. Pamela Guttmann, Australia, points out on
many chapters of her PhD Thesis that “presently dominant Rakhine are the
Last group of people to enter Arakan in 10<sup>th</sup> century and there after. The form Rakhine was first found in 12<sup>th</sup> and 13<sup>th</sup>
century Bagan and Ava inscriptions. (see. Pamela; Ancient Arakan, 1976
and the Lost Kingdom, 2002, Bangkok, Pg-5). Dr. Kunango quoting Myanmar
inscriptions says the name Rakhine was given to their by Burman. Finally
the consensus of almost all historians is that the early inhabitants of
Arakan were Indians and Rakhine are a Tibeto-Burman race by all measure
of ethnicity. They entered Arakan from 10<sup>th</sup> century and on
group after group. On the other hand here we can find traces of Indians
and Rohingya of Arakan only Rohingya language alone has a close affinity
with that of ancient inscriptions of Arakan. Hence Rohingya, are surely
the progeny of early Indo-Aryan who brought civilization to this land.
So the early civilization: architecture, literature, religious, all were
the products of Rohingya’s which went into the hands of
Buddhist-Rakhine since their arrival. Again in Rakhine period, specially
Mrauk-U period, Muslim contribution was of a distinct dimension. The
founding and endurance of Mrauk-U dynasty was principally connected with
Muslim contribution. (see: below P: 19).<br />
<span style="text-decoration: underline;">(2) Rohingya is not a historical term but created in portends pandered period</span><br />
Tracing the historicity of names of place, people and so is a
difficult task. Etymology of racial name has mostly controversial
versions. Yet the term Rohingya and its etymology are very precise and
clear. It is directly connected with the term of their native land:
“Arakan”. Illustrious scholars such as Dr. S.B. Kunango, Dr.Pamela
Guttmann and even some Rakhine writers say the term Arakan derived from
the words Rakhasa, Rakhasha, Rakapuru. In course of centuries various
people in contact with Arakan called in various terms which were
slightly different in pronunciations. Those terms were Arhkoung, Rakham,
Rakchan, and Rohang and British named it “Arakan” which still is in
used. In traditional Bengali literature, Arakan amply and wider has been
described as “Rohang”. (see. Dr. Kunango, History Chittagong, vol: 1,
1978 and Etymology of Arakan by one researcher in Rakhine, “Thahara”
magazine, 2002.). Thus from Rohang its people is Rohingya.<br />
In Bengali linguistic style, people from Rambree are Rambiezzya;
people from Chattagham are Chattaghanyia. Thus people from
Rohang(Arakan) are Rohingya. Both Dr. Kunango and Dr.Pamela Guttmann
write Burman call Arakan as Rakhine or sometimes Rakhine Pyi. So Rakhine
is the appellation of the Land not of the people there in. Its people
are called Rakhine Thaa and sometimes Rakhine too. Burman’s appellations
of their own clans are on that pattern; for example: Lower Burmans are
“Aukthaa”, upper Burman are “Anyatha”, those in Einlay lake are
“Engthaa” and in this order those who line in Rakhine are “Rakhinethaa”.
Rakhinethaa is a common and daily visage of Arakanese today in
referring to them. Thus sometimes a Rakhine proudly used to say, you
know I am a “Rakhinethaa”.<br />
Hence our perception that Rakhine and Burman are of this same ethnic
root not far away from truth. On the other hand, Arakan is called Rohang
and its people are Rohingya is not a matter of denial and contention
either. It is due to difference of language, the essence and meaning are
the same. Arkanese, Rakhinethaa, Rohingya all represent the same
meaning. Even respected historian such as Sir Aurthur Phayre described
the King of Arakan; as the King of “Roum” (Rohang). (see: A.Phayre;
Burma, Pg: 170). So here saying the term Rohingya is not of a historical
one but created in post independence period is a sheer refutation of
truth, intended to described it Rohingya and make a false image of them.
As seen above records say the term Rohingya is as old as the history of
Arakan itself. Other people in Arakan either take or given their
respective ethnic names. So the term Rohingya remains for Muslims.
Westerners also commonly use people of Islamic faith as Muslims rather
than by their ethnic names. So here Muslims and Rohingya are synonymous
denoting the same entity. Consequently I have to use Muslim and Rohingya
alternately through out this treatise.<br />
<span style="text-decoration: underline;"> </span><br />
<span style="text-decoration: underline;">(3) There was no Muslims or Rohingya population before Mrauk-U Period</span><br />
Clearing up the early history of a people is a difficult taste. It is
a wide subject. The purpose of this treatise is just to introduce
Rohingya and to clear up those baseless refutations concerning their
history. I already here maneuvered to bridge Rohingya history from
ancient to modern time in previous chapters. To avoid repetitions and
boredom of reading I would like to be concise but precise here. To
disprove the false notions and blind accusation, we must go to the
earliest period of history. Arakan is a cyclone prone region. Cyclone
used to hit frequently this coastal region which was open to the traders
of the west. Maritime transportation was the only means of trade in
those early times. According to Dr. Kunango, Arab traders were master of
the sea trade in the east until westerners came in 15<sup>th</sup> and 16<sup>th</sup>
century. Westerners found the way to the east mostly with the help of
Arab navigators. Still today many visages in the navigation are of Arab
origin. (see. Dr. Kunango, History of Chittagong, vol: 1, Introduction).
Arabs along with their trade activities preached their religion.
Rakhine chronicles recognized Islam reached Arakan coast 8<sup>th</sup>
century truth storm stricken shipwrecked Arab merchants. It said cyclone
hit shipwrecked crew were washed ashore who were settled and remained
in Arakan preaching Islam and Muslim community got root them. (U Nga
Mae; “Rakhine Razwin”).<br />
It is not only Arakan, other coastal area of Bay of Bengal and Indian
Ocean experienced the same phenomenon. (Dr. Kunango, History of
Chittagong, vol: 1, Chapter: Introduction). Nobel prized winner “Dr.
Amartya Sen” says Islam spread in India through Arab traders from the
sea since 8<sup>th</sup> century, many centuries before the military
rulers came from the land. (See. Amartya Sen, Argumentative Indians). If
we accept the notion that Arab traders preached Islam in India, it is
also logical that they preached Islam in Arakan. Rakhine as well as
Burmese historians recognized Arakan’s foreign trade until 16<sup>th</sup>
century old was in the hands of Arabs. In the works of Sir Arthur
Phayre, G.E.Harvey, R.B.Smart, we find clear hints of shipwrecked Arabs
getting shelter in Arakan (then Wethali) during the reign of “Mahataing
Sandra” in A.D 788. These crews were said to be Arabs and to have been
settled in Arakan proper. Senior Rakhine Politician and historian -“U
Hla Tun Pru” despite his reluctance to accept Muslim antiquity in
Arakan, admitted foreign trade of Arakan from early time to 16<sup>th</sup>
century was solely in the hands of Arabs, Iranians and Indians most of
whom were Muslims. (see. U Hla Tun Pru; Treasure Trove of Arakan, 1982,
Pg: 320-325). Unlike today traders in those days used to stay for a long
time in a place. Collecting their merchandises, obtaining clearances
from the King and waiting for a fair weather condition took them a long
period. There were foreigner’s settlements in Mrauk-U. They built “Pueca
Mosques”. A stone plate of alter (Pulpit) of such a Mosque is still in
the archives of Akyab. (See. Pamela Guttmann, the Lost Kingdom, Bangkok,
2002). There are other stone plates and epigraphics of early Muslim
heritage too. (See: Details; Abu Aaneen, Rudiments of Arakanese
History). Those stone plates, inscriptions and other religious
antiquities and edifices give us the information that there were wide
presences of Muslims from early to Mrauk-U Period.<br />
Islam in Bengal, Malaysia, Indonesia too got root from this sort of
Muslim merchants or sea farers. Bandar Aeey, the city of Aeey province
of Indonesia was once a seaport and the name itself is an Arabic word.
Today those who are questioning the historicity and antiquity of
Rohingya, even did not get access to this land in those early period.<br />
Another concrete proof of Muslim presence in early middle-ages is in
Rakhine chronicle itself. It is said there were forty-two thousand of
Muslims work for as on various field of hard work in the time of “Anyute
Lun Min”, a 13<sup>th</sup> century Arakan King. (See: Rambree Sayadaw,
Dannyawaddy Arey Daw Pon). Foreign historians are also of the same
opinion. G.E. Harvey writes “Although Arakan is predominantly Buddhist
it could not resist the penetration of Islam both from the sea and land.
By 13<sup>th</sup> century Islam spread through out Arakan. The Bodar
Mokan the abode of saint badar dotted the coast of Arakan. (G.E. Harvey,
“Outline of Burmese History”). There still is a Badar Mokan in Akyab,
and such are also found in many other coastal areas of the Bay of
Bengal. Emile Forcchamer described the Badar Mokan of Akyab as a
prototype for many Buddhist temples later in Arakan. (See. E.
Forcchamer; Arakan). Today people from all denominations go to the
shrine to give their homage. Presently the precincts of the shrine fall
inside Arakan Naval Base Command.<br />
After all the most authentic proof of Muslim presence before Mrauk-U
Period is highlighted by two eminent Burmese history professors: G.H.
Luce and Dr. Than Tun. Dr. Than Tun quoting an Ava age inscription with
its registration number writes. The inscription indicates there were
Muslim Kings and rulers over north Arakan. These Kings were very
friendly with Ava Kings. It might be when east-Bengal turned Muslim (in
12<sup>th</sup> century A.D). Perhaps some Muslim chiefs or warlords had
shifted into this part of the country and established their rule. (See:
G.H. Luce, Barly Burma-pre Pagan, and Pg-75). It may be the Rohingya of
“Mayu” region today are the descendents of those early Muslims, because
they (the Rohingya) too claim to be there for more than a thousand
years. If not a thousand years, it might be eight-hundred years at
least. (See: Dr. Than Tun, North Arakan, Rohingya magazine, August,
1994).<br />
In fact in those early days there was no proper boundary line of
sovereignty on that part of the region. Chittagong was a bone of
contention among many peoples. Fluctuation of sovereignty there was a
sort of routine phenomenon. The political situation of that century and
around was supportive of this assertion of Dr. Than Tun. G.E. Harvey
says in mid 12<sup>th</sup> century the famous “Mahamuni” shrine was overgrown. Rakhine state sponsored chronicle 1984 say Arakan King Dazaraza in 12<sup>th</sup>
century had to seek the help of Mro tribe (a hilly people) to find out
the Mahamuni shrine in the midst of dense jungle. J. Lieder say “Arakan
became very instable and its Kings were very weak before the reign of
King Htee. Their control of the land was constricted up to their capital
south Arakan was under Mon rule”.<br />
Again so said more than one hundred years long tenure (A.D. . . . . .
. . . .) of Min Htee’s rule in Rakhine chronicles is a subject of
question for historians. Historians say “It is assumed that Rakhine
chronicles just expanded the tenure to cover the loss of their Kingship
during this period.<br />
Around 460 B.E Pyu and Mon had overrun Arakan, ruled for some years,
destroyed the Mahamuni shrine, looted its jewelries. For 50 years, there
were no maintainers of the shrine. It was covered with wild jungle. In
only B.E 516, “Dafaraza Min” clearing the jungle found out the shrine
and repaired it. B.E 516 corresponds to A.D 1150. This indicates during
this early 12<sup>th</sup> century the control of Arakan Kings on the Land lapsed away. (see: U Nyo Mya, Kung Baung Shapondaw, 2003, Pg-139).<br />
Taking into consideration all these ground facts we can say for sure
that there were Muslims over north Arakan during this period. Muslims
have their own records of this period and its Kings. Their records are
in book form called “Puthee” which they used to recite gathering during
their leisure time. These books are “Hanifa and Keyapuree”, and “Dasine
Amir Hamza”. These are in Bengali script but in Rohingya dialect.<br />
These records narrated one Hanifa and his queen Kayapuree ruled over
North Arakan. They make the seats of their rules on two peaks of
“Mingalar Gyi” Mountain range. These two peaks are still locally known
as Hanifa Tonki and Kayapuree Tonki (Hanifa peak and Kayapuree peak).
King Amir Hamza is said to be the King of “Gaulangyi” (upper pruma; Mayu
valley). He is said to be in war with Kings in inner Arakan for long
period. Though it is not very authentic; it still gives us some strands
of historical information.<br />
Another point of Muslim existence before Mrauk-U period is the
introduction of Muslim “Sharia Law” in Arakan by “Wali Khan” the head of
first military retinue of deposed King Narameik Hla. Genaral Wali Khan,
head of Bengal retinue, sent to help Narameik Hla, by Bengal King
betrayed the deposed Arakan King and made himself King of Arakan and
ruled it until he was deposed by another retinue of Bengal King. (See:
Bengal Gazetteer, Chittagong District). Here if there were no Muslim
population, Wali Khan did not have introduced “Sharia law” because
“Sharia Law” is specially meant for Muslims. Until then Mrauk-U dynasty
was not founded. So denial of Muslim presence or accusation that there
were no Muslims before Mrauk-U period is purely due to ignorance of
history or due to their ultra motives. It might be partly due to the
weakness of Muslims in discovering and recording their own history. This
Muslims of Arakan fall outside the main streams and this historian,
neglected them. Delicate points of their history mostly have been over
looked.<br />
<span style="text-decoration: underline;">(4) In Mrauk-U period there
was only a small community of Muslims comprising some slave descendant
and King Narameik Hla’s Bengal retinue:</span><br />
Of course there were thousands of war captives brought from east
Bengal by Rakhine Kings during their military excursion there. (Rambree
Saya Daw, Dannya Waddy Arey Dawpon, and Sayadaw U Nya Na, Dannya Waddy
Maha Razwin). Again there had been slave hunting business in Arakan for
centuries. Rakhine in collaboration with Portuguese pirates perpetuated
slave hunting through out and the yearly captives in the 17<sup>th</sup>
century was in thousands. Most of them were employed in Arakan (see:
Travelogue of Friar Manrique and History of Chittagong, vol: 1, by Dr.
Kunango). U Hla Tun Pru figured out some instances of them episode by
episode mentioning the names of the vessels carrying them. His sum total
figure is several dozen thousands. (See: U Hla Tun Pru; Arakan Treasure
Trove, Pg: 320-330). But Muslims doubt U Hla Tun Pru’s figure. He might
have reduced the figure of slave population just with the intention of
unlegitimizing present day Muslim population of Arakan. Here U Hla Tun
Pru too is anti-Rohingya, a fact we must realize.<br />
Latest research of Dr. J Lieder says Narameik Hla’s retinue comprised
ten thousand combatants. He did not clearly say whether this figure is
of one retinue or of both (see: J. Lieder, Ascendance of Mrauk-U
Dynasty, 2003). Two Bengal armies came twice to help Narameik Hla (see:
above P: 4). Then the figure of the armed forces would be twenty
thousand.<br />
In retrospect, there had been early Muslim converts (see: above P: 7
& 10). The Muslim rulers and their followers in the north are the
product of Muslim missionaries from India in early 16<sup>th</sup> century. Muslims missionaries U Kadir, U Hana Meya and their associates were allowed by early 16<sup>th</sup>
century Arakan King (perhaps Min Saw Hla) to preach Islam in Arakan.
(See: J. Lieder, A critical shady of Manrique’s works on Arakan and The
Ascendance of Mrauk-U Dynasty, 2003). They built mosques in various
places and preached their religion. People began to convert en masse,
village by village. The momentum was so impressive and extensive that
some conscious Rakhine elders had raised alarm and complained with King
Min Bagyica (Zabauk Shah) (A.D 1532 – 52). The King after consulting his
Luttaw (parliament) restricted the works of missionaries. But by and
then there were hundreds of thousands of Muslim converts in the country.
(See: Pandit U Tha Tun; Rakhine Maha Razwin B.E -1280, pg – 75).<br />
Again there were a lot of Patton exiles when Bengal was captured from
the Patton, by Emperor Akbar of Delhi in 1573 A.D. The Pattons were
well received most of them were employed on prestigious official posts
(see: Dr. Kunango). Portuguese priest Friar Manrique attended the
coronation ceremony of King Thiri Thudamma (a) Salim Shah (A.D 1622-38).
Manrique described the ceremony where almost all military units at the
parade were Muslims. (See: M. Collis, “The Land of Great Image”). J.
Lieder points out again Narapadi Min (1638-1645) to uplift his textile
industry and to enhance foreign trade brought thirty thousand dyers and
weavers from Chittagong and settled them in Arakan valleys despite some
objections from his ministers.<br />
Another considerable fact: A glimpse on old Rakhine Chronicles shows
us that the Rakhine Kings in their war against Moghul, Tripura, Burman,
and Mon used “Kalaas” (Rakhine term for Muslims) in thousands. For
example Min Razagyi (a) Salim Shah in the last decade of 16<sup>th</sup>
century A.D, on his invasion of “Bagu” and “Mawlamyaine” employed
ninety thousands “Kalaa” Muslim fighters. Say the chronicles exaggerated
the figure. Then we take half of its fifty thousand. This fifty
thousand in 16<sup>th</sup> century undoubtedly have multiplied to fifty
lakh to day by its natural growth rate. Nonetheless there were Moghul
Prince Shah Shujah’s followers (see: above page: 13). Adding together
all these historical categories of Muslims, we can imagine the
population figure of Mrauk-U period. How can it be a small community?
That notion is just nonsense and rubbish. Muslims have never been a
minority in Arakan though they are today just like a non fixture and a
non-entity. In Mrauk-U, they could make their own King and choose King
of their liking. Compared to Mrauk-U age Muslim Population today is
thinner and heavier because half of the Muslim Population left the
country due to persecution, suppression and massacre. (See: P: 24). This
point we can find in the “Sasana Raung WaTunzephu”, a SPDC publication
in 1997 that Islam spread into Myanmar proper through Arakan. And 3700
Muslim in 1710 during the region of Sane Min fled to Myanmar. They were
settled in 12 different places. This exodus was due to Rakhine King
Sanda Wizaya’s suppression of Muslims, he was also the King who
deposited the Kamans into Rambree and Akyab islands. (See: above P: 31).<br />
<span style="text-decoration: underline;">(5) Slave community was not allowed to have marriage life</span><br />
So-called slave community! An important phenomenon in Arakan history.
This people were not slaves by birth. Many men and women of noble birth
were too forced to undergo this bondage. Primary source materials say
this slave population contains both male and female. (See: Harvey;
Outlines of Burmese History, Dr. Kunango, and Chittagong History). They
were not slaves in the very sense of the word. Their lives were much
freer. But they were employed for all hard and rough work in the
country, especially in Agricultural field. There were some artisans and
technocrats too, who were chosen by the Kings themselves. For example:
Shah Alawal served with two or three Kings continuously. He was also a
captured slave. He was a writer, a poet and later became Rakhine King
Sanda Thudamma’s minister. He wrote many books. He was a literary
genius. He had admirable skill and ability of Arabic, Persian, and
Bengali. His work in Bengali such as “Parda Puthee”, Sikandarnama, and
Roshan Panchali was of excellent merit in Bengali Literature.<br />
In Roshan Panchali, he had narrated the tragedy of his suffering at
the hand of the King on the unfounded accusation of accomplice with
exiled Moghul Prince Shah Shuja. He served seven years prison term where
his life was saved by the intercession of another minister Daulat Gazi
(see: Kunango, History of Chittagong, vol: 1). These slaves in Arakan
were either war prisoners or victims of piracy by Portuguese-Rakhine on a
raiders. Whatsoever, these all were prior to 17<sup>th</sup> century.
Given their notion is correct, there were no marriage life and no
reproduction; no pregnancy of the slaves remained. Again another notion
of the critics, there were no other categories of Muslims either. Then
the question is where the Muslims in mid and late 18<sup>th</sup>
century came from to make their own king to make insurrection in whole
over the country. (See: Rakhine Stali Chronicle). Where the Muslims came
from with that some Rakhine had collaborated to make King of their own
choice during the chaotic period of 18<sup>th</sup> century. (Netmgit
San Hung, Rakhine Thahaya magazine 2002, Rakhine Kings and the Sak
(Thek) tribes). Where those Muslims expatiate and war prisoners came
from in Bodaw Phya’s time? (See: Bonpauk Thakyaw, The danger of
Rohingya).<br />
If there were no Muslims as the critics are highlighting why did
Bodaw Phya appointed a special Muslim Mayor Myowan to handle Muslim
affairs (see: J. Lieder, Muslim names of Arakan Kings). Here my reader
can make a correct judgment on the illusionary version of so called
Rohingya history critics.<br />
<span style="text-decoration: underline;">(6) Muslims in Rakhine period required to take travel permit</span><br />
This is just intended in demeaning the political image of Rohingya.
Their criticism or argumentations were not relevant and lack of
sequence. They say there were no Muslims, then for whom this permit is
needed. This is a very unruly argument. To bring value to their notion,
this quoted Friar Manrique. There is none this sort of remark in
Manrique’s works. Referring to Marique, Dr. Kunango writes: Muslims in
Mrauk-U then was a privileged class. For various reasons, Arakan Kings
had to rely on Muslims. Counselors of Arakan Kings were Muslims. Units
of armed forces were composed of Muslims. Senior Ministers such as
Sulaiman, Majlis, Naverez, Syid Musa, Daulat Razi, Ashrof, Shah Alawal
and many others were Muslims. Even Arakan foreign correspondence was
found in Persian, the writing language of Muslims in Arakan. J. Lieder
had discovered some instances of correspondence in Persia with Dutch at
Batavia in 18<sup>th</sup> century. (See: J. Lieder, The Ascendance of Mrauk-U Dynasty).<br />
Muslim armed forces were the main strength of Kings Min Khamaung (a)
Hussein Shah and Min Razagyi (a) Salim Shah in their wars against the
Portuguese in early 17<sup>th</sup> century. So, how can it be logical
to imagine Muslims required travel permit. Dr. Kunango narrated
Portuguese attempted two times in early 17<sup>th</sup> century to seize
the throne of Arakan. Each time it was suppressed ruthlessly. Hundreds
were killed. Their stronghold at Sandwip Island was captured. Other
hundreds were kept in confinement. This confined Portuguese required
taking travel permit. Issuant of this permit was Arakan Governor of
Chittagong. It was just to prevent the Portuguese from getting with the
Moghul in the west, the rival of Rakhine. Marique’s trip to Arakan
itself was to rescue the confined Portuguese. (See: Dr. Kunango, History
of Chittagong). If in Marique’s record there were something like
foreigners required travel permit, it was not for Muslims but for
Portuguese alone. Muslims were not foreigners. They were natives.
Noticeable point here is this permit was issued by Chittagong Governor.
How could Muslims in Mrauk-U obtain this permit without traveling across
the country up to Chittagong? When they can travel to Chittagong
without permit, there were no Rakhine territories to go further with so
said permit. This background confutes the notion that Muslims in Mrauk-U
period required travel permit.<br />
<span style="text-decoration: underline;">(7) R.B Smart’s Burma gazetteer, Akyab district as a document to prove Rohingya’s being aliens:</span><br />
It is the biggest weapon of Rohingya’s critics. Almost all opponents
used to refer this book to disgrace Rohingya politically. Critics say
R.B Smart had described this Muslims of Arakan as Chittagonians. May I
ask has a writer or an officer the right or power to define or appellate
a peoples’ ethnic name. What shall you say? In the same gazetteer, he
called Rakhine “Magh”. Can Rakhine be “Magh” because R.B Smart said so
-What is your response to this? Further major Anthony Irwin and Field
Marshal William Slim too described Rakhine as “Magh” where as Muslims
are called Arakanese. (See: A. Irwin, Burmese Outpost and W. Slim;
“Defeat into Victory”). Do you accept “Magh” as your racial name because
these entire British officials write so. These are the military
officers with whom you fully co-operated in antifascist war ? So they
cannot be said biased. In fact R.B Smart was only biased officer. He was
motivated or influenced by his Rakhine staffers.<br />
Another point the critics selected to highlight is British time
immigrants and the increase Muslim population in the census returns. R.B
Smart himself explained the causes of increase in the census returns.
He said it was firstly due to returning of Burmese time expatriates.
Secondly there were seasonal laborers who used to come into Arakan for
seasonal work. The laborers from Chittagong used to come during open
season when the census taking process was ongoing. These laborers were
also included in the census. But once the season was over, the laborers
returned to their home. They never remained for permanent settlement
except a few. Some who remained in Arakan for permanent residency took
F.R.Cs. Dr. Than Tun remarks these seasonal laborers as floating
population. (See: Than Tun, Trade Development in Arakan, Myanmar Danna
magazine 1999, August Issues). R. Adlof and Virginia Thomson explained
the case of Indian immigrants more precisely. They say Indian immigrants
into Burma proper were different from those into Arakan. Immigrants
into Burma comprise traders, office staffers, and general workers. More
or less most of them settled for long time in Burma. But immigrants into
Arakan were mostly seasonal laborers. This group used to return to
their homeland Chittagong after working season was over. (See: R. Adlof
and Virginia Thomson; minority problem in south East Asia). These
laborers included in the census under the headline of Muslims which
included native Muslims too. There were not separate column for
foreigners. Sometimes natives and immigrant laborers were jointly
recorded as Chittagonians. Thus increase population of Muslims or
Chittagonians was due to the system of British census taking.<br />
They deliberately or unknowingly mixed the natives with foreigners.
Thus this increase of census returns cannot be an excuse to charge
natives to be Chittagonians or aliens. The price of British census
incongruity should not be given by the Rohingyas. The most odious point
is – Smart mentions the returning Rakhine as expatriates. Through
expatriates consist of Muslims their case was omitted. Muslims were
referred as Chittagonians. Is it fair? Is it right? Not at all. He was
motivated expatriates originally from Rambree island chose Rathedaung
area for their new settlement. That is why most Rakhine in Rathedaung
area speak Rambree dialect. (See: R. B Smart; Burma gazetteer, Akyab
district). Muslim expatriates who returned from Chittagong chose their
new settlement in mostly northern townships. This was partly because of
social disharmony between Rakhines and Muslims. Consequently Arakan
north became Muslim majority area. Density of Muslims in the north
further increased on the aftermath of 1942 pogrom.<br />
<span style="text-decoration: underline;">(8) 1942 Pogrom: Who suffered the worst ?</span><br />
<span style="text-decoration: underline;"> </span><br />
This charge is totally groundless. This so called riot is a historic
landmark. In Rohingya villages, calendar years are calculated from that
landmark year. Neither post war British Government nor post independence
Myanmar Government made any effort to keep correct records of these
events. Individual records may be unfair, unbalanced and sometimes
difficult to publicize. Muslims records go against the interest of
Rakhine whereas Rakhine records against the Muslim vice versa. After all
to reduce the arguments of Rohingya’s opponents, I chose the works of
two active Rakhine leaders. In these records, we can find the hints who
were the aggressors and who were the victims and who suffered the
greatest loss.<br />
These two leaders I choose to refer are also “Nainshan Gouri Prize”
awardees. I hope their works will give some satisfactory answers to
accusations raised by Rohingya’s opponents. They unveiled some secrets
of the riots although they too are very cautious and restraint to
discuss the casualties and losses of Muslims. Yet seeing their works
those who put the blame on Rohingya can adjust their views and accept
what the truth in the field really was.<br />
Critics say Muslims got arms from retreating British “Rajput” force
and initiated the riot. Both Bonpauk Tha Kyaw and U Ba San say the
remnants of last British forces were found in Akyab and Maung Daw in the
early 1942. Muslims enjoyed the support of “Rajput” British force the
riot should have started from towns where still were their presence. But
both Bonpauk and U Ba San say the riot started from Myebou town in the
south which is Rakhine majority area and British had completely
withdrawn from there. Bonpauk say in the absence of proper Government in
early 1942, militants units were formed in all townships of Akyab
district. Akyab then had nine townships. He did not narrate who
organized these militant units what he says is he was unable to control
the militant gangs who were freely looting, rampaging and killing Muslim
population there. Mimbya town became the headquarter of militants.
Bonpauk says gang leaders take pride and boast to have killed hundreds
of Muslims daily by their own hands. (see: Bonpauk Tha Kyaw; “Tawlenrey
Khriway”, 1973). Here is the analysis: if one leader can kill hundreds,
dozens of leaders across the region then could have killed thousands a
day. What about the acts of their followers? This anarchy lasted from
mid-March to May. In this long period, we can imagine what the figure of
the casualties. Most of the Muslim villages from Myebon to Kyauk Taw
were burned down. Properties were looted.<br />
When British withdrew, they handed over Arakan civil administration
to commissioner U Kyaw Khaing. His police forces in the town were unable
to enforce law and order. Actual power was in the hands of militant
gang. Bonpauk says U Kyaw Khaing had been inflecting around the towns
with his streamer. But he was 24 hours drunk. He was a terrible man. He
could do little to improve law and order situation. Bonpauk says he
asked the militants not to fight communal war but to prepare to fight
the common enemy (British). He said after long effort and continuous
persuasion some gang leaders along with their followers accepted finally
to undergo a short term military training course sponsored by him.
(See: Bonpauk, Tawlenray Khriway). This all happened in central and
south Arakan save Kyaukpyu town and Sandoway district. These riot
stricken towns were Muslim minority area. Both Bonpauk and U Ba San did
not mention any aggressive acts from the side of Muslims there. They did
not discuss any act of resistance. It might be Muslims there were
armless, unprepared and unexpectedly the victims of killing spree. Being
subjected to grusome massacres, Muslims began to flee into the north
of the country where Muslims are majority. But the route to that haven
is not smooth one. There were not proper roads or paths. It was an area
of wild jungle from Kyauk Taw to Buthidaung in the north-west. The
jungle covered an area of about 40 miles width. This jungle area was
blocked by parallel mountain ranges and rivers. The worst thing was this
fleeing caravans were not allowed to run away freely. They were blocked
on the way by the militants. In some cases, all found on the way were
murdered. This notion was substantiated by the remark of Field Marshal
William Slim. Marshal Slim described in his book, he faced a great
difficulty to cross Apauk-Wa pass from Rathedaung-Buthidaung side to
Kyauk Taw in 1944, i.e. two years after the riot, because the pathway
along the pass was blocked by human skeletons. (See: F. W Slim; “Defeat
into victory”).<br />
Muslim version remark on commissioner U Kyaw Khaing was different.
Muslims said he supplied arms and ammunitions to the militants from
police stations which were under his control. So Muslims saw him as the
most responsible person for their losses of men and materials. So when
Muslims saw him returning from his inspection journey (a journey Muslims
take to be encouraging to the Rakhine community in Buthidaung) from
Buthidaung he was ambushed by Muslims and died on board his launch.<br />
Both Bonpauk and U Ba San did not mention any casualties of Rakhine
in inner Arakan. Both say Muslims in Akyab alone with the help of
“Rajput” forces did some excessive deeds on Rakhine in the earliest days
of the year.<br />
Muslims who could escape the onslaught in inner Arakan rashly fled
into the north. Despite risk of life thousands could cross the jungle
way and reached the Mayu region. Some stationed them and some had
crossed the border to reach India, where British Government had
sheltered them in “Raungpur” refugee camps. Mosheyegar described the
number to be sixty thousand. Muslim version of the refugee figure is
more than that. After the war until post independence Government the
refugees were repatriated with co-ordination of official, of both
Governments. Mosheyegar says still some thirteen thousand refugees were
not allowed to come back. The Muslim returnees were not able to settle
down in their original places in central and south Arakan. They had to
settle down in Akyab, Buthidaung and Maung Daw townships. Thus hundreds
of villages along with their land properties deserted by the Muslims
were occupied by Rakhine community in Myebon, Minbya, Pauk-Taw,
Punnakyunn, Kyauk Taw, Mrauk-U and Rathedaung townships. Some refugees
could not return. Those returnees were unable to access their original
villages and properties. According to Mosheyegar, these two are among
the causes of rising Mujahid movement later. (See: M. yagar; “Muslims of
Burma”, 1972).<br />
BIA army led by Bo Yan Aung reached Arakan a few weeks ahead of
Japanese Army. U Thein Pe Myint writes BIA maneuvered hard to reach
Arakan ahead of Japanese Army. (See: Thein Pe Myint; Tawlenrey
Khrithee). Bo Yan Aung made his headquarter at Minbya. Bonpauk says he
became very friendly with Bo Yan Aung. He saves some lives of the
militant leaders by interceding with Bo Yan Aung. This means Bo Yan Aung
realized the excesses done by the militants in the vacuum of proper
Government. Law of the land then was in their hands. They were free to
act on their will. Later when Japanese reached that area, Japanese
commander had arrested one Buddhist clergy Sayadaw U Sein Dah of Myebon
on charges of patronizing the massacre of Muslims and burning down of
their villages. But Bo Yan Aung interceded to save the life of the
clergy. (See: Bonpauk; 1973). Sayadaw U Sein Dah was a very influential
figure. He ever led an insurgent movement along with Bonpauk from
pre-independence period. (See: Tetmadaw Thamaing, vol: 4, Pg-190).<br />
Muslims in Arakan there were very thankful to Japanese for their
timely arrival which protected their plight from turning to the worst.
Some Muslims, in some case village wide got safely and security in the
hands of Japanese army that they did not had to flee.<br />
Bonpauk narrated having got information of the situation in
Buthidaung (north Arakan where Rakhine were at the threat of Muslim
revenge, all elders in Akyab gathered at “Rupa” village primary school
where it was decided to send arms and ammunition) to Buthidaung to
rescue the Rakhine there. But perhaps a few days later the launch loaded
with arms and ammunitions was captured by Japanese early in the mooring
before it could depart for it destination. Those in charge of the
launch were saved from punishment by the intercession of Bo Yan Aung.
This narration of Bonpauk indicates the fact the arson, looting and acts
of massacre were not accidental but well organized and enjoyed the
patronization of some influential elderly people.<br />
Bonpauk writes when British withdrew from Akyab in early 1942, he
made friendship with Karen soldiers’ in charge of arsenals in Akyab. He
said he looted the arsenal of Plauk Taung (Akyab) and sent four raw
boats loaded arms and ammunitions to Laung Che Chang, Minbya. Minbya was
the headquarter of militant gangs. God knows for who intended this
military equipments and where these reached.<br />
Both Bonpauk and U Ba San write Rakhine in Maung Daw, Buthidaung
suffered up to some extend especially due to retaliatory acts of
refugees from south and central Arakan. Maung Daw was safer, because
there still was British rule. Rakhine in Maung Daw able to cross to the
other side of the border where they were sheltered in “Dainuspur refugee
camp”. Mosheyegar said their number was about twenty thousand.<br />
The main fatality of Rakhine occurred in Buthidaung when a motor
Launch overloaded with fleeing refugees sank. It was in May, Bo Yan Aung
was returning from his peace making trip to Maung Daw. Rakhine in
Buthidaung highly frightened by pending assault of Muslim retaliation
rashly jumped into a motor launch so as they can accompany Bo Yan Aung
on his way back to Akyab. This overloaded launch capsized and sank. Both
Bonpauk and U Ba San narrated the death toll of the accident about
three hundred. Some Rakhine in Buthitaung also ran away through the
jungle route in the east to central Arakan. Thus due to this riot of
1942 demographic structure of Arakan changed. North Arakan became Muslim
area where as central and south Arakan became Rakhine dominant area.
(See: Anthorny Irwin; Burmese Outpost).<br />
To finalize the footage of this crisis is that Muslims were contained
and restraint. Retaliation in Maung Daw, Buthidaung were not as wild as
expected. Muslim losses were hundred times larger than the Rakhines. In
the absence of official record one can express his imagination freely.
Fact is the victors are blaming the victims. If there were international
criminal court of just like today many gentleman some of whom later
enjoyed high ranking Government position would had gone to the tribunal.<br />
In the riot stricken townships from Myebon to Rathedaung approximate
total Muslim population would had been then about four or five lakh
roughly half of the total population of Akyab district. One fourth of
them were assumed to have been killed. Half of them were uprooted. Only
one fourth was able to remain in their original places mainly due to the
help provided by Japanese.<br />
In fact this crisis was not a riot in full meaning. It was one sided
massacre. It was in the series of many agendas well planned by
exchisionist in Arakan. It was nothing but ethnic cleansing in its full
meaning during the darkness of Second World War.<br />
<span style="text-decoration: underline;">(9) Mujahids (Muslim insurgents) in the north Arakan persecuted the Rakhines or not ?</span><br />
It was one of the interesting issues. Israeli historian Mosheyegar listed the causes of Mujahid uprising. He points out –<br />
(1) Thousands of refugees in India camp were not allowed to return.<br />
(2) Those allowed to return were not given the right to return to their original places.<br />
(3) Muslim Government staffs were discharged from jobs.<br />
(4) Land properties were seized to distribute among Rakhine population.<br />
These and many other discriminatory acts led the Muslims to take
arms. (M.yegar; Muslims of Burma, 1972). These who do not know the
grass-roots facts and situation will be apt to believe that Mujahid
indeed exercised some gruel deeds over the Rakhine minority there.
Biased and bigotry literature and black propagandas of almost half a
century indeed had some effects in the mind of people today. Many got a
wrong image of Mujahids as well as Rohingya. Many think Mujahids and
Rahingyas are the same. The main course of Mujahid uprising, besides
those mentioned above was the existence of Rakhine armed insurgent
groups. The bitter experience of 1942 riot compelled them to feel
insecure without armed group to protect them. There were a lot of logic
and rationale that kept the insurgent groups in Arakan at a status
quo-position especially in the context of inter-group relations. North
Arakan was the stronghold of Mujahids, whose movement started in 1948.
Their main stream group surrendered in 1961 having an understanding with
the Government. Some even think Mujahids are then Pakistani. Government
has no reason to facilitate foreign insurgents. Mujahids got firm
promises from the Government to get genuine indigenous race status in
Burma. (See: Brig: Aung Gyi’s speech at Mujahid surrendering ceremony,
“The future of Mayu”).In facts Mujahid sometimes were very uncivil;
sometimes they have had rough edges. They sometimes killed persons and
burnt down villages if they found them non cooperative and non
supportive. But these all were exercised on Muslims not on Rakhine. They
might be elite about Mujahid’s cruelty on Rakhine, in practice there is
no record of Rakhine being killed and Rakhine villages having been
burnt down. Instead according to former Mujahid elderly men Rakhine
enjoyed a special status in their domain. Mujahids were restraint and
contained in dealing with Rakhine. They were said to be very cautious
not to flare up any racial problem. There were unwritten understanding
among the insurgent groups not to exercise their power excessively
towards opposite race. If Mujahids persecuted the Rakhine as it is
accused today. Rakhine insurgents in the south would not have stood
still with their arms folded. They would naturally retaliate on Muslims
ad midst them. But that sort of thing actually did not take place
anywhere. Even sometimes insurgent groups of various colors and races
were in alliance. If there were any excess on the part of Mujahids as
some elements today are trying to highlight. (See: Critique of
Rahingya’s false History, Japan, 2003), it was unnoticeable compare to
the cruelties exercised on Rohingya by BTF paramilitary force
exclusively composed of Rakhine personal. In response to complaint
raised by Rohingya parliamentarians Government had to take action
against those culprits and finally BTF was replaced by Chin Special
Rifles headed by captain Khin Za Mon. (see: Some hints in Tetmadaw
Thamaing, vol: 4, Pg-40). Some Rakhine had shifted from the north to the
south in the late 1940s, not because they were oppressed or persecuted
by Mujahids but just to obtain the share of free land abandoned by
Muslims there. Perhaps there might be some who felt guilty conscious and
over feared. They would have their own reasons.<br />
<span style="text-decoration: underline;">(10) Bangladeshi entered into Arakan en masse or not ?</span><br />
It is one of the latest accusations against the Rohingyas. They say
it because they are free to say so. Seasons favor them. They think they
can delude the world. It is part of the strategy to strip Rohingya of
all their rights, to discolor their image, to perpetrate discriminatory
grasp forever. Their version in this connection is, Bangladesh is poor
with an overcrowded population of 150 million. It has not alternative
other than sending its people into neighboring countries. So India had
to erect barrier across the border. So indeed there might be
infiltration into Myanmar too which needed preventive actions. Facts in
grassroots are not as we imagined. Bangladesh is fully aware of the
political, social, economic situation of Arakan. It is neither
industrialized nor socially harmonious region. There is refugee problem
too. Native Muslims are almost a starving. These natives have no right
to go beyond their own townships. They are toiling hard to meet both
ends. They are just eking out for a living. Do they share their fortune
with foreigners? I think not. Due to economic scarcity they have a lot
of family disputes for fair division of family property. Above all there
is a furcating Government mechanism. There is full enforcement of law.
How can a foreigner enter to this place? Further a Bangladeshi is very
distinctive in the midst of Rohingya. Accent of dialect is different.
Anyone can easily single out him or her and trips will very promptly go
to the Government agent or department concerned which is why it is about
15 years, now there have been a Na Sa Ka Force (Border Immigration
Control Forces) stationed along the border on several places, but no
news of illegal entrants ever head. I think this fact alone is more than
to modify the above accusation.<br />
<span style="text-decoration: underline;">(11) Rohingya different culturally from Rakhine to consider them to be Rakhine or Myanmar national:</span><br />
Name, Language different, even different from general Burmese
Muslims. Important point is being different from Rakhine is not a crime.
Thinking it as a crime and fostering that notion to strip Rohingya of
their right is only racism. Every people have its own right to preserve
their culture and language. Of course there is some rationale that over
sea immigrants should have to discard their old being and adopt the
culture of their new choice of land. But Rohingyas are not over sea
immigrants. As seen above they are there from the start of the history.
From legal point of existing Myanmar Law Rohingyas are not bound to be
alike to Rakhine. Myanmar Laws don’t force anyone to adopt other’s
culture. The region Rohingyas line has been culturally independent for
many many centuries. It is not like the environment of Myanmar Muslims,
who live in this midst of Burman. Burmese automatically became their
first Language. Most of them are Burmese mix-blood. When we study the
Etymology of Arakan it has never been a Rakhine Pyi. Rakhine Pyi became
only from 1974. There was an “Arakanistan” movement led by U Hla Tun
Pru, for many Myanmar State Council Member, during pre independence
period. (See: U Kyaw Wints; “History of Myanmar”, 1958, Pg-62). So
Arakan is for all Arakanese. If it was the property of only Rakhine, we
could have abandoned it from the very beginning. Making cultural
affinity a criteria of enjoying nationality is hegemonic tendency, and
racial chauvinism.<br />
Of course there are some Muslims who speak Rakhine Language, due to
mix marriage or proximity of settlement. They are very tiny percentage
of Muslims in Arakan. Sometimes we find the offsprings of foreigners
speak Rakhine Language; can he or she is Arakanese benefice? We must
note until independence, almost all Rakhine, especially in the north
were bilingual. Rohingya Language was so dominant through out Arakan
History that it has been means of communication in Arakan. It was the
common language of Arakanese. Rohingya, Hindus, Daing Net, Bruwa and
some hilly peoples commonly use this Rohingya Language as their first
language with a slight difference of accent. Thus Rakhine had no option
other than to learn that Rohang Language. (See: Francois Buchanin, “A
study on the Languages of Burma Empire, 1798). Buchanin had analyzed in
detail about the dominance of Rohingya Language then.<br />
As we have seen above Rohingya was a privileged community in Maruk-U
period. They were never compelled to speak Rakhine Language. In
contrast, Rakhine speak Rohingya Language. Not the common people, the
ruling class too used to speak in Rohingya. King Thiri Thudamma
conversed with Friar Manrique in Indian Language. (See: M. Collis; “The
Land of Great Image”. Rakhine not only preferred the language but used
to keep Muslim names. Nearly twenty Rakhine Kings were found with Muslim
names. In this backdrop history, how can we expect Rohingya to speak
Rakhine and to keep Rakhine names?<br />
If Rohingya were aliens, immigrated into Arakan in search of greener
pastures they would have adopted Rakhine Language and culture. They
would have picked up the settled native people’s language. Adoptability
enhances social and economic comfort. But the case in Arakan was adverse
of it. Rohingya were the settled native population, where Rakhine
lately entered and got political supremacy. The late entrants had no
option other than learning and adopting the language of the natives for
their routine communication. So Rohingya’s not speaking Rakhine and not
keeping Rakhine names have had a strong historical background. This
deeply rooted culture cannot be faded away over night despite the demand
of present day political and social atmosphere there. Rohingya’s
sticking to their own culture should not be a factor to measure them as
not being benefice natives but aliens. We can see similar distinctive
ethnic and cultural phenomena in all the borders of Myanmar.<br />
The cultural influence of this Muslims in Arakan was very deep.
Rakhine Kings have Muslim names. Rakhine poet name was Abdu Min Nyo.
Rakhine treasury officers were called Dabaing (Dewan).Rakhine post
officers were called Shah Bandar. Terms of official rank and file were
in Persian. Arakan Naval Fleet was with Muslim names such as Ghurab,
Pangyi, and Zalbah etc. (see: Kunango). Weaponry of Rakhine artillery
seized by Bodaw Phya bear Muslim names inscribed on them in Persian.
(See: Pamela; “The Lost Kingdom).<br />
So in this case of this Arakan Muslims or Rahingya, cultural affinity
with the dominant Rakhine should not be stiff criteria. Assessing the
above background, we should consider this issue with some discount.<br />
<strong>The Paradox of Rakhine History Version</strong><br />
The version of Rakhine on their ethnic root is paradoxical. Sometimes
they say, they are Tibeto-Burman and akin to Burman proper. Sometime
they say they are not from the Tibeto-Burman stock, but Indo-Aryan. Two
opposite promises, perhaps for linkage of history, civilization, and
grandeur of the past they styled as Indo-Aryans whose rule prevailed in
Arakan for more than a millennium until the over run of Burmans. On the
other hand not to alienate from their original stock they say they are
Burman. Actually the second version seemed correct. In earlier Rakhine
chronicles and literature we see Rakhine claimed them as Myanmar. (See:
Dannya Waddy Areydaw Pon).<br />
Rakhine in Bangladesh still take Myanmar as their official
appellation. Thus the claim to be Indo-Aryan is a plot twist and turn of
Rakhine chroniclers to grab away the past history from Rohingya.
Rakhine called Indian “Kalaah” as the Burman do. If they themselves are
Indian, is it logical to call others as “Kalaah” (see: also above P:
22).<br />
The double paradox is they sometimes claim to be “Maghadi” people
from central India where Lord Buddha was born. One of the reasons of
calling the Rakhines as “Magh” is because they were from Maghada. But in
Muslim sense “Magh” means pirate. Historians say Maghadi people
migrated into Chittagong-Arakan region due to religious persecution and
these migrants mixed up with natives. Thus Chittagong dialect was
Maghadi influence. It has been so extensive that Chittagong dialect is
divorced from Bengali proper. Chittagong dialect’s being different from
Bengali must naturally due to the influence of language of neighboring
Burman. But there is no Burmese or Rakhine penetration because those
people in early Arakan were Maghadi (north India). Only the influence of
Maghadi parakrit is found in Rohingya. Maghadi influence in Rohingya is
stronger because Rohang is further away from Bengal than Chittagong. So
Bangali impact on Rohingya language is linear. In another way we can
say Chittagong Language was highly influenced by the Language of early
Arakan. That is it is not Rohingya who speak Chittagonian dialect but it
is Chittagonian who speak Rohingya Language. Arakan’s early
inscriptions bear greater similarity with Rohingya Language despite some
changes in Rohingya language in the course of centuries. Rakhine
language has no trace of Maghadi or early inscriptions of Arakan. It is
just an early form of Burmese. Thus there are adages in Burma. “Pein
Reit mamaing Rakhine Mae and Rakhine Ohhara, Myanmar Pohhrana” meaning
“ask Rakhine for correct spelling and Rakhine daily usages are Myanmar’s
glossaries”. In ethnic aspect the feature, the complexion of Rakhine
has no affinity with ethnic Maghadi or Indian. By all measure of
ethnicity Rakhine is a Burman race. They are in all aspect; especially
the southerners are entirely similar to Burman. No Burmese historian
says that Myanmar (Burmans) is Maghadis. So there is no a single strand
of reason to assume Rakhine to be Maghadi. If there were Maghadi
migrants into Arakan they would be the Rohingya of today. Linguistic and
ethnic affinities with those central Indian are only found in Rohingya.<br />
<strong>Nationality</strong><br />
Rohingyas were genuine nationality of Myanmar. How? The question of
citizenship was no serious issue in Myanmar and Rakhine period. It
became a political issue only during British time because of massive
immigrants’ stiffen. When Burma was politically separated from in Indian
in 1937 natives remained citizen where as foreigners had got to
register as foreigners under 1940 foreigner registration act. Rohingya
still were calm as Burmese citizen in 1935, under Governor’s council;
there was a legislative council too. Rhingya got representation there as
natives not as Indian. Their MLC was “Goni Maracan” of Akyab. Those who
contested with Goni Maracan were advocate U Aung Tun Khaing and U Shwe
Tha. That was the proof of they were natives’ runners.<br />
Thus Goni Maracan was too a native representative. Boghoke Aung San
gave them full citizenship rights. Rohingya were allowed to represent in
his time in the constitutional assembly. After independence the
question of citizenship became more serious and important. Then 1948
citizenship act was enacted. Under 1947 constitution and 1948 Burma
citizenship act, Rohingya still enjoyed full citizenship rights. Mr.
Sultan Ahmed and Mr. Abdul Gaffer were members, 1947 constitution
drafting committee (see: U Kyaw Win + 3; “History of Myanmar”, 1958-62).
That was the proof of Bogoke’s recognition of Rohingya as Myanmar
citizen 1947. Rohingya got the right to elect and to be elected in all
elections of state organs, specially the parliament. They have M.Ps,
parliament secretaries and even one minister once. Sultan Mahmood M.P
from Buthidaung was health minister in U Nu’s Last Patasa Government.
These all passed smoothly because every one then knew that Rohingyas
were indigenous people of Myanmar not Indians. Rohingya region was
provided with school, hospital, post office. Rohingya have been regular
tax payers until today. They obtained Burmese passport in case of
foreign travel. They got employment in all Government departments
including armed forces and police forces.<br />
Another legal and historical point is Bogyoke Aung San himself had
settled Rohingya’s citizenship question with Pakistani leader Mr. M. Ali
Jinna at his Krachi meeting on 7<sup>th</sup>, January, 1947.. But the
situation turned different recently. Rohingya cannot get nationality
scrutiny cards. They have been treated as foreigners or stateless. Their
life in every sphere is constricted. To be frank, 1982 citizenship new
law is so discriminatory that Rohingya virtually became stateless and
unwelcome community in Myanmar.<br />
<strong>The Situation</strong><br />
No one can deny the shining dynasty of Mrauk-U, Arakan was founded by
the help of Muslims (see: above P: 21). The grandeur and splendor we
relished there were the fruits of Muslim contribution. We were a
political fixture in Mrauk-U age. Bodaw Phaya appointed an especial
Muslims Myowan for Muslim affairs (see: J. Lieder; Muslim name of Arakan
Kings). The critics of Rohingya say, “We agree with you”. We accept
those early Muslims. They are today very much alike to us. They speak
Rakhine Language. They adopted Rakhine culture. So they are among so
called 135 indigenous Myanmar nationals. Of course they are none but the
Kamans. You see Kaman is so called because they were archers. It is a
Persian term. Persian on those days was Arakan’s official language. Name
of places, peoples, official destination etc. were mostly in Persian.
The term Magh (Rakhine) is also a Persian word depicting pirate. Rakhine
were famous for their piracy along with Portuguese. From among the
followers of Shah Shujah, the archers were recruited as the King
bodyguards (see: above P: 13). By singling out these archers (Kaman) you
cannot distract the attention from mainstream Muslims who are Rohingya.
There are dozen of categories of Muslims in Arakan besides the Kamans.
Kaman is not the whole but a part of the whole. Kamans claim to be
ethnically Rakhine. U Hla Tun Pru complemented that notion (see: U Hla
Tun Pru; “History of Rakhine Nationalities, 1982). Here the question is
not of Rakhine with Muslim faith. Question here is of those whom you
called “Kalaa”.<br />
Singling out the Kamans as the symbol of early Muslims described
above is nothing but a ploy to suppress the rest of the Muslims. Kamans
were deported by Sanda Wizeya (1710-19) in early 18<sup>th</sup> century
to Akyab and Rambree islands. In 1737, about 2 decades after the Kaman
deportation Sultan Razi Ketra ascended to the throne of Arakan. The
question is “early Muslims” means the followers, supporters of Sultan
Raza Ketra.<br />
Kaman population is in thousands today. They cannot represent the
whole Muslim community. Rakhine chronicles say when Muslim King Sultan
Razi Ketra was dethroned there was a countrywide insurrection of
Muslims. (See: Rakhine State Chronicle, 1984). At that time, Kamans were
exiled in Rambree and Akyab islands. Countrywide means Muslims from all
towns involved. So how can exiled Kaman alone can be singled out to be
the early Muslim of Arakan. Twist and turn is not always useful in
politics. It is the age of knowledge and awareness. We cannot befool the
people all the time. So be fair and sincere to us. Age of ignorance is
gone. Everyone wants to preserve his own identity. You must reel on with
Rohingya. They have been a filature in Arakan’s politics and
demography. Rohingya naturally have their dreams and visions. Let us
respect the feeling and freedom of others. The solution lies only there.<br />
<strong> </strong><br />
<strong>The Last Word</strong><br />
Judging from all these historical and legal background we can say
Rohingya is a rightful fixture in Arakan political landscape. We cannot
reverse by gone history. We can give trouble, we can impoverish a
people, we can degenerate by force a people for sometime, but not
forever. We cannot annihilate a race as a whole on our own will. It
might be possible to change political maps of the world. But it is
almost difficult to extinguish a people. Despite Hitler Holocaust there
still are Jews. In Rowanda and Bosinia there still are those peoples who
were subjected to genocide. My advice to all of us is let us wash out
our rusty out-worn mentality and racialistic ideas. Century long
chauvinism does not bring any good fruits. Hatred on us breeds hatred.
Amity and friendship will bring prosperity. It is time for us to come
into sense and reasons. We must stop bickering. Unless we are courageous
enough to accept the reality of history we will be in fiasco.<br />
Whatever is the contention we are Arakanese intrinsically. Our food,
our clothes, our language, our behavior, our mentality, all bear a lot
of identical phenomena despite our differences on culture and belief. We
have lived in Arakan for centuries and have grown to love it. Outsiders
know us as Rakhine. We feel enraged when one is insulted in the name of
Rakhine.<br />
By mispropaganda or false presentation of Rohingya’s identity perhaps
we can fool some people for sometime not all forever. The world is very
waking today. Many voluntary historians are unearthing the history of
minorities. Many outfits, organizations are working for the salvation of
oppressed minorities. Today one third of Rohingyas are in overseas
countries living as expatriates. Yet today half of about 35 lakh Arakan
population is Rohingya. Arakan means not only Rakhine. It is a
multiracial state. Our attachment is too exclusively “Rakhineness” of
Arakan is a delusion. Ultra nationalistic rhetoric and adulterated
historical literature (just like the critique, published in Japan in
2003) to please the ignorant will lead us into a ruinous future. Let us
search for a common platform as it was in the past to share and enjoy
the future. (Zul Nurain)<br />
<strong> </strong><br />
<strong>“The Author’s Note”</strong><br />
This treatise is controversial and contentious in nature because it
explores the hidden truth of Arakan history which in fact goes against
the vested interest of some people. The explanation on repudiation and
blames just hit the nail right on the head. So there will be some
elements who will try to give trouble to the writer. But on the whole,
my desire is to go through diversity to unity and to sort out our future
on historical realities. My wish is the betterment of Arakan. Yet, I am
cautious to introduce myself. In a good atmosphere, I will write a more
complete preface for this treatise. I will work to gain the symphony
and philanthropy of admirers of Rohingya in this period of their dire
plight. I wish good luck and prosperity for all my readers.<br />
Long live Rakhine-Rohingya friendship.<br />
Yours,<br />
Zul Nurain<br />
Aung San (Bogyoke)<br />
(Father of Nobel Peace Laureate Daw Aung San Suu Kyi )<br />
(a city in Indonesia, indices)<br />
Abdul Gaffer (M.L.C -1947)<br />
Amarathu Badr Makan (a Mro ruler of traditional period of 10<sup>th</sup> century)<br />
Bodaw Phya (Myanmar King)<br />
Dannya Waddy<br />
Emile Forcchammer<br />
Gesapa Nadi (Kaladan River)<br />
Harvey G.E<br />
Insana Nadi (J. Lieder, Jinna, M.A)<br />
Kaman<br />
Kalapanzan Kethathein (1<sup>st</sup> King of preset Rakhine)<br />
Magh<br />
Mosheyegar<br />
Maghada<br />
Manrique (a Portuguese Priest lived in Arakan about 10 years)<br />
Malayu Nadi<br />
Mahamuni (the holiest Buddhist Shrine of Ancient Arakan)<br />
Makha<br />
Mahavira (an early Wethali King who intergraded a Kingdom)<br />
Narameik Hla<br />
Narapaddi Min<br />
Ngamin Ngadon (the Sak (Thek) King who lost Arakan to Burman)<br />
Plauktaung (Arsenal)<br />
Pamela Guttmann (a prominent scholar on Arakan History)<br />
Paipru<br />
Rajput (British Army Personnel)<br />
Sirimabu Nadi<br />
Sindhi Khan<br />
Slim Shah II (Min Raza Gyi)<br />
Sultan Mahmood (Minister in U Nu cabinet), Ramu (in Burmese PannWa)<br />
Sultan Ahamed (Parliament Secretary), Dr. Than Tun<br />
Sanda Thudamma<br />
San Shwe Bu<br />
Sultan Raza Karera<br />
Sulatain Sandra (Wethali King)<br />
Sanda Dewi (Queen of Sulatain Sandra)<br />
Smart R.B<br />
Shah Shujah (a Maghul Prince exiled in Arakan in 1660 A.D)<br />
Sambawek (First City of Rakhine Dynasty)<br />
Sein Dah Pu (aelergy)<br />
U Nu<br />
U Kyaw Kahine (Commissioner)<br />
Wethali (Verseli)<br />
Wali Khan ( Retinue)<br />
W.S Desai (Sraff Ayagon University)<br />
Zabouk Shah (Min Ba Gyi)<br />
Zainaddin (Principal of national high school)<br />
Amir Hamza (legendary Muslim King of north Arakan)<br />
AtuAwal (a minister of King Sandra Thu)<br />
Ali Khan (2<sup>nd</sup> Mrauk-U King dominate)<br />
Bo Yan Aung<br />
Bon Pauk Thar Kyaw (wartime Rakhine Leader)<br />
Htin Aung, Dr.<br />
Hanumeah (a missionary)<br />
Hanifa<br />
Kalima Shah (Ba Saw Pru, 3<sup>rd</sup> Mrauk-U King)<br />
Keyapuri, Kyaw Thek, Dr.<br />
Letwaidak<br />
Kethreetaung (the capital of Mro period)<br />
Kadir (Indian missionary)<br />
Mon Min Khoung (Ava King)<br />
Razadirit (Mon King)<br />
Robertson (Captain-<br />
Laung Kyet (Arakan capital before Mrauk-U)<br />
Mir Jumla (Chief of staff or Dahli King)<br />
Kalapanzan (valley, river)<br />
Mujahids (Muslim insurgent group in Arakan)<br />
Parapura (the capital King Mahavira first founded)<br />
Ptolemy (Synonymous to Pruma, north Maung Daw)<br />
Pruma<br />
Pyinsa<br />
<span style="text-decoration: underline;">References</span><br />
<strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Burmese:</span></strong> <strong> </strong><br />
Rohingya Thamaing Lingko Wepan Kyinn; a critique, Pub: in Japan by a group of Rakhine, 2003.<br />
<ol>
<li>Ba San, U; My experiences during the resistance, 2002, Yangon.</li>
<li>Nyo Mya, U; Kungbaung Shapondaw, 2003, Yangon.</li>
<li>Tetmaddaw Thamaing vol: 4, Tetmaddaw Mawkuntaik, 1996.</li>
<li>Kyaw Win + 3, U; Myanmar Naing Ngan Thamaing, 1958-62, Yangon, 1992.</li>
<li>Thar Kyaw, Bon Pauk ;( 1) – Tawlen Rey Khriway, Yangon, 1973.</li>
</ol>
(2) – The danger of Rohingya to the Union. A thesis forwarded to the SLORC Government in 1990.<br />
6. Po Glae, U; Our Bogyoke, 1967, Pg-244 (he was press secretary), Yangon, 2003.<br />
7. Hla Tun Pru, U; History of Arakan nationalities, 1997, at the meeting with Mr M.A. Jinna).<br />
(1) – Arakan Treasure Trove<br />
(2) – History of Arakan, a combination of his articles, 1984-1992, published in Malaysia.<br />
(3) –<br />
8. Than Tun, Dr; (1) – 80<sup>th</sup> birthday memorial Bulletin, 2003.<br />
(2) – North Arakan, (an article) in Keliya magazine, August, 1994.<br />
(3) – Trade development in north – west Arakan (an article) in Myanmar Dahnna magazine, July + August issues, 1999.<br />
9. Syadaw, Rambree; Dannya Waddy Areydawpon.<br />
10. Syadaw, U Nyana; Dannya Waddy Maha Razwin.<br />
11. U Tha Tun, Pandid; Rakhine Maha Razwin, B.E 1282.<br />
12. Htin Aung, Dr; Burma before 1280 A.D, Tromps, U Aung Thane, Daung Sadai, Yangon, 2003.<br />
13. Kyaw Thek, Dr; PyitaungSu Myanmar Naing Ngan Thamaing, Khaikmyan Sabai, Yangon.<br />
14. Lay Maung, U; Myanmar Naing Ngan Bey Thamaing, vol – I, 1973.<br />
<strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;">English:</span></strong><br />
1. Kunango, S.B, Dr; History of Chittagong vol – I, 1978, Chittagong, (His Ph.D thesis).<br />
2. J.H.Lieder, Dr; (1) – A critical study of Manrique work on Arakan History, 2002.<br />
(2) – Muslim names for Arakan Kings, Arakanese Research journal II Cox bazaar, B.D 2003.<br />
(3) – Ascendance of Mrauk-U Dynasty (an article), 2004. J. Lieder took his Ph.D on Arakan history, 1998.<br />
3. Guttmann, Pamela; (1) – Ancient Arakan, her Ph.D thesis, 1976.<br />
(2) – The Lost Kingdom, Bangkok.<br />
4.<br />
5.<br />
6. Yegar, Moshe;<br />
7. Phayre,<br />
8. Thomson, Virginia;<br />
9. Smart, R.B<br />
10. Robertson, Captain;<br />
11. Sen, Hmartya;<br />
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
* The views expressed by authors in the
articles are their own, but not necessarily reflect the policy
standpoint of BURMA DIGEST editorial team.
<br />* Readers can also state their views <i>in English</i> in the comment box below; currently 63 Comments. <br /> * This article is archived under <a href="http://burmadigest.info/category/c/" rel="category tag" title="View all posts in Articles in English">Articles in English</a> category</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>ZH-CN</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/>
<w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/>
<w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/>
<w:Word11KerningPairs/>
<w:CachedColBalance/>
<w:UseFELayout/>
</w:Compatibility>
<w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="267">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin-top:0in;
mso-para-margin-right:0in;
mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;
mso-para-margin-left:0in;
line-height:115%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;}
</style>
<![endif]-->
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:vapmqPI1Ys8J:burmadigest.info/2009/12/28/rohingya-history-myth-and-reality/+&cd=1&hl=en&ct=clnk">http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:vapmqPI1Ys8J:burmadigest.info/2009/12/28/rohingya-history-myth-and-reality/+&cd=1&hl=en&ct=clnk</a></span></b></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>Rowannyahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11315383992304973275noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2089436399604203314.post-28440380467844140812012-03-31T23:13:00.001-07:002012-03-31T23:13:37.515-07:00154 - Rebuttal to U Khin Maung Saw’s misinformation on Rohingya<!--[if !mso]>
<style>
v\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
o\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
w\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
.shape {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
</style>
<![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>ZH-CN</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/>
<w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/>
<w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/>
<w:Word11KerningPairs/>
<w:CachedColBalance/>
<w:UseFELayout/>
</w:Compatibility>
<w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="267">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin-top:0in;
mso-para-margin-right:0in;
mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;
mso-para-margin-left:0in;
line-height:115%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;}
</style>
<![endif]-->
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: red; line-height: normal;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rebuttal
to U Khin Maung Saw’s misinformation on Rohingya</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Nurul Islam (U.K.) </span></div>
<div style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 0in 0in 1.0pt 0in;">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 1.0pt 0in; padding: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="display: none; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hide: all;">Top of Form</span></div>
</div>
<div style="border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 1.0pt 0in 0in 0in;">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 0in 0in 0in; padding: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="display: none; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hide: all;">Bottom of Form</span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">02 November 2011</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">During recent years we have read
series of depraved propagandas by a group of fanatics, who are restless to
tarnish the image of the Rohingya people, under the pretext of so-called
scholars/academics/Burmese experts preaching annihilation of the Rohingyas, a
predominantly Muslim community in <b><span style="background: #00AA00; color: white;">Arakan</span></b>,
Burma. One of them is U Khin Maung Saw, a Rakhine Buddhist living in
Berlin, who recently wrote a foul-mouthed and blasphemous paper titled
Islamization of Burma Through Chittagonian Bengalis as “Rohingya Refugees”.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The very title is disgusting where U
Khin Maung Saw accuses the ethnic Rohingyas of illegal Bangladeshis and their
refugees of ‘not genuine but illegal immigrants’. On top of that he makes cry
wolf about islamization of Burma with 55 million population by a small
neglected and underprivileged Rohingya community. His work is packed with false
propagandas, make-believe stories, fantasized history and inflammatory writings
that transmit the odor of ‘systematic racism’ and ‘Muslim Phobia’. It is
an effort for Rakhinization, Buddhistization and de-Muslimization of <b><span style="background: #00AA00; color: white;">Arakan</span></b> through extermination
of the Muslim Rohingya population using the oppressive state apparatus of the
military regimes that emerged from 1962 in various shapes and manifestations,
the last being the current civilianized military government of U Thein Sein. .</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The two pictures on the front page of U Khin Maung Saw’s
paper:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The two pictures U Khin Maung Saw put on the front page of
his paper are not in accord with the title. Both pictures speak themselves. The
upper one is a picture of rescued distress Rohingya boat people praying in a
place of their refuge in Indonesia, while the second one is a picture of the Rohingya
freedom fighters. It seems that these two pictures have invited his extreme
anger. The pictures are related to religious practice and self-defence against
persecution. In no way it relates to so-called islamization.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The fable of camel </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">U Khin Maung Saw’s fable of camel depicts that he escapes
into a world of fantasy. The story does not relate with the Rohingya people,
the sons of the soil of <b><span style="background: #00AA00; color: white;">Arakan</span></b>.
It reveals that he extremely hates the Muslim Rohingyas and incites, aides and
abets communal strife or crimes in <b><span style="background: #00AA00; color: white;">Arakan</span></b>.
But Rohingyas are as much citizens as anyone else in Burma. Neither they are
aliens nor do the Rakhines have special privileges over them. They believe in
peaceful co-existence. They regard the hate-mongers as evils of the society.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Islamization of Burma, a monomania of U Khin Maung Saw </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">U Khin Maung saw often misquoted the word “islamization”,
may be due to his lack of understanding of Islam. Religious enlightenment among
the Muslim society is not islamization, but recommended prayers. The Muslim
Rohingyas are peace-loving; they love to preach their religion, but they don’t
impose it. They have long been subjected to criminal atrocities and
crimes against humanity of various kinds on daily basis perpetrated by the
state and non-state actors. They are living in subhuman condition as
‘stateless” within Burma and ‘refugees’ beyond its borders. How this
dying-alive small negligible oppressed and persecuted people could islamize the
55 million people of Burma. U Khin Maug Saw proves himself to be a xenophobe as
well as an islamophobe who is trying to reap benefit from the global sentiment
against the Muslims and Islam particularly after September 11, 2001 terrorist
attacks on United States by trying to pull the wool over the eyes of the people.
No sensible man will believe this made-up story.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rohingya people and their ethnic origin</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Rohingya with bona fide
historical roots in the region have evolved with distinct ethnic
characteristics in <b><span style="background: #00AA00; color: white;">Arakan</span></b>
from peoples of different ethnical backgrounds over the past several centuries.
<b><span style="background: #00AA00; color: white;">Arakan</span></b> sits on a
line dividing Hindu-Muslim Asia and Buddhist Asia. Genealogically Rohingyas are
Indo-Aryan descendants. Genetically they are an ethnic mix of Bengalis,
Indians, Moghuls, Pathans, Arabs, Persians, Turks, Moors and central Asians.
They are in South Asian appearance in contrast to Southeast Asian, and have
developed a separate culture and a mixed <b><span style="background: #886800; color: white;">language</span></b>, which is absolutely unique to the
region, reflecting this geographic reality and trueness of <b><span style="background: #00AA00; color: white;">Arakan</span></b>. The Muslim
settlements in <b><span style="background: #00AA00; color: white;">Arakan</span></b>
date back to latter part of 7<sup>th</sup> century C.E. Rakhines are last
significant group of people to come to <b><span style="background: #00AA00; color: white;">Arakan</span></b> and are an ethnic mix of the Tibeto-Burman.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Arakan</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">/
Rohang </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="background: #00AA00; color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Arakan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> found itself at the crossroad of two worlds: south Asia and
Southeast Asia, between Muslim-Hindu Asia and Buddhist Asia, and amidst the
Indo-Aryan and Mongoloid races. During its days as an independent kingdom until
1784, <b><span style="background: #00AA00; color: white;">Arakan</span></b>
encompassed at times the Chittagong region in the southern part of today’s
Bangladesh. Historically, it has more interaction with the region now
comprising Bangladesh than Burma. Particularly “the Arakanese kings became the
master of Chittagong and remained so for the next eighty years, until 1666 A.D.
when the Moghul Viceroy Shaista Khan finally conquered Chittagong.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title="">[1]</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The northern part of <b><span style="background: #00AA00; color: white;">Arakan</span></b>, today called the
“North <b><span style="background: #00AA00; color: white;">Arakan</span></b>” was
point of contact with East Bengal. These geographical facts explain the
separate historical development of that area – both generally and in terms of
its Muslim population until the Burmese king Bodaw Paya conquered it on 28<sup>th</sup>
December 1784.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title="">[2</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Various historians and scholars have
recorded that Islam began to spread from the eastern bank of Meghna River (in
Bangladesh) to <b><span style="background: #00AA00; color: white;">Arakan</span></b>
since eight and ninth centuries, that is long before the establishment of
Muslim kingdom in this frontier region. Since then the Muslim influence in <b><span style="background: #00AA00; color: white;">Arakan</span></b> grew fast and was
consolidated fully by 17<sup>th</sup> century. <b><span style="background: #00AA00; color: white;">Arakan</span></b> was virtually ruled by the Muslims from
1430 to 1531. ‘Establishment of God’s rule over the earth’ was the state emblem
of <b><span style="background: #00AA00; color: white;">Arakan</span></b>. Coins and
medallions were issued inscribing “Kalema” (the profession of faith in Islam)
in Arabic script. Even Buddhist women of those days practiced “purda”.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title="">[3]</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Traditionally the Burmese kings were
envious of <b><span style="background: #00AA00; color: white;">Arakan</span></b>
and its people. They attacked <b><span style="background: #00AA00; color: white;">Arakan</span></b>
whenever there was a chance whereupon its kings, nobles and even commoners took
refuge in Bengal. The Bengal kings looked after them and helped them regained
their throne from the hands of the aggressors, Burmans and Mons etc. The Burman
invasion of <b><span style="background: #00AA00; color: white;">Arakan</span></b>
in 1784 was by invitation from some royal traitors, all of them Buddhists.
These conspirators persuaded the Burman King Bodaw Phaya making a mountain out
of a molehill that the invading forces would be welcomed by the people with
melody.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Burman invading forces tortured
and massacred both Buddhists and Muslims and pillaged all its resources,
including royal library. Muslims were specifically targeted for (i) the last
king Thamada was from the commoners, and Muslims played a phenomenal rule of
kingmakers (ii) Muslim nobles did not support the Burman invasion (iii) Muslim
Bengal used to help the kings, nobles, and people of <b><span style="background: #00AA00; color: white;">Arakan</span></b> with shelter, moral and material
assistance and armies to regain their throne from the hands of the occupiers,
(iv) <b><span style="background: #00AA00; color: white;">Arakan</span></b> had
turned into a Sultanate and Islamic civilization and Muslim culture flourished
to its zenith with Persian and Bengali as official and court languages of <b><span style="background: #00AA00; color: white;">Arakan</span></b>, (v) Muslims played
important role in the country’s administration and defence; and Prime Minister
and Lashkar Wizir (War Minister/Defence Minister) mostly happened to be Muslims
with sizeable Muslim administrators, judges, artisans and armed forces. As
such, not only Buddhists, but also a number of Muslims took refuge in Bengal.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dr. Shwe Lu Maung writes, “In 1403
CE, the Rakhaing King Narameit Hla took refuge with Sultan Ghiasuddin Azam Shah
(1399-1409), at Gaur. …After 27 years of his service as minister and soldier,
Sultan Jalal Uddin (r.1415-1433 CE), a Hindu convert Muslim, gave him a 30,000
strong Muslim army to restore his throne in Rakkhapura. Why a Muslim army?
Because there virtually was no Rakhaing of prime age left to be soldiers. Such
was the history. Again in 1784 the Myanmarese invaded and depopulated our
Rakhaing kingdom. How many were killed? Exact head count is not known, but the
Rakhaing historians assert that some 250,000 were killed.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title="">[4]</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Burmese administered <b><span style="background: #00AA00; color: white;">Arakan</span></b> from 1784 to 1825 A.D.
but taught nothing to the people of the country. The fall of Mrauk-U was a
mortal blow to both Rohingyas and the Maghs for everything that was materially
and culturally Islamic was razed to the ground and hundreds of Rohingyas were
brutally killed. Two hundred thousands are said to have fled to Bengal.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title="">[5] U Khin
Maung Saw stated Rakhine refugees to be 40,000. Here, the number of Muslim
Rohingya refugees can be estimated to be more than Rakhine. On top </a>of that
the precious and sentimental Mahamuni Buddha image, to which the Buddhist
Arakanese have religious attachment, was carried to Mandalay. The Rakhines look
upon it as a premonition.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The people of <b><span style="background: #00AA00; color: white;">Arakan</span></b> take the Burman
invasion of their country as a reprehensible development. Of course, British
colonialism was blameworthy for its colonial rule, economic exploitation and
infamous ‘divide and rule policy’ in Burma. “On the other hand, British
occupation brought Bhama domination and oppression to an end. This gave an
opportunity to smaller ethnic groups to build up their social, cultural,
educational and economic institutions….There appeared a common sense for unity
in the struggle for independence. For the first time in the thousand years of
rivalry and domination of wars, the people of Burma started to try to sink
their mutual hatred and discrimination and to forge unity.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title="">[6]</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">But the Burmese rule over <b><span style="background: #00AA00; color: white;">Arakan</span></b>, supported by local
xenophobes or islamophobes, implanted deep-seated hatred, with inherited divide
and rule stratagem, between the two otherwise peaceful living Rohingyas and
Rakhines, on cultural and religious lines, thus putting the two sister
communities permanently at loggerheads the burnt of which is to be born by
generations. Had not <b><span style="background: #00AA00; color: white;">Arakan</span></b>
been invaded and occupied by the Burmans at the invitation of royal
conspirators, the people of <b><span style="background: #00AA00; color: white;">Arakan</span></b>
would have emerged as an independent nation again at the end of the British
colonization or through decolonization. One can hardly agree with U Khin Maung
Saw’s assertion that the British did more damages to <b><span style="background: #00AA00; color: white;">Arakan</span></b> and its people than the Bodaw
Phaya’s invading forces.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Arakan</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-Chittagong/<span style="color: white;">Arakan</span>-Bengal Relations</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">One cannot appreciate the actual
history of <b><span style="background: #00AA00; color: white;">Arakan</span></b>
and its people without studying the relations between <b><span style="background: #00AA00; color: white;">Arakan</span></b> and Chittagong or
Bengal. It is not unnatural that the Rohingyas resemble Chittagonians. U Khin
Maung Saw and critics have no good reason to be critical of this resemblance to
tag the Rohingyas as foreigners/illegal immigrants/non-nationals. This is a
decayed outlook not based on ‘<b><span style="background: #00AA00; color: white;">Arakan</span></b>
reality’. The relations between <b><span style="background: #00AA00; color: white;">Arakan</span></b>
and Chittagong are based on historical, geo-political and ethnological
considerations. The following events, which contribute to the development of
Rohingya people in <b><span style="background: #00AA00; color: white;">Arakan</span></b>,
are worth mentioning.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.
<b><span style="background: #00AA00; color: white;">Arakan</span></b> and
Chittagong have intertwined history. Historically it has more interaction with
the west, i.e, the region now comprising Bangladesh, than the east i.e. Burma.
During its days as an independent kingdom until 1784 A.D., <b><span style="background: #00AA00; color: white;">Arakan</span></b> encompassed at times
the Chittagong region in the southern part of today’s Bangladesh. “Because of
the political, cultural and commercial links between those two territories, <b><span style="background: #00AA00; color: white;">Arakan</span></b> used to be called
‘extended Chittagong’.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title="">[7]</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.
From the ancient to the seventeenth centuries A.D. Chittagong had been
conquered by <b><span style="background: #00AA00; color: white;">Arakan</span></b>
for several times.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title="">[8] The Chittagong region was under the Vesali kingdom of </a><b><span style="background: #00AA00; color: white;">Arakan</span></b> during the 6th to 8th
centuries and under the Mrauk U kingdom of <b><span style="background: #00AA00; color: white;">Arakan</span></b> in the 16<sup>th</sup> and 17<sup>th</sup>
centuries. This Vesali kingdom was known as easterly Hindu kingdom of <b><span style="background: #00AA00; color: white;">Arakan</span></b>. “<b><span style="background: #00AA00; color: white;">Arakan</span></b> was then an Indian
land, its inhabitants being Indians similar to those resident in Bengal.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title="">[9] That
means they closely r</a>esemble the Rohingyas, not the present day Rakhines who
bear a resemblance to Burmans.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.
Indigenous historians affirm that “<b><span style="background: #00AA00; color: white;">Arakan</span></b> was virtually ruled by Muslims from 1430
to 1531.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title="">[10] During this time a large number of Muslims particularly from Ch</a>ittagong
migrated and settled in <b><span style="background: #00AA00; color: white;">Arakan</span></b>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.
Chittagong has been a seaport since ancient times. It attracted peoples from
various regions of the world. These international contacts left a lasting
impact on the <b><span style="background: #886800; color: white;">language</span></b>,
religion and culture of the city. The people of the city were diverse and
multi-ethnic, and the native Bengali and Tibeto-Burma populations have had
significant influence from Arab, Afghan, and Mughal traders and settlers, all
of whom had travelled in the city after arriving on its shores many hundred
years ago. It was “a place of the first importance and the master key to the
whole Magh Empire.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title="">[11]</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.
In 1248, during the reign of Menthi, when Chittagong rose in revolt again
the Arakanese not only suppressed it up to Lauchipura but also carried 47500
captives as slaves.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title="">[12]</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.
During the Arakanese rule over Chittagong, the woeful piratical activities and
slave trade of Magh-Firingi reached to peak. Harvey said in a single month,
February 1627, they carried 1,800 captives from southern parts of Bengal.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7.
In 1644 alone, the army of Narapathigri (1638-1645) brought about 60,000
Bengalis who were resettled in <b><span style="background: #00AA00; color: white;">Arakan</span></b>
as royal service groups. Quite big number of these captives were Muslims. The
Muslim slaves retained their religion whereas the captive Hindus hastened to
assimilate among the Buddhists of <b><span style="background: #00AA00; color: white;">Arakan</span></b>.
Some of these captive slaves were settled in special areas guarded by Muslim
soldiers.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title="">[13]</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8.
With the consolidation of Muslim rule in Chittagong Muslims of other parts of
Bengal as well as foreign Muslims like Turks, the Pathan, the Mughals made
their permanent residence there. Those foreign Muslims also founded settlements
in <b><span style="background: #00AA00; color: white;">Arakan</span></b>
contributing to the development of Rohingya society.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">9.
The conquest of Chittagong by Moghal commander Shaiasta Khan and his son Buzurg
Umad Khan in 1666 had changed in the political landscape between <b><span style="background: #00AA00; color: white;">Arakan</span></b> and Chittagong or
Bengal. “Saista Khan had conquered up to the Kaladan River.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title="">[14] The Arakanese had fled
beyond Kaladan River w</a>hile the Bengal southern border was fixed at the west
bank of Naf River or Kaladan River. There is historical observation that
“Buzurg Umed Khan had conquered whole <b><span style="background: #00AA00; color: white;">Arakan</span></b> but retreated soon” <a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title="">[15]as they had no territorial
ambition on </a><b><span style="background: #00AA00; color: white;">Arakan</span></b>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">10.
During Arakanese rule the literary activities and cultivation of Bengali
literature attained further development both in Chittagong and <b><span style="background: #00AA00; color: white;">Arakan</span></b>. “Politically,
Chittagong was subjugated by <b><span style="background: #00AA00; color: white;">Arakan</span></b>,
but culturally it was <b><span style="background: #00AA00; color: white;">Arakan</span></b>
which was greatly influenced by a stronger culture and a more powerful <b><span style="background: #886800; color: white;">language</span></b>.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title="">[16] Existence of three
languages, Bengali, Persian and Arakanese is not a new phenomenon in the region
of Chittagong-</a><b><span style="background: #00AA00; color: white;">Arakan</span></b>.
All three languages were used in the coins of the provincial governors of
Chittagong functioning under the administration of Arakanese governors.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title="">[17]</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">11.
Regarding Muslim Arakanese or Rohingya Anthony Irwin, a front line British
officer in <b><span style="background: #00AA00; color: white;">Arakan</span></b>
during Second World War states, “They are generally known as Bengalis or
Chittagonians, quite incorrectly, and to look at they are quite unlike any
other product of India or Burma that I have seen. They resemble the Arab in
name, in dress and in habit. The women and more particularly the young girls
have a distinctive touch about them…..As a race they have been here for over
two hundred years…They are living in a hostile country, and have been for
hundreds of years, and yet they survive.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314#_ftn18" name="_ftnref18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title="">[18]</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">12.
The British military commands recorded the Muslim Rohingyas as “Arakanese” and
catalogued the Rakhine Buddhists as “Maghs”.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314#_ftn19" name="_ftnref19" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19;" title="">[19]</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">13.
After 1824, when the British took over the administration of Burma, law and
order situation returned to normal in <b><span style="background: #00AA00; color: white;">Arakan</span></b>. The Arakanese Muslims and Buddhists who took refuge
in Bengal during Burmese rule began to return to their homeland (<b><span style="background: #00AA00; color: white;">Arakan</span></b>) after a span of more
than 40 years. But many of their relatives were left behind in Bengal of which
the Muslims are till today known as ‘Roai’. “Many people in southern Chittagong
are of <b><span style="background: #00AA00; color: white;">Arakan</span></b> origin
and that almost all people inhabiting the area from Chakaria down to Teknaf are
speaking in “Roai dialect”.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314#_ftn20" name="_ftnref20" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn20;" title="">[20]</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">14.
The influx of refugees form <b><span style="background: #00AA00; color: white;">Arakan</span></b>
into Bengal has almost been an intermittent phenomenon in Burma’s history due
to either Mongolian or Burman invasion of <b><span style="background: #00AA00; color: white;">Arakan</span></b> or post colonial internal control
problems and planned extermination of the Rohingyas. “This resulted in the
development of different ethnic groups in Chittagong of present Bangladesh,
such as the Chakmas, Mogh, Baruas, and the Rohingyas.” <a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314#_ftn21" name="_ftnref21" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn21;" title="">[21] Still the flight o</a>f
Rohingyas from <b><span style="background: #00AA00; color: white;">Arakan</span></b>
into Bangladesh is daily continuing because of persecution against them.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">15.
The heyday of <b><span style="background: #00AA00; color: white;">Arakan</span></b>
began with the spread of Muslim civilization there. Because of its strategic
importance, as the most prosperous region with a internationally linked
cosmopolitan port city, the greatness of Arakanese empire began with the
occupation of Chittagong, and with the loss of it Arakan’s superiority
collapsed.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">16.
For long time, there was no fixed political boundary between <b><span style="background: #00AA00; color: white;">Arakan</span></b> and Chittagong. But
the two territories embraced each other under the same rule for considerable
period of time allowing the two peoples their historic rights to freely choose
their homes either in Chittagong or <b><span style="background: #00AA00; color: white;">Arakan</span></b> or double homes and citizenship in both territories.
In the similar pattern the Rohingyas and Rakhines/Maghs/Marmas also inhabit in
southern Chittagong.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">17.
If Magh people can be Rakhine after the name of Rakhine Pree, then again if
this same people can be ‘Marma’ in Chittagong Hill Tracts, why the Rohingya who
had developed in <b><span style="background: #00AA00; color: white;">Arakan</span></b>
from peoples of various ethnical backgrounds over the several centuries cannot
be ethnic ‘Rohingya’ after the name of “Rohang”. A Rohingya is a name
historically attributed to the Muslim Arakanese.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">18.
The term “Rohang/Roang/Roshang” is an old name of <b><span style="background: #00AA00; color: white;">Arakan</span></b>. Arab historian Rashiduddin named the
country as Rahan in 1310 CE. The Tripura chronicle Rajmala mentioned it as
“Roshang’. The celebrated 17<sup>th</sup> century <b><span style="background: #00AA00; color: white;">Arakan</span></b> court poet Shah Aloal, who was also the
captain of the Royal Guard of the then Mrauk U king, mentioned the country as
the “Kingdom of Roshang/Rosango”, its change to the present form “Rohingya”
comes after the name of the country Rohang/Roang/Roshang” or derives from the
word “Roshangee/Roain” all meaning inhabitants of Rohang. In the medieval
Bengali works and Rennell’s map the name is written Roshang.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314#_ftn22" name="_ftnref22" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn22;" title="">[22] In
colloquial Chittagonian dialect the country is called Rohang, “sh” being
replaced by “h”.</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">19.
Dr. Michael W. Charney, School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS),
University of London, writes, “the earliest recorded use of an ethnonym
immediately recognizable as Rohingya is an observation by Francis Buchanan in
1799. As he explains, a dialect that was derived from Hindi (which comes
nearest to the Hindustani spoken on the Ganges) “…is that spoken by the
Mohammedans, who have long been settled in <b><span style="background: #00AA00; color: white;">Arakan</span></b>, and who call themselves Roainga, or
native of <b><span style="background: #00AA00; color: white;">Arakan</span></b>”.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314#_ftn23" name="_ftnref23" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn23;" title="">[23] He
further mentions, “it can be asserted, however, that one claim of the Buddhist
school in Rakha</a>ing historiography, that Rohingya was an invention of the
colonial period, is contradicted by the evidence.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314#_ftn24" name="_ftnref24" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn24;" title="">[24] Thus the ruling Burmese
regime and some prejudiced Rakhines who allege that there had never been the
word ‘Rohingya’ in the history and that th</a>e term ‘Rohingya’ is a creation
of some insurgents is nothing but a conspiracy to deny Rohingya’s ethnic rights
in Burma.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rohingya <span style="color: white;">language</span> and
culture are indigenous to <span style="color: white;">Arakan</span> </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">U Khin Maung Saw ridicules that
Muslim Rohingyas’ not knowing or learning Rakhine and Burmese languages is one
of the reasons of their rejection in <b><span style="background: #00AA00; color: white;">Arakan</span></b> or Burma society. But the Rohingyas have an isolated
way of life in northern <b><span style="background: #00AA00; color: white;">Arakan</span></b>,
constituting 85-95% population of the area. Nevertheless, they have strong
aspiration to know and to speak the Burmese as an official <b><span style="background: #886800; color: white;">language</span></b> in addition to their
own. Unfortunately, this enthusiasm could not turn up for lack of scope for
schooling and various handicaps. Their access to education is under humiliating
restrictions due to policies of discrimination, exclusion and extermination of
the regime against them, which have been actively reinforced by local
xenophobes or Islamophobes. Let us look into the following situation.</span></div>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">U
Khin Maung Saw takes no notice of the fact that the Rohingya <b><span style="background: #886800; color: white;">language</span></b> is one of the
ancient languages closely related to the <b><span style="background: #886800; color: white;">language</span></b> used as a common <b><span style="background: #886800; color: white;">language</span></b> in <b><span style="background: #00AA00; color: white;">Arakan</span></b>. </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Burma
is an ethnically diverse country. All its peoples aspire to rebuild it a
Federal Union on the agreed upon principle of ‘unity in diversity’, which
pledges federal democracy, human rights, respect for the difference and
peaceful co-existence. </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">For
not knowing Burmese or Rakhine <b><span style="background: #886800; color: white;">language</span></b> one cannot be an alien. In the case of Hasan
Ali and Meher Ali (Criminal Miscellaneous Applications No. 155 and 156 of
1959 of Supreme Court), their Lordships of the Supreme Court remarked
(abridged): - </span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“Today in various parts of Burma
there are people who, because of their origin and isolated way of life, are
totally unlike the Burmese in appearance or speak of events which had occurred
outside the limits of their habitation. They are nevertheless statutory
citizens under the Union Citizenship Act….Thus mere race or appearance of a
person or whether he has knowledge of any <b><span style="background: #886800; color: white;">language</span></b> of the Union is not the test as
to whether he is a citizen of the Union. It may also be mentioned here that the
citizenship rights of natural born citizen may not be revoked. A natural born
citizen is one who becomes a citizen by the fact of his birth.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314#_ftn25" name="_ftnref25" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn25;" title="">[25]</a></span></div>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
present day Rakhine “could not be genealogically the same as to the people
of Dannya Waddy and Wethali dynasties. Those early people were Aryan in
descends. They claimed to be chanda Bamshi, descendants from the moon.
After all they are Indians, very much like to the people of Bengal. The
scripture of those early days found in <b><span style="background: #00AA00; color: white;">Arakan</span></b> indicate that they were in early
Bengali script and thence the culture there also was Bengali.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314#_ftn26" name="_ftnref26" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn26;" title="">[26]
</a></span></li>
</ol>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
Rakhines were the last significant group to come to <b><span style="background: #00AA00; color: white;">Arakan</span></b>.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314#_ftn27" name="_ftnref27" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn27;" title="">[27]
Dr. Aye Chan, who is a Rakhine, states “It is further true before Mrauk-U
age writing </a><b><span style="background: #886800; color: white;">language</span></b>
of <b><span style="background: #00AA00; color: white;">Arakan</span></b> was
Sanskrit with Nagairi characters. During the early period not a single
inscription, in our present day speaking Rakhine <b><span style="background: #886800; color: white;">language</span></b> was found<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314#_ftn28" name="_ftnref28" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn28;" title="">[28].
</a></span></li>
</ol>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In
ancient times, <b><span style="background: #00AA00; color: white;">Arakan</span></b>
was very much an extension of northern India. The Chandra dynasty that
ruled over the principalities Vesali and Dhanyawaddy claimed descent from
the Hindi god Shiva while also patronizing the Mahayana schools of Tibet
and Bengal. But in medieval times there was a reorientation eastward; the
area fell under Pagan’s dominance, and Arakanese people began to speak a
dialect of Burmese, something that continues to this day. With Burmese
influence came ties to Ceylon and the gradual prominence of Theravada
Buddhism.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314#_ftn29" name="_ftnref29" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn29;" title="">[29]</a></span></li>
</ol>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rakhine
politician U Hla Tun Pru states “Arakanese (Rakhines) and Burmese have
affinities of blood, <b><span style="background: #886800; color: white;">language</span></b>
and alliance between them indeed.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314#_ftn30" name="_ftnref30" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn30;" title="">[30] U Khin Maung Saw al</a>so
affirms it in his writings. “In old Burmese the name Rakhine first
appeared in slave names in the inscriptions of 12th century. <a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314#_ftn31" name="_ftnref31" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn31;" title="">[31]
[Here Dr. S.B. Kanango, a Bengali researcher said the name Rakhine was
given by Burman and it was found in 12</a><sup>th</sup> to 15<sup>th</sup>
century <b><span style="background: #99FF99; color: black;">stone</span></b>
inscriptions of Tuparon, Sagaing].</span></li>
</ol>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">When
in 1404 the kingdom of Ava invaded <b><span style="background: #00AA00; color: white;">Arakan</span></b>, the then king, Naramithla also known as Min
Saw Mun (1404-14340), fled west to the Bengali royal city of Gaur, leaving
his country in the hands of the Burmese, when the Turkish-Afghan sultanate
in Bengal was already two centuries old. “He lived there for many years,
absorbing the polished world of eastern Islam before going home and
retaking his throne. It was to be a fateful exile. Here the history
of <b><span style="background: #00AA00; color: white;">Arakan</span></b> intersects
with the history of India and especially with Bengal. .. In 1430, after
nearly three decades in exile, he returned at the head of a formidable
force, largely made up of Afghan adventurers, who swiftly overcame local
oppositions. This was the start of a new golden age for this country – a
period of power and prosperity – and creation of a remarkably hybrid
Buddhist-Islamic court, fusing tradition from Persia and India as well as
the Buddhist worlds to the east. He abandoned his old capital and established
a new one, which he called Mrauk-U…Mrauk-U grew to be an international
center of over 160,000 people. Its inhabitants were a mixed Arakanese,
Bengalis, Afghans, Burmese, Dutch, Portuguese, Abyssinians, Persians, even
Japanese Christians from Nagasaki escaping persecution of the dictator
Hideyoshi. ..This cosmopolitan court became great patrons of Bengali as
well as Arakanese literature… Several of the kings took Islamic as well as
Pali titles, patronizing Buddhist monasteries and erecting Buddhist pagodas
while also appearing in Persian-inspired dress and the conical hats of
Isfahan and Mughal Delhi, and minting coins with the kalmia, the Islamic
declaration of faith.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314#_ftn32" name="_ftnref32" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn32;" title="">[32] </a></span></li>
</ol>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">He
(Narameikhla) spoke Persian, Hindi, and Bengali on the top of his mother tongue
Rakhaing.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314#_ftn33" name="_ftnref33" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn33;" title="">[33]It appears that almost all Mrauk-U kings spoke Indian
languages. King Sanda Thudama spoke to Manrique in Hindustani </a><b><span style="background: #886800; color: white;">language</span></b>.</span></li>
</ol>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo8; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
Annada <b><span style="background: #A0FFFF; color: black;">Sandra</span></b> <b><span style="background: #99FF99; color: black;">Stone</span></b> <b><span style="background: #FF9999; color: black;">Monument</span></b> or <b><span style="background: #FF66FF; color: black;">Shitthaung</span></b> <b><span style="background: #880000; color: white;">temple</span></b> Pillar of <b><span style="background: #00AA00; color: white;">Arakan</span></b> was erected by
King Anada <b><span style="background: #A0FFFF; color: black;">Sandra</span></b>
in 8<sup>th</sup> century. It contains records from the ancient to the 10<sup>th</sup>
century A.D. Rakhines consider it as their historical heritage. But the <b><span style="background: #886800; color: white;">language</span></b> there on is
distinct from Rakhine but similar to Rohingya <b><span style="background: #886800; color: white;">language</span></b>. This and many other inscriptions
of <b><span style="background: #00AA00; color: white;">Arakan</span></b>
written in Nagari alphabets are different from the Rakhine <b><span style="background: #886800; color: white;">language</span></b> while closely
related to the Rohingya <b><span style="background: #886800; color: white;">language</span></b>.
(See appendix) </span></li>
</ol>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo9; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Muslim
culture and <b><span style="background: #886800; color: white;">language</span></b>
had dominant character in <b><span style="background: #00AA00; color: white;">Arakan</span></b>.
Muslims can communicate in their own <b><span style="background: #886800; color: white;">language</span></b> with Rakhine until recent time.
During and before colonial period Muslim did not feel necessary to learn
Rakhine <b><span style="background: #886800; color: white;">language</span></b>.
There were Burmese and Urdu schools patronized by the colonial
administration. </span></li>
</ol>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo10; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Under
the policies of exclusion and discrimination, the Rohingya <b><span style="background: #886800; color: white;">language</span></b> receives no
support and encouragement in Burma. However, linguists have now developed
Rohingya writing <b><span style="background: #886800; color: white;">language</span></b>
in new scripts. </span></li>
</ol>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo11; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">It
is to note that in the context of <b><span style="background: #00AA00; color: white;">Arakan</span></b> the Rohingya are not a manageable minority. It
is generally observed that they were in clear majority in <b><span style="background: #00AA00; color: white;">Arakan</span></b> up to 1942. </span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Being a <b><span style="background: #886800; color: white;">language</span></b> previously used as a common lingo of
communication among all the people of <b><span style="background: #00AA00; color: white;">Arakan</span></b>, the Rohingya <b><span style="background: #886800; color: white;">language</span></b> cannot be foreign to <b><span style="background: #00AA00; color: white;">Arakan</span></b>. Khin Maung Saw should
understand that the Rohingya is a good <b><span style="background: #886800; color: white;">language</span></b> of <b><span style="background: #00AA00; color: white;">Arakan</span></b>
as much as the Rakhine. Both languages are beautiful; and one’s own <b><span style="background: #886800; color: white;">language</span></b> is more beautiful
for the respective people.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Racial Riots: Muslim massacre in <span style="color: white;">Arakan</span>
</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">During Second World War when the British soldiers withdrew
from <b><span style="background: #00AA00; color: white;">Arakan</span></b> into
India and the Japanese were yet to occupy it, there was an administrative
vacuum; and taking advantage of the situation the extremist Rakhines equipped
with arms and ammunition left behind by the British troops, started a general
massacre of the Muslims in March 1942. Instead of controlling the situation, U
Kyaw Khine, a Buddhist who was vested with the power of Commissioner of <b><span style="background: #00AA00; color: white;">Arakan</span></b> Division supplied the
Rakhine a boat-load of arms and ammunition (under his control) at Kyauktaw and
Myinbya.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314#_ftn34" name="_ftnref34" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn34;" title="">[34] Thus </a>he played an active role in the genocide of the Muslims.
“Some misguided Karen soldiers sold or gave arms to Magh fanatics bolstering
their strength.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314#_ftn35" name="_ftnref35" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn35;" title="">[35] It was a surprise but premeditated onslaught of the Rakhines on
the unarmed Rohingyas, when anti-Musl</a>im sentiment was still very strong in
the country following the anti-Muslim riot of 1938 that took the lives of
several Muslims in Rangoon and other places of Burma, with intent to ridding <b><span style="background: #00AA00; color: white;">Arakan</span></b> of the Muslim
population. Some analysts see it as a part of the Rakhine’s blueprint for an
independent <b><span style="background: #00AA00; color: white;">Arakan</span></b>
without Muslims.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hundreds
of innocent Rohingya men, women and children were murdered. Many people of the
villages jumped into the river and hid in the forest. The swimming people were
shot dead while half dead men, women and children were butchered.
Rohingya girls and women after having been raped were murdered and the children
were mercilessly slaughtered. The waters of Lemro River turned red with the
blood of innocent victims. More than 100,000 Muslims were massacred. Hundreds
of Muslim villages were destroyed. The Muslim majority area in the east of
Kaladan River had turned into a Muslim minority area. But the loss in terms of
human civilization and moral values is much greater.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314#_ftn36" name="_ftnref36" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn36;" title="">[36] 50,000 Muslims were dr</a>iven
across the border to East Bengal, devastating their settlements and
depopulating the Muslims in some momentous parts of <b><span style="background: #00AA00; color: white;">Arakan</span></b>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">However,
in the northern <b><span style="background: #00AA00; color: white;">Arakan</span></b>,
the Muslims leaders had assured and protected the Rakhines. Yet “more than 2000
Rakhines were killed in Maungdaw, Buthidauang and Rathedaung townships”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314#_ftn37" name="_ftnref37" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn37;" title="">[37] by
those who had escaped the horror from the interior of </a><b><span style="background: #00AA00; color: white;">Arakan</span></b>, and who had lost
their dear and near ones. Some of the Rakhines who embarked on a ship to sail
in Buthidaung were drawn because of the overweight. Muslim and Buddhist
refugees from the affected area were sheltered at Rangpur and Dinajpur in the
British held territory of North Bengal by the British government.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">On 7<sup>th</sup>
May 1942, the Japanese Imperial Army occupied Akyab, the capital of <b><span style="background: #00AA00; color: white;">Arakan</span></b>. Burma National Army
(formerly BIA) led by Bo Ran Aung also entered Akyab and brutally killed 30,000
Muslims of Ambari and Manupara.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314#_ftn38" name="_ftnref38" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn38;" title="">[38] However, the presence of Japanese forces at
Akyab helped considerably in saving the lives of the people fro</a>m the
marauders and thugs. “Japanese took control of Buthidaung and half of Maungdaw.
The Muslims of North <b><span style="background: #00AA00; color: white;">Arakan</span></b>
formed peace committees with the help of the Japanese”.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314#_ftn39" name="_ftnref39" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn39;" title="">[39] Then the whole areas under
the Maungdaw township, Buthidaung township and part of </a>Rathedaung township
were brought under the administration of Peace Committees headed by Mr. Omrah
Meah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
Muslims of <b><span style="background: #00AA00; color: white;">Arakan</span></b>
were pushed to the north because of the communal rioting. Major Irwin, a
British officer in the <b><span style="background: #00AA00; color: white;">Arakan</span></b>
Front thus wrote, “The <b><span style="background: #00AA00; color: white;">Arakan</span></b>
before the war had been occupied over its entire length by both Mussalman and
Maugh. Then in 1941 the sects set to and fought. The result of this war was
roughly that the Maughs took over the southern half of the country and the
Mussalman the northern.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314#_ftn40" name="_ftnref40" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn40;" title="">[40]</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">As
mentioned above, it was a surprise but planned massacre of the innocent,
unarmed and helpless Muslims Arakanese by well armed Buddhist Rakhines that
amount to genocide. It was started by Rakhines not the Muslim Rohingyas; the
fact is well documented. As a result, at least 100,000 Muslims were massacred
and more than 2000 Rakhines lost their lives. Here U Khin Maung Saw has lied
and deliberately suppressed the true information.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="" name="_Ref230699085"></a><a href="" name="_Ref230699113"></a><a href="" name="_Ref230699103"></a><a href="" name="_Ref230699088"></a><a href="" name="_Ref230699087"></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Ref230699085;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rohingyas demanded ‘Due Share’</span></b></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Ref230699085;"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">While the
reminiscence of the 1942 genocide still shattered the conscience of the Muslim
Rohingya population, several Rakhine stalwarts and politicians were actively
engaged to cripple them politically, socially and economically. The Muslim
Rohingyas were under constant threads and onslaughts of the Rakhine
muggers and extremist politicians backed by the ultranationalists. On the other
hand, during the period preceding Burma independence, <b><span style="background: #00AA00; color: white;">Arakan</span></b> Communist Party (ACP)
was demanding total independence of <b><span style="background: #00AA00; color: white;">Arakan</span></b>. The ACP obstructed the repatriated Rohingya
refugees who took refuge in Bengal in 1942 to repossess their land and resettle
in their original places in the townships of Kyauktaw, Pauktaw, Ponnagyunt,
Myebon and Myinbya making them landless and internally displaced. The
extremists were also harping on the tune of Muslim extermination. Under the
circumstance, like many other ethnic nationalities, it was their sense of duty
to explore all possible venues for the restoration of their rights and freedom.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">U Khin Maung Saw and U Maung Tha Hla
(USA) with their preconceived ideas are indignant over an open letter sent to
the Burmese government in 1951 by a group of Rohingya demanding a Muslim State
within the Union Burma. Given the hostile attitude of the Rakhines who
are dogged for a separate independent <b><span style="background: #00AA00; color: white;">Arakan</span></b> without Muslims the demand for a Muslim state in
northern <b><span style="background: #00AA00; color: white;">Arakan</span></b>
within Burmese federation is a commonsensical demand of the time. Yet they are
critical of it.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Muslim Rohingyas were never
separatists. They have been consistent in their demands for the restoration of
their rights and freedom within the Burma Union on par with other nationalities
of the country. Again in the case of the statehood of <b><span style="background: #00AA00; color: white;">Arakan</span></b> for the totalitarian
domination of Rakhines with the slogans “<b><span style="background: #00AA00; color: white;">Arakan</span></b> and Buddhism are synonymous and <b><span style="background: #00AA00; color: white;">Arakan</span></b> is for Rakhine only;
Muslims/Kalas are illegal immigrants and they have nothing to do with <b><span style="background: #00AA00; color: white;">Arakan</span></b>” Muslim
Rohingyas demanded a state of their own in the zone of their “Traditional
Homeland” in northern <b><span style="background: #00AA00; color: white;">Arakan</span></b>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">However, there have been misunderstandings
and lopsided propagandas projected by the vested interests that the Muslims
tried to join Pakistan. This was a figment of imagination of only a handful of
ostracized segment of people, against the hopes and aspiration of the Rohingya
masses, and as such the popular Rohingya leaders never demanded nor projected
for separation. It is just irresponsible allegation without any reliable
supporting documents. Even the mainstream Mujahid rebel group demanded two
states in <b><span style="background: #00AA00; color: white;">Arakan</span></b>--
one for the Muslim Arakanese and the other for Buddhist Arakanese.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In a memorandum dated 10 May 1950,
the Rohingya leaders of North <b><span style="background: #00AA00; color: white;">Arakan</span></b>
wrote to Prime Minister U Nu during his visit to Maungdaw:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[“There
have always been some propagandas going round about that we are, as people
labouring to unite with Pakistan or that we are creating a state of which there
is apprehension for communal riot from our part. On behalf of our people, we
wish to clear these misunderstandings once and for all and declare that we, as
a whole, never want to be seceded from the Union and that we wish to live with
our Arakanese Buddhist brethren as brothers and sisters in perpetual harmony
and concord wherever they may be and that we wholeheartedly depreciate any such
ideas and point out that these propaganda are highly detrimental to and
dangerous not only for us but also for the solidarity of the Union. We
emphatically submit that we are within the Union of Burma, being her most loyal
citizens. We also emphatically pledge that in any part in the Union of Burma
foreign aggression shall be defended with our blood, sweat and lives.”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“While the
Union Citizenship Act 1948 was being enacted, it was particularly expressed by
the Chairman and the members of the Drafting Committee that our people belong
to such racial group as has settled in any of the territories included within
the Union as their permanent home from a period anterior 1823 A.D. (1185 B.E.)
and that we are indigenous people of the Union.”]</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">U Khin Maung Saw described Quasem as
the Mujahids rebel leader. But he was never ever accepted by the Rohingya
people as their leader. To them he was a renegade, who broke away from the
mainstream movement led by the educated people of that time. Quasem inflicted
untold sufferings to the villagers. The Rohingya people rose against him with
all available means for which he had to end up in exile in the then East
Pakistan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In the face of the persecution,
wrongs and injustice, the Mujahid movement was launched. “Followings are some
of the major demands (in abridged form) of the mainstream Mujahid Party.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314#_ftn41" name="_ftnref41" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn41;" title="">[41]</a></span></div>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo12; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Formation
of an autonomous Muslim State in North <b><span style="background: #00AA00; color: white;">Arakan</span></b> within the Union of Burma
comprising the region from the west bank of Kaladan River up to the
eastern part of Naf River.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo12; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Formation
of North <b><span style="background: #00AA00; color: white;">Arakan</span></b>
Muslim Regiment, with the same privilege like the National Army of Burma,
and is to be included in the Burma Regular Army as Territorial Force of
North <b><span style="background: #00AA00; color: white;">Arakan</span></b>.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo12; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Urdu
to be accepted as a regional <b><span style="background: #886800; color: white;">language</span></b>
and Burmese to remain as a compulsory <b><span style="background: #886800; color: white;">language</span></b>. </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo12; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Responsible
government officials in the State must be from the local Muslims with a
Burmese advisor representing Central Government.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo12; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
non-Muslim minority community of North <b><span style="background: #00AA00; color: white;">Arakan</span></b> will enjoy full rights and fair
treatment like Muslim minorities in the other parts of Burma.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo12; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Foreign
affairs, Defence, Finance and commerce will remain under Central
Government. What should remain under the local authority shall be decided
jointly between local and central authorities. </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo12; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Subject
to the acceptance of the above demands, a Pact will be signed between
Mujahid Representatives and Burma Government. Before signing the Pact, a
General Amnesty must be announced to the other Muslim political leaders
along with Mujahid Party of North <b><span style="background: #00AA00; color: white;">Arakan</span></b>.</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“To consider the above seven point
demand there were discussions on three occasions between the government’s
representatives and Mujahid leaders. In the first stage, some leading local
persons along with the North <b><span style="background: #00AA00; color: white;">Arakan</span></b>
Muslim Members of the Centre were sent to Thamy village for mutual exchange of
thought and ideas. They proposed that the demands of the Mujahid would be
considered if they leave of arms. Where as, the Mujahid Representatives refused
to do it till the acceptance of demands of the Muslims of <b><span style="background: #00AA00; color: white;">Arakan</span></b>. In the second stage,
Mr. Sultan Ahmed M.P. and Mr. Abdul Gaffer, M.P. were sent to Fakira Bazar in
Maungdaw. But they also had to return unsuccessful. Earlier Mr. Abul Bashar, a
former Township Officer was sent to Thamy with the same purpose. It was to him
that the Mujahid representatives submitted their seven point demand. ..In
February 1950, Burmese Prime Minister U Nu, Minority Minister U Aung Zan Wai (a
Rakhine) accompanying Sadar Aurangzeb Khan, the Pakistan Ambassador in Burma
came to Maungdaw in order to hold discussion on the seven demands of the
Muslims of North <b><span style="background: #00AA00; color: white;">Arakan</span></b>
and summoned the representatives of Arakani Muhajirs (refugees) from Teknaf by
the scouts.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314#_ftn42" name="_ftnref42" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn42;" title="">[42]</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The above mentioned seven point
demand was thus officially communicated between the rebels and the government.
The Rohingyas never demanded Islamic State. Yet U Khin Maung Saw dubbed the
demands of the Rohingya Consultation Meeting of 1951 at Alethankyaw village in
Maungdaw Township as undeserved demands of the Islamists although their demands
were conducive and compatible to a secular democratic society.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">At the same time, in line with the
military regime’s unreliable census, he stated the total Muslim population of
Burma to be 4%, whereas it is conveniently 12-15%, including Muslim Arakanese
who still form 40-45% of the Arakan’s population. U Khin Maung Saw should not
be critical of Rohingy’s demands for a state of their own in their “Traditional
Homeland” in North <b><span style="background: #00AA00; color: white;">Arakan</span></b>,
where they form 80-95% population of the region, particularly when the Rakhines
are uncompromising and are opposed to Rohingya’s co-existence as equals in <b><span style="background: #00AA00; color: white;">Arakan</span></b>. If two brothers
cannot live together it is better to live in a separate flat of the same
condominium. This is a logical demand in an ethnically diverse country like
Burma. It is also true in the case of <b><span style="background: #00AA00; color: white;">Arakan</span></b> where the two major indigenous peoples of Muslims
and Buddhists, respectively known as <b><span style="background: #00AA00; color: white;">Arakan</span></b> Muslims/Arakani/Rohingya and
Maghs/Arakanese/Rakhines, were living side by side before the Burmese invasion
it in 1784 A.D. and British colonisation of it in 1824 A.D.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">It is to be noted that the Rohingyas
are not a manageable minority and their population is larger than many other
peoples in Burma. U Khin Maung Saw tries to complicate the Rohingya
people’s ‘right to self-determination’ simply twisting that 90% population of
Burma are Buddhists with 4% Christians and 4% Muslims. This is not a relevant
fact to disqualify Rohingya for a statehood. The Muslim Rohingya have a long
history, separate <b><span style="background: #886800; color: white;">language</span></b>,
culture and civilization, an economically viable and sizeable territory in
North <b><span style="background: #00AA00; color: white;">Arakan</span></b>. They
feel themselves distinct from others. Thus they have all the prerequisite
qualifications to have a state of their own, within the Federal Union of Burma,
on par with other national groups of the country to protect and promote their
rights and freedom and safeguard their legitimate interests.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In a democratic society there must
be complete freedom of religion. Every person must be allowed to freely
practice and preach his or her religion. As such, the Muslim Rohingyas should
be able to do their utmost for the preservation and growth of Islamic culture
among their people without prejudice to the growth and preservation of other
religious and indigenous cultures in their homeland. All racial or religious
groups should be able to pursue, practice and follow their respective personal
laws. A Muslim is required to follow Muslim personal law relating to their
marriage, inheritance and guardianship while it is necessary for a Buddhist to
follow Buddhist Customary Law.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Corresponding to the above concept,
it is not irrelevant to have religious institutions, cultural and literary
activities and judicial court for the respective peoples. For Muslims Arabic
being a Quranic <b><span style="background: #886800; color: white;">language</span></b>
is recommended religiously to learn. Similarly the Quazi courts are desirable
to decide cases relating to personal law and religious matters. It is indeed
helpful for a government for smooth management and good administrative control.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In a diverse society like Burma, it is
important to accept and respect the difference of one’s culture, <b><span style="background: #886800; color: white;">language</span></b>, life style, mode of
dress etc. This is the principle of ‘unity in diversity’ articulated by father
of the nation Gen. Aung San for the perpetuation of the Union of Burma. U Khin Maung
Saw should not be sensitive to the religious and cultural practices of the
Muslims or Rohingyas in <b><span style="background: #00AA00; color: white;">Arakan</span></b>
and Burma. He has no good point to be intolerant to the demands of the
Alethankyaw Consultation meeting for (i) establishment of Quazi courts presided
by a grand Mufti; (ii) right to form a statutory Muslim Council (Majlis
Islamia) for the management of the religious, social, educational, and cultural
affairs, and also for the administration of the Muslim Institutions in order to
promote welfare of the Muslims in the Union of Burma according to Islamic Laws;
(iv) establishment of Islamic schools etc..</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Since the whole sub-continent and
Burma were under British colonization it was phenomenal that the leaders of
Burma, Pakistan and India had something in common. In the same token,
especially when the Muslim Rohingyas felt alienated and left out,
some of their leaders approached the Pakistani leader Mr. M.A. Jinnah and
requested him to persuade General Aung San to ensure their rights and freedom
in Burma. Accordingly there had been discussions between Mr. Jinnah and Gen.
Aung San, and Jinnah and Aung San’s emissary U Rachid in the interest of their
two peoples. Gen. Aung San had assured Mr. Jinnah that the rights and freedom
of the Muslims of <b><span style="background: #00AA00; color: white;">Arakan</span></b>
would be guaranteed as a Burmese people. During and before Burmese
independence, there were several such episodes with other ethnic peoples living
on the borders. Thus it was nothing wrong for the discarded Rohingyas to
approach a prominent person with a request to exercise his good offices for
their constitutional safeguard in the would-be Union of Burma.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In March
1946 “Gen. Aung San came to Akyab and sought the cooperation of the Muslims of <b><span style="background: #00AA00; color: white;">Arakan</span></b>. He met the Muslim
leaders at Youngman Society in Thet Kaybin, at Akyab.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314#_ftn43" name="_ftnref43" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn43;" title="">[43] He assured the Muslim
Leaders, advocate U Pho Khine, advocate U Yasin, advocate U Khalilur Rahman and
U Sultan Mahmood (Ex. Health Minister), of the full national rights in post
independence Burma.</a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314#_ftn44" name="_ftnref44" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn44;" title="">[44] Gen. Aung San called (a public meeti</a>ng) at
Chekaingdan (World War II British Army air field) in Akyab when leaders and
people of <b><span style="background: #00AA00; color: white;">Arakan</span></b>
were united and assured support for the struggle for independence.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314#_ftn45" name="_ftnref45" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn45;" title="">[45]
Most interesting and noteworthy is the fact that on the very day of Bokyoke
Aung San</a>’s martyrdom, he had a special appointment with Muslim M.L.Cs. from
Northern <b><span style="background: #00AA00; color: white;">Arakan</span></b>, Mr.
Sultan Ahmed of Maungdaw and Mr. Abdul Gaffar of Buthidaung, in connection with
the nationality and political status of Muslims or Rohingyas of <b><span style="background: #00AA00; color: white;">Arakan</span></b>. He (Bokyoke) had also
assigned Mr. Sultan Mahmood and U Aung Zan Wai, to go Maungdaw and Buthidaung,
so as to organize the public there for Pa-Sa-Pha-La (AFPFL).<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314#_ftn46" name="_ftnref46" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn46;" title="">[46]
Muslims were quite satisfied with this assurance of the independence hero. The
Rohingyas in the rural are</a>as still sing with lamentation, “If Aung San were
alive the golden Burma would be in peace and the Rohingya would not be wretched
but blissful.”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rohingyas Support Federal Democracy</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list-ins: "Nurul Islam" 20111028T1506; mso-list: none; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">U Khin Maung Saw states that the Rohingya’s claims affect
the Burma Democracy Movement. It is an expression with a preconceived
brainwave. Generally the current claims of the Rohingyas are (i) Peaceful
co-existence (ii) the right to exist as equals on the system of parity in
indivisible <b><span style="background: #00AA00; color: white;">Arakan</span></b>
(iii) federal democracy (iv) human rights. We reject the ‘big brother policy’.
There is no ‘prime nation’ and ‘sub-nation’ in <b><span style="background: #00AA00; color: white;">Arakan</span></b>. The Rohingyas love <b><span style="background: #00AA00; color: white;">Arakan</span></b>/Burma. They will,
without a second thought, sacrifice their lives for its defense and prosperity.
They will guard, maintain and uphold its ethnically diverse character at all
cost and will never allow any attempt and conspiracy for the disintegration of
the Union. It is unfortunate that a number of Rakhine politicians and academics
constantly try to keep the Rohingya at bay and influence the leaders of Burma
Democracy Movement (BDM) and Ethnic Nationalities Council (ENC) to practice the
‘policy of exclusion’ with a view to ridding <b><span style="background: #00AA00; color: white;">Arakan</span></b> of the Muslim population.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">U Khin Maung Saw pointed out that
the Rohingyas have been rejected by both democracy and ethnic nationalities!
But on many occasions leaders of the BDM and ENC said, “We accept your
legitimate status, but it is only Rakhines who are making problem about your
participation in numerous Burma democracy and ethnic committees and forums.”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">There was an episode. In 1994 we had
visited Manerplaw, the liberated area of Karen National Union (KNU). The visit
was coincided with the convention of Democratic Alliance of Burma (DAB) held in
Manerplaw. We made an application for the membership of DAB to its President
late General Bo Mya after we had been assured support by all 22 member
organizations of DAB, including Buddhist Monk Association and Rakhine group
represented by U Khine Soe Naing Aung. When the President Bo Mya called an
emergency meeting of DAB Executive Committee to discuss our application, all
participants supported our membership in the DAB except Rakhine, despite their
earlier support. At last, the Rakhine representative(s) cast the last card
threatening to quit DAB if the Rohingya were admitted, upon which General Thwin
(a former minister in U Nu’s cabinet) and one of the two vice-presidents of DAB
reacted impatiently. At night U Thwin called us to his office at Manerplaw and
started to console us saying, “I don’t know why Rakhines are hostile to you.
Don’t be disheartened. I am still struggling at 80. You are still young. Since
you hold the truth you fight for it”. These words of a late veteran politician
still inspire me.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">As mentioned above, the Rohingya’s
claims reflect the democratic aspiration of the people of Burma. The Rohingya
are committed to Burma democracy movement, because democracy is linked to
peace. They are steadfast to respect for and uphold human rights, because human
rights are universal and one cannot live as human being without them. The
anti-Muslim/Rohingya activities of U Khin Maung Saw and his associates
preaching racism, xenophobia, islamophobia indicate that they are undemocratic
and have not the least sense of human rights. It is their activities, not the
claims of the Rohingya, which affect Burma democracy movement. His allegation
against the Rohingya people is a false alarm which is applicable on him.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Arakanistan:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">U Khin
Maung Saw said for the transfer of population from overcrowded Muslim
Bangladesh to under-populated <b><span style="background: #00AA00; color: white;">Arakan</span></b>,
Burma, there would be an organized struggle, supported by all Muslim countries,
to create separate state of Arakanistan or Arakandesh. What does U Khin Maung
Saw mean? This is a nonsense statement, an agitation and a provocative act. It
also is an affront to Bangladesh and all Muslim countries as well as a
disregard to international law and practices. His statement is challengeable as
the Muslim Rohingyas never bring to mind such a name “Arakanistan”. But “it was
Barrister U Hla Tun Pru, a Rakhine politician, and other Rakhine leaders made
all out efforts to demand “Arakanistan” in 1947.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314#_ftn47" name="_ftnref47" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn47;" title="">[47] Similarly the word
“Arakandesh” is unknown to the Rohingyas. Thus “Arakanistan/Arakandesh” is a
product of Rakhines not the Rohingyas.</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">U Khin
Maung Saw tried to support his treacherous statement mentioning, “Prince Khaled
Sultan Abdul Aziz, commander of the Saudi contingent in the 1991 Gulf War,
visited Dhaka, Bangladesh, in Mid-April 1992 and recommended a Desert
Storm-like action against Burma; “just what [UN] did to liberate Kuwait.”
Prince Khaled made this statement while on a visit to Rohingya refugee camps in
Bangladesh upon seeing with his own eyes the great humanitarian disaster and
human tragedies. His statement was not related to U Khin Maung Saw’s
fanaticized make-believe story. It meant for a humanitarian intervention (HI)
on the ground of humanitarianism with the specific purpose of preventing or
alleviating widespread suffering. HI is an accepted concept under the
international law on the principle of “international responsibility to
protect”.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rohingya <span style="color: white;">language</span>
relayed from indigenous peoples’ <span style="color: white;">language</span>
programme</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">U Khin
Maung Saw lied that the Rohingya <b><span style="background: #886800; color: white;">language</span></b>
programme relayed trice a week from government’s Burma Broadcasting Service
(BBS), Rangoon, was from the foreign <b><span style="background: #886800; color: white;">language</span></b> programme. It was well documented that the
Rohingya <b><span style="background: #886800; color: white;">language</span></b>
was relayed from the country’s indigenous peoples’ <b><span style="background: #886800; color: white;">language</span></b> programmes. “In addition to the
existing languages, four more languages of Mon, Pao, Lahu and Rohingya were
added in the indigenous peoples’ <b><span style="background: #886800; color: white;">language</span></b>
programme and relayed 10 minutes each from 15 May 1961, in accordance with the
government’s decision aimed at national unity.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314#_ftn48" name="_ftnref48" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn48;" title="">[48] But Mon, Pa O and Rohingya
programmes were stopped on 01 Oct</a>ober 1965.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314#_ftn49" name="_ftnref49" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn49;" title="">[49] Here U Khin Maung Saw has lied
stating, “both Hidustani and Rohingya programs were abolished, but the national
</a><b><span style="background: #886800; color: white;">language</span></b>
programs increased”. One may check it with the BBS records. This is
a clear government’s recognition of Rohingya’s indigenous status in Burma. It
appears that he has a hidden motive behind this blatant lie.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rohingya Refugees</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">U Khin
Maung Saw shouts that Rohingya refugee issue is not a common refugee problem as
known to international media. He tries to articulate it as a case of illegal
Bangladeshi immigrants who left for Bangladesh to avoid routine immigration
checks. It is a cunning deception and an outrageous cruelty unacceptable to any
civilized society.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The bases
for an international concept of refugee may be sought in treaties, in UN
practice, and in the UNHCR Statue. In the case of Rohingyas it is persecution
which has caused them to flee their ancestral homeland of <b><span style="background: #00AA00; color: white;">Arakan</span></b>, where persecution
against them is so barbarous and callous that their life is at stake and they
are in danger of extinction. They fled to neighbouring Bangladesh to seek
asylum from persecution and to save their lives. They are refugees according to
the General Definition of the term ‘refugee’ contained in Article (1) of the
1951 Convention [Convention Relating to Status of Refugees, adopted on July 28,
1951 by the United Nations Conference of plenipotentiaries on the Status of
Refugees and Stateless Persons convened under the General Assembly Resolution
429(V) of 14 December 1950; entry into force: April 22, 1954, in accordance
with article 43], which defines a refugee is a person who ‘as a result of
events occurring before 1 January 1951 and owing to a well-founded fear of
being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a
particular social group or political opinion, is outside the country of his
nationality and is unable or, owing to such fear, is unwilling to avail himself
of protection of that country; or who, not having a nationality and being
outside the country of former habitual residence as a result of such events, is
unable or, owing to such fear, is unwilling to return to it.’</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The world
community is unanimous that the Rohingya refugee problem is a manmade tragedy
of great humanitarian disaster, arising out of ethnic, religious and political
persecution. It becomes a regional problem having dimension in the perspective
of internationalism. It is also an ‘ethnic cleansing’ to rid Arakan of
the Muslim population. The violations of human rights against them are systematic,
persistent and widespread that amount to ‘crimes against humanity’ and
‘attempted genocide’. The Rohingyas are both an ethnic and a religious group
and are as such, protected by the Genocide Convention. Thus the Rohingya
problem warrants ‘international responsibility to protect’ with ‘individual
responsibility’ of the perpetrators. U Khin Maung Saw’s accusing of
internationally recognized Rohingya refugees as illegal Bangladeshis is a
blatant disregard of international opinion and UN mandate. On the other
hand, it is an inhuman act to call for expulsion of Rohingyas from their
ancestral homeland of Arakan with a view to making them wander from place to
place with ultimate aim of annihilating this Muslim minority community.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Due to
persecution, about 1.5 million Rohingyas have either been expelled or left
Burma since 1948.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314#_ftn50" name="_ftnref50" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn50;" title="">[50] These Rohingya diasporas, who include both UN
registered and undocumented refugees, are living in many countries of the
world. Nevertheless, all of them</a> are refugees according to the
international definition of refugees with ‘right of return’ to their homeland.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Repatriation of Rohingya refugees </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Due to large scale persecution there
were two unprecedented refugee influxes into Bangladesh one in 1978 and another
in 1991-92 each with about 300,000 refugees. Through two identical bilateral
repatriation agreements signed between Bangladesh and Burma, without the
involvement of refugees’ representatives, the refugees were repatriated without
their deliverance. Refugees have had resisted the forced repatriation and
insisted that they would not return to Burma unless there are changes in
circumstances, improvement in their human rights situation, change of attitude
of the regime toward them and cessation of persecution, and above all, there is
all-inclusive political and democratic process in the country with Rohingyas as
a part of it.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">International
community is aware that hundreds of refugees died while protesting forced
repatriation. Some of them either ran off to other destinations or left behind
mingling with the locals in the villages of Bangladesh; but they are vulnerable
living in constant fear. Refugees are described to have been living between
snakes and crocodiles. Thus far they are hesitant to return to Arakan under
hellish situation, when the flights of refugees from Arakan into Bangladesh are
daily undulating due to continued persecution against them. Time and again, the
international community, UN, EU, NGOs and Dhaka based diplomats have expressed
their concerns that the refugees should not be sent back to Burma against their
will.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Despite
this, U Khin Maung Saw lied that in 1998 the number of returnees was about
30,000 more than the official refugees declared by Bangladeshi authorities. He
also made similar accusation on 1992 refugees, while 28,000 of them are still
in two UN refugee camps in Bangladesh. The scenarios have been well documented
and the hoaxers cannot move it out of sight of the international community. In
addition, the new Thein Sein government has admitted that the Rohingyas are
still entering into Bangladesh and the refugees are unwilling to return to
Arakan. “Both governments (Bangladesh and Burma) are in discussion to launch
synchronised patrol of the common border by border guards of the two countries
to stop fresh influx of Myanmar citizens into Bangladesh,” <a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314#_ftn51" name="_ftnref51" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn51;" title="">[51] Bangladesh Foreign
Secretary Quayes said. In an interview with BBC on 24 October, the Burma
Director General of Immigration U Maung Maung Than stated that the (Rohingya)
refug</a>ees are reluctant to be repatriated to Burma.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1970 Bangladesh war refugees</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Having
felt unquenched U Khin Maung Saw further alleged that a number of 1971
Bangladesh war refugees had not returned from Arakan. In fact, about 200
Bangladeshis, most of whom are high profile persons, had taken shelter in
Arakan during 1970 Bangladesh war of liberation. They were properly listed and
documented by the authorities. I would challenge U Khin Maung Saw if he could
name and prove a single case of such Bangladeshis who had not returned.
Who would live in a nightmare when their country was liberated with the
blood of their martyrs? Time and again we saw such nonsense allegations from
Mra Raza Linn-- a Rakhine lady now lives in Dhaka-- and other Rakhines that
Bangladeshis are entering into Arakan, even after the emergence of
Bangladesh, to grab the lands of the Rakhines. In 1991, the freelance writer
Bertil Lintner wrote, “Burma’s strict immigration controls have effectively
closed the border, and migration over the past four decades has gone into
opposite direction…many Rohingyas have also travelled on to Pakistan, India and
beyond Muslim countries in West Asia..” <a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314#_ftn52" name="_ftnref52" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn52;" title="">[52] An estimated 500,000 Burmese,
most of them Rohingya Muslims, reside in the Makkah region.</a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314#_ftn53" name="_ftnref53" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn53;" title="">[53]
Thus this</a> misinformation or attempt of U Khin Maung Saw and others is
apparently an early signal of genocide in Arakan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rohingya emigration and Rakhine
immigration</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Since 1942 Muslim massacre,
expulsion of Muslim Arakanese or Rohingya into Bangladesh and other countries
was a regular phenomenon. Crimes against humanity of destruction, rape, murder
and other inhuman acts have been perpetrated against them by state and
non-state actors, resulting in their tragic flights to alien lands like
Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, Gulf State, Saudi Arabia, Thailand, Malaysia,
United Kingdom, Europe, USA, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and Japan etc.
Still U Khin Maung Saw and extremists are shameless to accuse that in quest of
greener pasture, people from poor Bangladesh are illegally entering into
so-called rich land of Arakan, where Muslim bloods are daily sucked or spilled.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Arakan has turned into a hell for the Muslim population, who
“are forced to live in semi-concentration camps in Arakan”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314#_ftn54" name="_ftnref54" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn54;" title="">[54] Even animals will escape
away from </a>such horrific monstrous environment. It is unthinkable how people
from democratic Bangladesh chose to live in anarchic Arakan. Let us see
press reports and situation how Rohingyas are emigrating from Arakan.</span></div>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo13; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in left 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Many Muslim refugees who escaped the carnage of Burman
king Bodaw Phaya’s invading forces had not returned to Arakan. Most of
them left behind in southern Chittagong where They are still known as
Roais/Rohingyas. </span></li>
</ol>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo14; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in left 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In the welter of Anglo-Japanese War of 1942, the Allied
forces retreated from Arakan leaving huge arms (with the Buddhist Maghs).
Taking advantage of the situation the Maghs started massacre of the Muslim
population, in which 84,000 innocent Muslims were slaughtered, burnt down
many villages, mosques and religious scriptures and institutions. Besides,
50,000 of them who escaped persecution were kept at Rangpur Refugee camp
by the British Government. But in spite of their repeated appeals to be
rehabilitated in their original lands have not been taken back as well.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314#_ftn55" name="_ftnref55" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn55;" title="">[55]
Some of the Muslims who re</a>turned could not be resettled in their
original places as their lands were taken over by the Rakhine under state
programme and under the threat of the underground Rakhine communist
rebels. But all Rakhine refugees were properly rehabilitated.</span></li>
</ol>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo15; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in left 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In the latter part of 1948, when Mujahid Movement
against the Burmese Government was extensively going on, the Burmese armed
forces killed and arrested many Muslims, burnt down many of their
villages, kidnapped and raped their women. Muslim thus terrified, fled the
country and took shelter in East Pakistan numbering about 33,000.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314#_ftn56" name="_ftnref56" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn56;" title="">[56]
Most of them could not come back.</a></span></li>
</ol>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo16; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in left 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Soon after the independence, “the Burmese Government,
for the purpose of the settlement of Maghs in the Muslim areas, convened a
settlement committee. They came to a decision to settle down about 70,000
Maghs from East Pakistan and other parts of Arakan. In materializing this
scheme the Government confiscated arable lands of the Muslims of the areas
where they formed 98 percent of the population.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314#_ftn57" name="_ftnref57" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn57;" title="">[57] Buddhis</a>t settler
villages have since been progressively established through out North
Arakan making the Muslims increasingly landless. </span></li>
</ol>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo17; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in left 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pakistan expressed its concern over the expulsion of
Muslims from Arakan since independence. “…The government of Burma is
driving away the Muslims of Arakan under the false accusation and pretext
of being agents for the Mujahids. The Governor of East Pakistan Mr. Zakir
Hussain also expressed the attitude of Burmese Government on its Muslim
subjects as prejudicial. The East Pakistan Martial law administrator and
G.O.C Major General M. Omrao Khan accompanied the Governor to the
Park-Burma border to investigate the condition of the refugees.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314#_ftn58" name="_ftnref58" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn58;" title="">[58]</a></span></li>
</ol>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo18; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in left 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In 1948, the very year of the independence of Burma,
30,000 Arakanese Muslims had fled to East Pakistan to escape persecution,
harassment and genocide by a section of a Maghs. ..During the year of 1949
the government forces invariably carried on various kinds of atrocities
such as looting, raping, physical torture and arson as a result of which
many such villages went out of existence and 20,000 Muslims were also
pushed into East Pakistan. <a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314#_ftn59" name="_ftnref59" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn59;" title="">[59]</a></span></li>
</ol>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo19; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in left 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The armed forces kidnapped and raped Rohingya girls and
women. “On February 1, 1955 the Burmese Army kidnapped two daughters, two
sisters and two sister-in-law of Sayed of Palipara (a village in Zedibyin
sub-township) and raped them. Three young women – one wife of Fazlur
Rahman and his two sisters; the wife of Kala Meah (Member)
with his two sisters; the wife of Abdul Rahman with his daughter-in-law,
including three other young girls of his relations were also kidnapped and
rapped. Women were also carried off and raped particularly in the villages
of Shwetpyin, Annukpyin, Thinganet and Kudik Chaung. Uncountable numbers
of women from different villages were also forcibly carried off and
dishonoured. They also inhumanly killed 4 Muslim dignitaries from the same
village. ..One night the army arrested 50 old men of the Kanhpu
village, dragged them to the camp and put to death by starvation.” <a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314#_ftn60" name="_ftnref60" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn60;" title="">[60]
Many villagers left for East Pakistan to escape persecution. These crimes
against humanity become widespread in North Arakan since military rule in
1962.</a></span></li>
</ol>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo20; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in left 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In 1959 Burma Army destroyed 32 Rohingya villages– 24
in northern Maungdaw and 8 in northern Buthidaung. They burnt down many
houses, killed many people, raped women, destroyed crops, looted
properties cash and valuables, and expelled innocent villagers across the
border to the then East Pakistan.</span></li>
</ol>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo21; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in left 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">From 1962 military take over the expulsion of Rohingyas
has become systematic and widespread. In 1975, “About 500 Muslims have
been coming daily as refugees to Bangladesh. They were pushed by Burmese
authorities and Maghs. They have left all their movable and immovable properties
in their own country.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314#_ftn61" name="_ftnref61" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn61;" title="">[61] 400 Burmese Muslims took shelter in Jessore
Town Hall. The leader of the refugees Mr. Noor Mohammed told that they are
the bona-fide citizens of Burma. He further told the newsman that due to
continuous persecution by a sec</a>tion of Buddhists and State authorities
as many as 15,000 Rohingyas from Maungdaw area in Arakan crossed the
border to Jessore, Moghulhat and Rangpur. They were forcibly deprived of
their properties but got no remedy from any quarter.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314#_ftn62" name="_ftnref62" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn62;" title="">[62] </a></span></li>
</ol>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo22; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in left 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Rohingya refugees reached also India. “In Urdu
Park, in front of the Jama Masjid, Delhi about 300 Muslim refugees from
Burma under the tattered sheds are passing their lives. Among them are
included women and children who had established hearth and home in Burma.
They had their own lands and jobs. The government seized all their
properties and drove them away from their homes. ..The Burmese police led
the refugees to the border with Bangladesh and ensured that they crossed
over. They were defrauded of Rs.70,000 by money changing touts. They
escaped into India under cover of darkness. From the border to Calcutta
they travelled in buses. The rest of the journey to Delhi was completed by
train, mostly without tickets.” <a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314#_ftn63" name="_ftnref63" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn63;" title="">[63]</a></span></li>
</ol>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo23; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in left 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Due to oppression and suppression by the Government of
Burma and the Buddhist (Maghs), many Muslims from Arakan, in scattered
condition, have been crossing over to Bangladesh where they have been
concentrated in relief camps at Tefnaf. While visiting the relief camps
the refugees, who have National Registration Cards of their own, expressed
their woeful plight in their own dialect. In Teknaf there are as many as
630 refugees from104 families till now they are living in a very
heart-stricken position. …Many of the refugees are living along the
hillside mixed with the locals. It is estimated that about 1500 of them
recently entered into Bangladesh. One refugee Abdul Gaffar of Zibonkali
described that they had to leave all their belongings, properties and
lands at the hands of the Maghs…Another refugee told that atrocious
crimes, loot, physical torture, confiscation of properties and rape became
the routine for the Maghs and government authorities.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314#_ftn64" name="_ftnref64" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn64;" title="">[64]</a></span></li>
</ol>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo24; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in left 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">20 Burmese refugees died of dysentery and diarrhoea in
relief camps at Balukali and Teknaf. There are 1288 and 514 refugees
at Teknaf and Balukali refugee camps respectively, who came here 3 months
ago. It is also learnt that exodus of refugees to Bangladesh are taking
place daily.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314#_ftn65" name="_ftnref65" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn65;" title="">[65]</a></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Since 1942 the Muslim Rohingyas of
Arakan are under tyranny. Their life is a story of woe upon woe without any
respite since independence of Burma. It has been hellish from 1962 military
rule; the worse comes to the worst during the rule of SLORC, SPDC and ruling
civilianized military regime of U Thein Sein. Under the pretext of looking for
rebels or immigration checks barbaric operations have been conducted often
committing crimes against humanity of destruction of settlement and villages,
rape, murder, forced starvation, confiscation of their arable lands, moveable
and immovable properties, forced expulsion from their homeland. Over and above,
the measures of deprivation of basic freedom like freedom of movement,
marriage, education, trade and business are enormous. While the situation is
just the reverse, U Khin Maung Saw lied that Bengalis from over populated
Bangladesh regularly infiltrated into so-called resourceful Arakan. What are
the resources available to Muslims in Arakan? It is a planned deception against
the Rohingyas and Muslims.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Conversely, the whole northern
Arakan has been dotted with many settler villages of Buddhist communities, who
include a large number of Bangladeshi Maghs/Rakhines/Marmas settled on the
Muslims’ lands, lands endowed to the mosques in and around the places like
Alethankyaw, Bawlibazar, Taungbazar, Zedipyin Taungbyo, Maungdaw, Buthidaung,
Kyauktaw, Ponnagyunt, Taungup and Akayab city etc. Mosques were destroyed
and established Buddhist settler villages on and around them; and few pagodas
were erected on the mosque yards.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Some of the major armed operations conducted against the
Rohingyas that resulted in their expulsion and massive destruction of their
homes and settlements: </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 53.85pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.
Military Operation (5<sup>th</sup> Burma Regiment) November 1948.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 53.85pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.
Burma Territorial Force (BTF) Operation 1948 -50</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 53.85pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.
Military Operation (2<sup>nd</sup> Emergency Chin Regiment) March 1952</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 53.85pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.
May Yu Operation, October 1952-53</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 53.85pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.
Mone Thone Operation October 1954</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 53.85pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.
Combined Immigration and Army Operation January 1955</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 53.85pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7.
Union Military Police (UMP) Operation 1955-59</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 53.85pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8.
Captain Htin Kyaw Operation, 1959</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 53.85pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">9.
Shwe Kyi Operation, October, 1966</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 53.85pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">10.
Kyi Gan Operation, October-December 1986</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 53.85pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">11.
Ngazinka Operation 1967-1969</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 53.85pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">12.
Myat Mon Operation, February 1969-71</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 53.85pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">13.
Major Aung Than Operation, 1973</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 53.85pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">14.
Sabe Operation, February 1974-78</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 53.85pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">15.
Naga Min (King Dragon) Operation, February 1978-79</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 53.85pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">16.
Shwe Hin Tha Operation, August 1978-80</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 53.85pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">17.
Galon Operation, July 1979 to 1991-92</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 53.85pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">18.
Pyi Thaya Operation, July 1991-92</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 53.85pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">19.
Ongoing Na-Sa-Ka Operation from 1992</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: .25in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Based on the definitions of Rome
Statute of the International Criminal Court (ICC), we can now infer that the
followings Crimes Against Humanity have been committed by the military regime
and non-state actors against the Rohingya people:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.
The Crime Against Humanity of Murder;</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.
The Crime Against Humanity of Extermination;</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.
The Crime Against Humanity of Deportation or Forcible Transfer of
Population;</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.
The Crime Against Humanity of Imprisonment or other Severe Deprivation of
Physical Liberty,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.
The Crime Against Humanity of Torture;</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.
The Crime Against Humanity of Rape;</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7.
The Crime Against Humanity of Forced Pregnancy;</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8.
The Crime Against Humanity of Sexual Violence;</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">9.
The Crime Against Humanity of Persecution ;</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">10.
The Crime Against Humanity of Enforced Disappearance of Persons;</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">11.
The Crime Against Humanity of other inhuman acts.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: .25in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The rapid demographic changes in
North Arakan due to Buddhist settler villages, and the aforementioned continued
gruesome armed operations and crimes against humanity perpetrated against the
Rohingyas speak themselves who illegally infiltrated into Arakan; definitely
they were Rakhines/Buddhists, not the Rohingya/Muslims.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: .25in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rohingya Organisations</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">U Khin Maung Saw and his accomplices
made futile efforts to implicate the Rohingya groups to have connection with
terrorist organisations, Taliban or Al-Qaeda. Their unsubstantiated and
concocted allegations are creation of SPDC, ruling regime and vested interests
to suit their interests. For the regime, the reason may be to regain US support
via terrorism angle. Time and again through press releases and statements,
Arakan Rohingya Organisations (ARNO) and it Rakhine political allies National
United Party of Arakan (NUPA) strongly condemned such concocted allegations and
rejected any direct or indirect link with any terrorist organisation.
Followings are an abstract of some of the press releases.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“ARNO condemns terrorist attacks on
United States on 11 September 2001 and believes that terrorism is an evil on
earth that knows no homeland, nationality, religion, or race and so everybody
must disown it and condemn it.”. .…In recent week, Muslims in Burma have become
vulnerable after terrorist attacks in the United states and conflict in
Afghanistan. The military SPDC or citizens of other ethnic groups may think
that they can justify anti-Muslim activities as part of “the war on terrorism.”
Increasing signs of Muslim and Islam hatred and climate of victimization of
Muslims in Burma have been reported across the country. Persistent rioting and
clashes between Muslims and Buddhists, destruction of Muslim shops and houses
in towns and cities, tightening of travel and worship restrictions on Muslims
and stepping up of persecution of Rohingya Muslims in Arakan have taken place.
SPDC is responsible for these violence on religious line.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314#_ftn66" name="_ftnref66" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn66;" title="">[66]</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“In the recent weeks following the terrorist attacks of
September 11, 2001 in the United States, there have been several news reports
which have suggested possible link between terrorist organisations and Arakan
Rohingya National Organisation (ARNO) and National United Party of Arakan
(NUPA)… On September 2000, recognizing the need for unity between Arakan’s two
major communities of Rakhine and Rohingya, the NUPA and ARNO formed the Arakan
Independence Alliance (AIA)…. The AIA reiterates its condemnation of September
11 terrorist attacks. The AIA calls on the international community to root out
terrorism in all its forms, including terrorism practiced by a state as well as
individuals and groups.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314#_ftn67" name="_ftnref67" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn67;" title="">[67]</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“Recently the Burmese military Junta
has tried to link Rohingya freedom fighters to the Taliban. … The reason may be
to regain US support via the terrorism angle… By demonising the entire ethnic
nationalities like Rohingya, it hopes to secure international support at the
expense of peace of the people of Arakan. …ARNO welcomes supports from any
group worldwide as long as they respect our goals and especially our vision of
tolerance and respect for all religions and human rights for all in Arakan.
ARNO will continue to work with NUPA and our Rakhine Buddhist allies to achieve
our vision of a diverse, tolerant, multi-ethnic, multi-religious Arakan
society…Let one thing be clear, no matter how much military and political
pressure or torture the Burmese junta subjects our people to, we at ARNO will
never participate in any activities that are destructive to our Arakan or take
part in any activities that are not steps towards our goal..”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314#_ftn68" name="_ftnref68" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn68;" title="">[68]</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“Since the agreement of political alliance signed between
NUPA and ARNO on 16<sup>th</sup> September 2000, the Burmese military has been
up and doing to damage the image of the joint freedom struggle of the Muslim and
Buddhist communities in Arakan. In its effort the SPDC with the vested
interests is trying to exploit the grave situation, in the wake of September 11
terrorist attacks in the United States, and is tarring the Muslim freedom
fighters with the same brush, with an expectation to get US support and to
accelerate its Rohingya extermination and ethnic cleansing. ”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314#_ftn69" name="_ftnref69" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn69;" title="">[69]</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ARNO is the continuation of the
Rohingya people’s struggle for peace, justice, equality, democracy and human
rights. We are committed to remain a community within Arakan, and to working
with other pro-democracy groups in order to build a Federal Union of Burma. We
are also committed to having peaceful and beneficial relations with our
neighbours.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314#_ftn70" name="_ftnref70" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn70;" title="">[70]</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“While practicing policies of
“de-Muslimization” and “Rohingya extermination”, the junta is employing all
possible ways and means to gain the support of the United States by trying to
link the Rohingya freedom fighters with al-Qaeda and Taliban. ….We again state that
ARNO has no link or relationship with al-Qaeda or Taliban. It has nothing to do
with the relay of CNN alleging link with al-Qaeda on the western side of Burma.
Neither our freedom fighters received any training nor any kinds of assistance
from al-Qaeda nor Taliban… ARNO is an organisation advocating democracy, peace,
justice, equality and human rights in Burma. It has been working hand in glove
with National United Party of Arakan (NUPA), which represents Buddhists of
Arakan, under the umbrella of Arakan Independence Alliance (AIA).”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314#_ftn71" name="_ftnref71" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn71;" title="">[71]</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“The junta is trying to secure international support,
particularly to gain the support of the United States, though the prism of
terrorism with intent to divert the attention of the people of the world away
from the serious situation in the country. Especially Rohingyas are implicated,
for being Muslims, to have link with al-Qaeda and Taliban. The CNN videotape
number C205 showing alleged fighters training in 1990 in Burma is of no linkage
to us. …Arakan Independence Allaince (AIA), an umbrella organisation of ARNO
and NUPA, states that none of its component organisation is involved in any
activities that are not in line with its policies and programmes and are not in
conformity with its goal... AIA is committed to preserve the composite nature
Arakan society and uphold the principle of “peaceful co-existence” among all or
different national groups of Arakan. It believes that joint struggle of the
Buddhist and Muslim communities of the homeland is absolute imperative to liberate
their homeland...”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314#_ftn72" name="_ftnref72" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn72;" title="">[72]</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“ARNO does not maintain any camp or
base in Bangladesh. ARNO does not harbour any foreign militants and has never
engaged any activities abetting terrorism. ARNO strongly condemns any terrorist
acts by anyone and denounces terrorism of all kinds anywhere in the world. ARNO
does not support any fanatic groups. As a proof of this, neither ARNO nor any
of its members feature in the US government list of organisations and
individuals involved in or financing terrorism.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314#_ftn73" name="_ftnref73" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn73;" title="">[73]</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The regime and critics like U Khin Maung Saw may think that
they can justify anti-Muslim activities as part of “the war on terrorism” with
intent to further intimidate and terrorise the Muslim population of the
country. But this is a failed agenda and futile exercise. Instead, U Khin Maung
Saw and his accomplices may be prudent to stop keeping the flames of racism and
bigotry burning. Otherwise, the people of Arakan (Muslims, Buddhists, Hindus
and animists) and their children, and their children will born, have to bear
the brunt of the venom of their racism and xenophobia leading to unending
communal conflict that will bring them only destruction, irreparable disaster,
humiliation after humiliation. For any such adverse situation of inhuman acts
the Burmese regime as well as U Khin Maung Saw and group will be held
responsible.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In conclusion it may be stressed
that Arakan is a diverse society. The two major peoples of Muslim Rohingyas and
Buddhist Rakhines have had lived side by sides for centuries. They are still living
in the same place drinking the same water and have to live until doomsday. They
must learn how to live peacefully. The current hostility between these two
sister communities is detrimental to all. This is time for rapprochement for
peaceful coexistence. Let us recognize and respect pluralistic culture and
difference between us, on the principle of ‘unity in diversity. Diversity is
not weakness but strength.</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">APPENDIX</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .25in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .25in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Verse No. 4</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Text of
Pillar
Rohingya
Rakhine
English </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jagata
Jagat
Kabba
World</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Varsam
Vasar
Hanik
Year</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Satam
Shat
Thara
Hundred</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Verse No. 5</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tena
Tene
Thu
He</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Krtm
Karten
Loukthi
Did</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rajyan
Rashtri
Oukchoukthi
Reign</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Verse No. 6</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Nama
Naam
Amee
Name</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Raja
Rajah
Bayin/Min
King</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Verse No. 7</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ikam
Ekk
Thaik
One</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Thasmad
Tharfar
Tohnauk
Then</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Verse No. 8</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Nitiri
Vikramp
Nitimote
Thara Thapyint
Justly</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Verse No. 52</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Deni
Deni
Deni
Deni
Nezin
Daily</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Verse
No. Numeral Inscription
Rohingya
Rakhine English</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">17,14
Dhuwi
Dhui
Hnaik
Two</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">13
Therai
Teen
Thaong Three</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">31
Pansa
Pans
Ngaa
Five</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">25
Chau
Sau
Khrouk Six</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">14,16,26,30
Chaat
Chaat/Hanth Khunaik
English</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">35
Dhuwa
Dosh
Dosh Dhui
Sehnaik Twelve</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">9,22,115
Vish
Vish/Khuree
Hnasei
Twenty</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">35
Thirish
Thirish
Thonsei Thirty</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">55
Panchas
Panchas
Ngasei
Fifty</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">and many others are also similarly
pronounced in Rohingya dialect.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314#_ftn74" name="_ftnref74" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn74;" title="">[74]</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
<hr align="center" size="1" width="33%" />
</span></div>
<div align="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 1.5pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://www.rohingya.org/portal/index.php/scholars/65-nurul-islam-uk/293-muslim-influence-in-the-kingdom-of-arakan.html"><span style="color: blue;">< Prev</span></a></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;">
<br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title="">[1]
Professor Dr. Mohammed Ali Chowdhury: “Bengal-Arakan Relations: A study in His</a>torical
Perspective”, a paper submitted to Arakan History Conference, Bangkok 23-25
November 2005, organized by the Institute of Asian Studies, Chulalongkorn
University, Bangkok, Thailand, p.7</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title="">[2] Moshe Yegar: “The Muslims of Burma”, A study of
Minority gr</a>oups, Weesbaden, Otto Harrassowitz, 1972, p.18</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title="">[3] Bashin, “Coming of Islam in Burma 1700 A,D,” a
research paper presented at Azad Bhavan, New Delhi, 1961, p.4.</a></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title="">[4] Shwe Lu Maung ,”The Price of Silence: Muslim-Buddhist
War of Bangladesh and Myanmar, A soci</a>al Darwinist’s Analysis”, DewDrop Arts
and Technology, Columbia, Missouri, USA, p.173.</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn5" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title="">[5] “Rohingyas’ Outcry and Demands, published by Rohingya
Patriotic Front, 1976, p.33.</a></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn6" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title="">[6] Dr. Shwe Lu Maung, “Burma: Nationalism and Ideology”,
University Press Limited</a>, Dhaka, 1989, p.20.</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn7" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title="">[7] “Arakan in Historical Perspective”, an article
in Monthly Bulletin of the Bangladesh Institute of Law and International
affairs, Vol.1, April 1978, Number 4.</a></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn8" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title="">[8] Maung Ushan, “Arakanese Community in Bangladesh”, an
article in ANC </a>website.</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn9" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title="">[9] Maurice Collis, “The Land of the Great Image”,
New Directions Publishing Corporation, New York, Secong Printing. P.135.</a></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn10" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title="">[10] Ba Shin, “Coming of Islam to Burma 1700 AD”, A
research paper presented at the Azad Bhavan, New Delhi in 1961, p.4.</a></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
Col. (Rtd.) Ba Shin was the Chairman of the Burma
Historical Commission.</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn11" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title="">[11] Dr. Kanungo “History of Chittagong” Vol. A,
1994, Chittagong, p.276</a></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn12" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title="">[12] “Bengalis and their Historical Problem”, published
by People’s Democratic Party of Arakan on 7/5/1990.</a></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn13" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title="">[1</a>3] Abdus Samad, “Muslim population (Rohingya) in
Arakan was relatively recent development:– Myth or Fact examine”, First
Rohingya Consultation, 2-3 August 2006.</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn14" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title="">[14] AFK Jilani, “The Rohingyas of Arakan: Their quest
for Justice”, First edition, 1999, p.115</a>.</div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
In “Muslim in Burma”, an article by Sultan Mahmud
(MP), Ex. Health Minister of Burma, published in the Nation Daily,
Rangoon, dated 12 April 1959 and his several parliament debates.</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn15" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title="">[15] Ibid. p.115.</a></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
In “Rohingyas and Kamans”, (in Burmese) by M.A. Tahir
Batha, p.39.</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn16" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title="">[16] Dr. Kanungo “History of Chittagong” Vol. A,
1994, Chittagong, pp.571-572.</a></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn17" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314#_ftnref17" name="_ftn17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title="">[17] Supra p.20.</a></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn18" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314#_ftnref18" name="_ftn18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title="">[18] Anthony Irwin, “Burmese Outpost”, Collis, London,
1945, pp.23-25</a></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn19" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314#_ftnref19" name="_ftn19" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19;" title="">[19] “Burmese Outpost”</a> by Anthony Irwin, Collis,
1945.</div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
Defeat Into Victory, by Field Marshall William
Slim,1956, Cassell & Company Ltd</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn20" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314#_ftnref20" name="_ftn20" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn20;" title="">[20] M.N.Habibullah: “History of Rohingya ”
Cooperative Book Society, Dhaka., 1995, P. 4</a></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn21" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314#_ftnref21" name="_ftn21" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn21;" title="">[21] A.T.M. Salimullah Bahar,”Dynamic of Ethnic Relat</a>ions
In Burmese Society: A case Study of Inter-ethnic Relations between the Burmese
and the Rohingyas, M.A. Thesis, 1981, p.89</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn22" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314#_ftnref22" name="_ftn22" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn22;" title="">[22] Dr. S.B. Khanungo, “History of Chittagong”, Vol. A
1979, p.132.</a></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn23" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314#_ftnref23" name="_ftn23" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn23;" title="">[23] Dr. Michael W. Charney, “Buddhism in Arakan: Theory
and</a> Historiography of the Religious Basis of the Ethnonym”, a paper
submitted to the Forgotten Kingdom of Arakan Workshop, 23-24 November 2005,
First Hotel, Bangkok, Thailand. P.15</div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
In Buchanan, “A comparative Vocabulary,” p.55</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn24" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314#_ftnref24" name="_ftn24" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn24;" title="">[24] Ibid. p.20</a></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn25" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314#_ftnref25" name="_ftn25" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn25;" title="">[25] S.L. Verma,</a> “The law Relating to Foreigners and
Citizenship in Burma”, Second edition 1961, Zabudipa Trading Co. Rangoon, pp.
121,122,129</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn26" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314#_ftnref26" name="_ftn26" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn26;" title="">[26] Towards Understanding Arakan History, unpublished
in Chapter XIII</a></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn27" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314#_ftnref27" name="_ftn27" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn27;" title="">[27] Towards Understanding Arakan History, unpublished.</a></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
In Pamela Gutman; Ancient Arakan, pp. 16-17</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn28" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314#_ftnref28" name="_ftn28" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn28;" title="">[28] Dr. Aye Chan; An article in Rakhine Tasaung
(1975-760. Vo 14)</a></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn29" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314#_ftnref29" name="_ftn29" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn29;" title="">[29] Thant Myint-U “River of Lost Footsteps”, Mackays of
Chatham, plc, 2007, p. 72.</a></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn30" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314#_ftnref30" name="_ftn30" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn30;" title="">[30] U Hla Tun Pru; The Whiter, The When and The Why of
Arakan</a>ese history. (Dec. 1958)</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn31" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314#_ftnref31" name="_ftn31" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn31;" title="">[31] Towards Understanding Arakan History, unpublished.</a></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
In Pamela Gutman; Ancient Arakan, pp. 16-17</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn32" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314#_ftnref32" name="_ftn32" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn32;" title="">[32] Rivers of Lost Footsteps, pp. 73-74.</a></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn33" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314#_ftnref33" name="_ftn33" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn33;" title="">[33] Dr. Shwe Lu Maung, “The Price of Silence” Dew Drop
Arts & Technology, USA, 2005 P.20</a>9.</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn34" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314#_ftnref34" name="_ftn34" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn34;" title="">[34] Kalilur Rahman: “Massacre in Arakan” in Urdu,
translated by Shabbir Hussain, p.10.</a></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn35" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314#_ftnref35" name="_ftn35" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn35;" title="">[35] Ibid. p.5.</a></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn36" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314#_ftnref36" name="_ftn36" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn36;" title="">[36] Ibid. pp. 111-112.</a></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn37" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314#_ftnref37" name="_ftn37" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn37;" title="">[37] “The Infiltration of Aliens and Some of the Events
in Arakan State”, a report dated 1/11/1983 submitted by Major Hla Mya</a>ing.</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn38" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314#_ftnref38" name="_ftn38" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn38;" title="">[38] Kalilur Rahman:“ Massacre in Arakan” (in Urdu),
translated by Shabbir Hussain, p.5.</a></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn39" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314#_ftnref39" name="_ftn39" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn39;" title="">[39] Dr. Swapna Bhattacharya, “ Islam in Arakan: An
Interpretation from the Indian perspective” p. 25.</a></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn40" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314#_ftnref40" name="_ftn40" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn40;" title="">[40] </a>Anthony Irwin: “Burmese Outpost” , London,
Collins, 1946.p.21.</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn41" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314#_ftnref41" name="_ftn41" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn41;" title="">[41] Muzaffar Ahmed Arakani, “The Muslims of North
Arakan: – What they are struggling for?”Part-1, February 1955, pp. 6-7</a></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn42" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314#_ftnref42" name="_ftn42" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn42;" title="">[42] Ibid. p.8.</a></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn43" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314#_ftnref43" name="_ftn43" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn43;" title="">[43] U Maung Tin, “”Suggestion to Rohingya Consultati</a>on
Forum”, Bangkok, Thailand, 2-3 August 2006, p.2</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn44" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314#_ftnref44" name="_ftn44" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn44;" title="">[44] Towards Understanding Arakan History, p.99</a></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn45" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314#_ftnref45" name="_ftn45" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn45;" title="">[45] U Maung Tin, “”Suggestion to Rohingya Consultation
Forum”, Bangkok, Thailand, 2-3 August 2006, p.2</a></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn46" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314#_ftnref46" name="_ftn46" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn46;" title="">[46] Towards Understanding Arakan History, p.99.</a></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn47" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314#_ftnref47" name="_ftn47" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn47;" title="">[47]</a> Burmese politics (1958-1962), Vol.3,
edited by U Kyaw Win, U Mya Han and U Thein Hlaing, Universities Press,
Rangoon. Pp. 2-3.</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn48" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314#_ftnref48" name="_ftn48" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn48;" title="">[48] Burma Broadcasting Service (Myanmar Athan), by U
Kyaw Nyein, Director (Radio),1979, first published by Sabay Bimman gover</a>nment
publishing house, p. 71.</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn49" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314#_ftnref49" name="_ftn49" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn49;" title="">[49] See Thawdashin Magazine, 25 years Silver Jubilee
publication of BBS, 1971</a></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn50" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314#_ftnref50" name="_ftn50" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn50;" title="">[50] Arab News, Jeddah, 17 April, 2008.</a></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn51" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314#_ftnref51" name="_ftn51" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn51;" title="">[51] Kaladan Press, 17 October 2011</a></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn52" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314#_ftnref52" name="_ftn52" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn52;" title="">[52] Far Eastern Economic Review, “A danger to
themselves” by Bertil </a>Lintner, 29 August 1991, p.28.</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn53" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314#_ftnref53" name="_ftn53" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn53;" title="">[53] Arab News, Jeddah, 17 April, 2008.</a></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn54" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314#_ftnref54" name="_ftn54" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn54;" title="">[54] Dr. Zarni, “Understanding the Change in Burma”, an
article in Irrawaddy Magazine, 12/10/2011.</a></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn55" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314#_ftnref55" name="_ftn55" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn55;" title="">[55] The Daily Pasban (Urdu), Dhaka, East Pakistan, May
11 & 14, 1955</a></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn56" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314#_ftnref56" name="_ftn56" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn56;" title="">[56] Ibid.</a></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn57" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314#_ftnref57" name="_ftn57" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn57;" title="">[57] </a>Ibid.</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn58" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314#_ftnref58" name="_ftn58" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn58;" title="">[58] “The Burmese Government accuses the Muslims as
Mujahids’ agents: Condition in Arakan deteriorating”, The Daily Ahfag
(Urdu), West Pakistan, August 26, 1959</a></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn59" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314#_ftnref59" name="_ftn59" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn59;" title="">[59] “The Woeful Tale of Arakanese Muslim Refugees”, The
Daily Kohistan (Urdu), Lahore, </a>west Pakistan, September 4, 1959</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn60" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314#_ftnref60" name="_ftn60" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn60;" title="">[60] The Daily Pasban (Urdu), Dhaka, East Pakistan, May
11 & 14, 1955.</a></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn61" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314#_ftnref61" name="_ftn61" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn61;" title="">[61] “Burmese Muslim exodus to Bangladesh”, The Daily
Ittefaq (Bengali), Dacca, Bangladesh, March 6, 1975</a></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn62" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314#_ftnref62" name="_ftn62" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn62;" title="">[62] “The Burmese Muslim Refugees in Jessore”,</a> The
Daily Ittefaq (Bengali), Dacca, Bangladesh, March 4, 1975.</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn63" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314#_ftnref63" name="_ftn63" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn63;" title="">[63] “ UN pay attention: Hundreds of Muslim pushed
out from their motherland by Burmese government. Say where would to go
–These Muslims – lying in open space in front of the Delhi Jama Mosq</a>ue”,
The Mustaqeen Weekly (Urdu), Delhi, India, April 14, 1975</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn64" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314#_ftnref64" name="_ftn64" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn64;" title="">[64] “Burmese Refugees to be sent back”, The Daily
Purbadesh, Dacca, Bangladesh, April 16, 1975</a></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn65" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314#_ftnref65" name="_ftn65" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn65;" title="">[65] “20 died of gastro-intestinal disorders in relief
camps”, Daily Ittefaq (Bengali) Dacca, Ba</a>ngladesh, May 19, 1975</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn66" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314#_ftnref66" name="_ftn66" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn66;" title="">[66] ARNO Press release dated 29 October 2001.</a></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn67" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314#_ftnref67" name="_ftn67" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn67;" title="">[67] AIA Press release dated 2 November 2001</a></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn68" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314#_ftnref68" name="_ftn68" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn68;" title="">[68] ARNO Press release dated
11 August 2002</a></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn69" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314#_ftnref69" name="_ftn69" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn69;" title="">[69] ARNO Press release dated 25 August 2002.</a></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn70" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314#_ftnref70" name="_ftn70" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn70;" title="">[70] ARNO Press release dated 24 August 2005.</a></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn71" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314#_ftnref71" name="_ftn71" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn71;" title="">[71]</a> ARNO Press release dated 25 August 2002</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn72" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314#_ftnref72" name="_ftn72" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn72;" title="">[72] AIA Press release dated 11 September 2002.</a></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn73" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314#_ftnref73" name="_ftn73" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn73;" title="">[73] ARNO Press release dated 24August 2005.</a></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn74" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314#_ftnref74" name="_ftn74" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn74;" title="">[74] Towards Understanding Arakan History, PP114-115.</a></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
In Pamela Gutman: Ancient Arakan, PP. 68-71.</div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
In U San Tha Aung: Annada Sandra 8<sup>th</sup>
century Wethali Kings, Book No. II, p.215.</div>
</div>
</div>Rowannyahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11315383992304973275noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2089436399604203314.post-89862322266003502742012-03-29T01:45:00.003-07:002012-03-29T01:45:36.496-07:00153 - Laws and decrees related to nationality, citizenship and immigration (texts)<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="8"><tbody>
<tr><td height="10"><h1 align="center">
<i><span style="color: maroon; font-family: Book Antiqua;"><b><span>Online Burma/Myanmar Library</span></b></span></i></h1>
<span style="color: maroon; font-family: Book Antiqua;"><b>
<div align="center">
<a href="http://www.ibiblio.org/obl/googlesearch.php" rel="balloon1">Full-Text Search</a> |
<a href="http://www.ibiblio.org/obl/search.php" rel="balloon2">Database Search</a> |
<a href="http://www.ibiblio.org/obl/new.php">What's New</a> |
<a href="http://www.ibiblio.org/obl/alphabet.php">Alphabetical List of Subjects</a> |
<a href="http://www.ibiblio.org/obl/show.php?cat=-1">Main Library</a> |
<a href="http://www.ibiblio.org/obl/show.php?cat=-2">Reading Room</a> |
<a href="http://www.burmalibrary.org/show.php?cat=1455&lo=d&sl=0">Burma Press Summary</a>
</div>
</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr><td>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr><td align="left">
<b>
<a href="http://www.ibiblio.org/obl/index.php">Home</a>
> <nobr><a href="http://www.ibiblio.org/obl/show.php?cat=-1&lo=&sl=">Main Library</a></nobr>
> <nobr><a href="http://www.ibiblio.org/obl/show.php?cat=404&lo=&sl=">Law and Constitution</a></nobr>
> <nobr><a href="http://www.ibiblio.org/obl/show.php?cat=1735&lo=&sl=">Laws impacting on civil and political rights</a></nobr>
> <nobr><a href="http://www.ibiblio.org/obl/show.php?cat=1774&lo=&sl=">Laws related to nationality, citizenship and immigration</a></nobr>
> <nobr>Laws and decrees related to nationality, citizenship and immigration (texts)</nobr></b>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</td></tr>
<tr><td>
<br />
</td></tr>
<tr><td>
<b>Order links by:</b>
Reverse Date <a href="http://www.ibiblio.org/obl/show.php?cat=1775&lo=t&sl=0">Title</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<table border="0"><tbody>
<tr><td valign="top">
<hr noshade="noshade" size="1" />
<div style="color: red;">
<b>Laws and decrees related to nationality, citizenship and immigration (texts)</b></div>
<i>Individual Documents</i>
<br />
<br />
<table>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><b>Title:</b></td><td> </td><td><b><a href="http://www.ibiblio.org/obl/docs/Citizenship%20Law.htm">Burma Citizenship Law of 1982</a></b></td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><b>Date of publication:</b></td><td> </td><td>15 October 1982</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><b>Description/subject:</b></td><td> </td><td>(Pyithu Hluttaw Law No. 4 of 1982)</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><b>Language:</b></td><td> </td><td>English</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><b>Source/publisher:</b></td><td> </td><td>Pyithu Hluttaw</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><b>Format/size:</b></td><td> </td><td>html (30K)</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><b><nobr>Date of entry/update:</nobr></b></td><td> </td><td>03 June 2003</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" width="150"><br /></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><b>Title:</b></td><td> </td><td><b><a href="http://www.burmalibrary.org/docs12/Residents_of_Burma_Registration_Rules-1951.pdf">RESIDENTS OF BURMA REGISTRATION RULES, 1951</a></b></td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><b>Date of publication:</b></td><td> </td><td>1951</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><b>Description/subject:</b></td><td> </td><td>(UNOFFICIAL TRANSLATION)</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><b>Language:</b></td><td> </td><td>English</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><b>Source/publisher:</b></td><td> </td><td>Government of the Union of Burma</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><b>Format/size:</b></td><td> </td><td>pdf (20K)</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><b><nobr>Date of entry/update:</nobr></b></td><td> </td><td>11 January 2012</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" width="150"><br /></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><b>Title:</b></td><td> </td><td><b><a href="http://www.burmalibrary.org/docs12/The_Residents_of_Burma_Registration_Act-1949.pdf">THE RESIDENTS OF BURMA REGISTRATION ACT, 1949</a></b></td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><b>Date of publication:</b></td><td> </td><td>1949</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><b>Description/subject:</b></td><td> </td><td>(UNOFFICIAL TRANSLATION)</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><b>Language:</b></td><td> </td><td>English</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><b>Source/publisher:</b></td><td> </td><td>Government of the Union of Burma</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><b>Format/size:</b></td><td> </td><td>pdf (58K)</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><b><nobr>Date of entry/update:</nobr></b></td><td> </td><td>11 January 2012</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" width="150"><br /></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><b>Title:</b></td><td> </td><td><b><a href="http://www.ibiblio.org/obl/docs/Union_Citizenship_%28Election%29_Act-1948.htm">The Union Citizenship (Election) Act, 1948</a></b></td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><b>Date of publication:</b></td><td> </td><td>15 January 1948</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><b>Description/subject:</b></td><td> </td><td>(Act No XXVI of 1948 )
[This Act was amended by Acts XXVII of 1954 and XXXII of 1957 – the original Act, without amendments, is reproduced below]</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><b>Language:</b></td><td> </td><td>English</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><b>Source/publisher:</b></td><td> </td><td>Govt. of Burma</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><b>Format/size:</b></td><td> </td><td>html (44K)</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><b><nobr>Date of entry/update:</nobr></b></td><td> </td><td>03 June 2003</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" width="150"><br /></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><b>Title:</b></td><td> </td><td><b><a href="http://www.ibiblio.org/obl/docs/UNION_CITIZENSHIP_ACT-1948.htm">The Union Citizenship Act, 1948</a></b></td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><b>Date of publication:</b></td><td> </td><td>04 January 1948</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><b>Description/subject:</b></td><td> </td><td>(Act
No. LXVI of 1948.)
As amended up to 1st December 1960.
"This Act may be called the Union Citizenship Act, 1948.
(2) It shall extend to the whole of the Union of Burma and shall be
deemed to have come into force on the 4th day of January, 1948, 9th
Waning, Pyatho, 1390 B. E..."</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><b>Language:</b></td><td> </td><td>English</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><b>Source/publisher:</b></td><td> </td><td>Govt. of Burma</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><b>Format/size:</b></td><td> </td><td>html (37K)</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><b><nobr>Date of entry/update:</nobr></b></td><td> </td><td>03 June 2003</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" width="150"><br /></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><b>Title:</b></td><td> </td><td><b><a href="http://www.ibiblio.org/obl/docs/The_Registration_of_Foreigners_Rules.htm">The Registration of Foreigners Rules, 1948</a></b></td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><b>Date of publication:</b></td><td> </td><td>January 1948</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><b>Description/subject:</b></td><td> </td><td>Entry into force, 4th January 1949.</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><b>Language:</b></td><td> </td><td>English</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><b>Source/publisher:</b></td><td> </td><td>Govt. of Burma</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><b>Format/size:</b></td><td> </td><td>html</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><b><nobr>Date of entry/update:</nobr></b></td><td> </td><td>03 June 2003</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" width="150"><br /></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><b>Title:</b></td><td> </td><td><b><a href="http://www.burmalibrary.org/docs6/Burma_Immigration_%28Emergency_Provisions%29_Act.pdf">The Burma Immigration (Emergency Provisions) Act, 1947</a></b></td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><b>Date of publication:</b></td><td> </td><td>13 June 1947</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><b>Description/subject:</b></td><td> </td><td>[This
is the official text of the Act, Burma Act XXXI of 1947]... Though not
originally intended to curb freedom of opinion and expression this law,
along with the Electronics Act, the Import/Export Act and the Unlawful
Associations Act, has been used against video journalists</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><b>Language:</b></td><td> </td><td>English</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><b>Source/publisher:</b></td><td> </td><td>Govt. of Burma ("The Burma Code" Vol. I)</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><b>Format/size:</b></td><td> </td><td>pdf (81K)</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><b>Alternate URLs:</b></td><td> </td><td><a href="http://www.blc-burma.org/html/Burma%20Code/lr_e_bc01_17.html">http://www.blc-burma.org/html/Burma%20Code/lr_e_bc01_17.html</a></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><b><nobr>Date of entry/update:</nobr></b></td><td> </td><td>03 June 2003</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" width="150"><br /></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><b>Title:</b></td><td> </td><td><b><a href="http://www.burmalibrary.org/docs09/Registration_of_Foreigners_Act-1940.pdf">The Registration of Foreigners Act</a></b></td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><b>Date of publication:</b></td><td> </td><td>28 March 1940</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><b>Description/subject:</b></td><td> </td><td>Official text of the Act, Burma Act VII, 1940.
Entry into force, 28th March 1940.</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><b>Language:</b></td><td> </td><td>English</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><b>Source/publisher:</b></td><td> </td><td>Govt. of Burma</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><b>Format/size:</b></td><td> </td><td>pdf (56K); html</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><b>Alternate URLs:</b></td><td> </td><td><a href="http://www.blc-burma.org/html/Burma%20Code/lr_e_bc01_11.html">http://www.blc-burma.org/html/Burma%20Code/lr_e_bc01_11.html</a></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><b><nobr>Date of entry/update:</nobr></b></td><td> </td><td>03 June 2003</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" width="150"><br /></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><b>Title:</b></td><td> </td><td><b><a href="http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/3ae6b4f54.html">The Burma Extradition Act</a></b></td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><b>Date of publication:</b></td><td> </td><td>01 June 1904</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><b>Description/subject:</b></td><td> </td><td>[This is the official text of the Act, originally as India Act XV, 1903, dated 1 June 1904 with subsequent amendments.]</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><b>Language:</b></td><td> </td><td>English</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><b>Source/publisher:</b></td><td> </td><td>Govt. of Burma via UNCHR</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><b>Format/size:</b></td><td> </td><td>html</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><b><nobr>Date of entry/update:</nobr></b></td><td> </td><td>08 December 2010</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" width="150"><br /></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><b>Title:</b></td><td> </td><td><b><a href="http://www.ibiblio.org/obl/docs/The_Foreigners_Act.htm">The Foreigners Act</a></b></td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><b>Date of publication:</b></td><td> </td><td>12 February 1864</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><b>Description/subject:</b></td><td> </td><td>India
Act III, 1864 (12th February, 1864)
"WHEREAS it is expedient to make provisions to enable the President of
the Union to prevent the subjects of Foreign States from residing or
sojourning in the Union of Burma, or from passing through or travelling
therein, without the consent of the President of the Union, it is
enacted as follows:..."</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><b>Language:</b></td><td> </td><td>English</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><b>Source/publisher:</b></td><td> </td><td>Govt. of Burma</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><b>Format/size:</b></td><td> </td><td>html (33K)</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><b>Alternate URLs:</b></td><td> </td><td><a href="http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/3ae6b54c4.html">http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/3ae6b54c4.html</a></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><b><nobr>Date of entry/update:</nobr></b></td><td> </td><td>03 June 2003</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>Rowannyahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11315383992304973275noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2089436399604203314.post-30501715220554893742012-03-29T01:41:00.001-07:002012-03-31T23:14:45.014-07:00152 - RESIDENTS OF BURMA REGISTRATION RULES, 1951 (UNOFFICIAL TRANSLATION)<div style="text-align: justify;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: red;">RESIDENTS OF BURMA REGISTRATION RULES, 1951 (UNOFFICIAL TRANSLATION)</span></b></div>
1. This Rules shall be called the 1951 Residents of Myanmar Registration Rules.<br />
2. In these Rules:-<br />
"Act" means the 1949 Residents of Myanmar Registration Act.<br />
"registered address" means an address of a person registered under the Act, recorded in the Registration List concerning the particulars of him or an address mentioned in the latest letter of intimation to effect changes of his address if he delivers such letter under rules 26.<br />
"registration authority" means any person appointed under Section 3 of the Act or Article 3 of the Rules for the purpose of registration of residents of Myanmar.<br />
"registration card" means a registration card issued under this Rules.<br />
"temporary registration certificate" means a certificate issued in lieu of the registration card and a proof of identity valid for a certain period specified in the certificate.<br />
(1) In order to carry out the provisions of the Act and Rules, the President may divide the registration areas within the Union of Myanmar as he thinks fit and appoint necessary registration officers and assistant registration officers.<br />
(2) Headmen of the wards appointed under the Town Act and/or village headmen appointed under the Village Act shall perform the duties and responsibilities of the record keepers in their respective jurisdiction.<br />
(3) Chief Registration Officer or any officer empowered by the Chief Registration Officer may appoint any volunteered data collector for any registration area or part of the area..<br />
3. The Chief Registration Officer may direct any data collector to produce a testimonial admitting that he has performed his duties properly and empower any assistant registration officer in this regards.<br />
4. If any person take care or take charge of any other person, he shall be deemed as guardian of the other person.<br />
5. Whoever resides within the Union of Myanmar shall furnish the registration officer with authentic particulars in relation with essential facts to the best of his knowledge for the purpose of registration.<br />
6. Whoever resides in any area within certain period hereinafter referred to as registration time frame set by Chief Registration Officer or any other officer empowered to this effect shall furnish the respective record keeper or data collector with his personal particulars, mentioned in form 1 attached to these rules for the purpose of registration. Provided that the guardian shall furnish personal particulars of the ward in case the latter is the ward of the former.<br />
7. (1) The data collector shall make the registration list relating to the persons residing within his jurisdiction by preparing three sets of Form 1 recording the personal particulars mentioned in it.<br />
(2) Whoever when required by the record keeper or data collector to reduce the signature on registration forms, registration card and identity card, is responsible to do so accordingly. Should the said person be illiterate, he shall place his fingerprint in lieu of signature. Record keeper or data collector shall endorse the authenticity of signature or fingerprint of the said person.. Any acquaintance of the record keeper and/or data collector shall give evidence identifying who the said person is.<br />
(3) Whoever when necessary to bring the registration card along with him 8. (3). If any person, under this rule, is in need of carrying the cards, there should be the respective Registration card, TRC and registration forms with each photo concerned. Besides this, Registration Authority should be permitted to take photographs in this regard.<br />
9. Data Collectors shall provide the records to Record-keeper. The Record-keeper shall inquire the data-entry in the records whether it has been done completely in a proper way to his satisfaction. Then, he shall perform necessary amendment to his opinion in the records. The record-keeper shall then send the records to ARO. ARO shall take necessary action in this regard in order to issue the card.<br />
10. The ARO shall check the records and sign. Each copy of these records shall be sent to Record-keeper and RO.<br />
11. RO, ARO and the Record-keeper shall be obliged to keep safely the registration records of the wards supervised by him. Then for the whole Union, the particulars of registration shall be written on the index-cards. The index-cards shall be kept<br />
by the Chief Registration Officer.<br />
12. When the ARO receives the registration records, he shall issue each card to each person of properly entry in the record if he has already attained the age of 12.<br />
13. (1). This record-keeper may issue TRC for any of the following reasons:<br />
(a). If record-keeper suppose that entry in the registration record has been done completely in a proper way.<br />
(b). If an application is submitted to issue the another card in lieu of the card, which is lost or damage or faded out.<br />
(c). If there is specific reasons by general or special order.<br />
(2). The TRC must be in accord with form (3) attached to the back of this rules.<br />
(3). The validity duration of TRC may be restricted by fixing a deadline.<br />
(4). The holder of TRC shall surrender his card to record-keeper within 7 days after validity of the card expires. The record-keeper may reissue that card endorsing it for validity extension as and when necessary or he may issue new TRC.<br />
(5). The holder of the TRC, when receives the registration card instead of TRC, shall hand-over that TRC to the recordkeeper. However, relating to the matters under rule 4 and 5, if TRC is subject to the ward of another person, the guardian shall hand-over that card.<br />
14. In case a registered person was not issued a card because of under age, the guardian of that person shall apply for the card to the Record-keeper within 30 days after that person has attained the age of 12 years. But, if the registered person is not ward of another person he is responsible to apply the card by self to Record-keeper.<br />
15. The Record-keeper must be responsible to issue the registration card or TRC properly to the concerned person of that card or to the guardian if the concerned person is a ward of another person.<br />
16. The person concerned or the guardian concerned to the Registration card or TRC, when received that card must be responsible to maintain that card not to be contrary of provisions under section 29.<br />
17. No one is allowed to make any mark or any statement on the Registration card or TRC. No one is allowed to erase or change any mark or statement on the registration card or TRC. No one is allowed to fade or spoil the Registration Cardor TRC. But, the provisions under this rule shall not apply to the matters done by any Registration Authority or any<br />
instructions of Chief Registration Officer.<br />
18. The person concerned to Registration Card or TRC or the guardian of that person shall not hand-over that Registration Card or TRC to another person.<br />
19. If the Registration card or TRC is lost, damaged or faded, the holder of the card or the person responsible to keeping the card shall inform Record-keeper to this regard and to give one Kyat fee to him. Provided that ARO has thought the reasons fit in that case, may exempt anybody from providing the fee. Whenever the card or TRC is faded out, such of<br />
those shall be handed-over to record-keeper with a complaint. The Record-keeper or ARO shall take necessary action inorder to issue a new card in lieu of Registration Card or TRC as to the concerned person's necessary thereof.<br />
20. Whoever finds a lost Registration Card or TRC shall hand it over as soon as possible to the record-keeper of where the card was found.<br />
21. Whenever the registered person dies, his Registration Card or TRC shall be handed over to the Record-keeper within 7 days.<br />
22. Whenever the registered person, under the act, is terminated from being registered the complaint to the regard of such termination, shall be sent to ARO or any other person empowered by the Chief RO to accept the complaint thereof as soon as possible. As soon as the complaint is sent, the Registration Card or TRC shall be provided to the said Officer or the person empowered.<br />
23. Whenever, anyone is in the possession of extra Registration Card or TRC not concerning him or not relating to the ward he shall hand it over to record-keeper urgently.<br />
24. Whenever, anyone is in the possession of extra Registration Card or TRC concerning him or relating to the ward, he shall hand it over to the Record-keeper urgently.<br />
25. Whenever anyone, departs temporarily from his registered address, for a period continuously more than one month, he has to inform that of such departure to the record-keeper of his registered address or present address.<br />
26. (1). A registered person, whenever changes his address, shall inform such change under the provision of sub-rule (2).<br />
Provided that, if a person is a ward of a person, the guardian shall inform in this regard.<br />
(2). A person arriving at in new address has to inform in writting within 3 days the Record-keeper of his new address in this regard. When having informed, Registration Card or TRC shall be handed over to Record-keeper .<br />
(3). If it is TRC, the Record-keeper must issue that card after enclosed on it. Or new TRC must be issued. In this regard, ARO shall be reported.<br />
(4). If it is Registration Card, the record-keeper must issue TRC in lieu of Registration Card to that person and submit the said card with his report to ARO. The ARO has to issue the said Registration after endorsed it or he must issue a new Registration Card.<br />
27. (1). If any registered person has any changes on the their grounds except the address provided when registered, shall inform such changes accordingly under the provision of sub rule (2). Provided that, if a person is a ward of a person, the guardian shall inform in this regard.<br />
(2). A person shall inform the changes to the record keeper in writing within 30 days after having changed in such a way. When have if informed, he has to hand-over the Registration card or TRC of his possession to the record keeper.<br />
(3). If it is TRC, the record keeper must issue that card after endorsed it or new TRC shall be issued. Then, in this regard, ARO shall be informed.<br />
(4). If it is the Registration card, the record keeper must issue TRC in lieu of Registration card to that person and submit the said card with his report to ARO. The ARO has to issue the said Registration card after endorsed it or he must issuea new Registration card.<br />
(5). The record keeper and ARO have to perform necessary preparations in the Registers which the said persons are responsible to maintain safely.<br />
28. (1). A person not being Registered yet, for a region under this rule, after cessation of specify duration of Registration, whenever resides in the said region, shall inform in written, to the respective record keeper, prescribing necessary facts in order to register within the three days after arrival at the region. The record keeper shall take action as to register the<br />
person thereof. However, if a person is a ward of a person, the guardian shall inform, describing the particulars of that person.<br />
(2). For any region under rule (7), after cessation of specify duration of registration, if there has been a birth, the guardian of the child, within 7 days after such birth, shall inform to record keeper describing the necessary particulars in order to register the child.<br />
29. (1). Provided that anything here in contained in rule (16), the holder of the Registration card or TRC, who is either the ward or not of the another person, shall carry the card with him/her when defence to the outside of boundary of registered address of Township. However if the town in which a person registered his address, is not contained within the<br />
township, he is no need to carry the card unless he defence to the boundary outside of the Town.<br />
(2). The registered authorities and others empowered by the President's Notifications in this regard, shall have the power to submit Registration card or TRC in order to check.<br />
(3). If the holder of Registration card or TRC is summoned to submit the card in the registered address, he has to do so promptly as to summon. However, the guardian shall submit the Registration card or TRC relates to the ward of another person.<br />
(4.) If a holder o Registration card or TRC is summoned to submit that Registration card or that TRC in the arriving address when he is departing from registered address, he shall submit promptly as to the summon if he is the ward of another person or not. If he summoned to submit the Registration card or TRC in the office of Registration Authority, he<br />
shall to submit within the specify duration by that authority or the person empowered.<br />
(5). Any person, for his resident region under rule (7), after expiration of specific duration of registration, whenever happens to regard with this act or rules, shall inform to respective record keeper within 30 days after regarding thereof. The record keeper shall take necessary action in order to register such person.<br />
30. The Chief Registration Officer, under this act section 3, subsection 2 or rule 3 may issue the instructions or summons specially or generally to the employees as he thinks in order to do their works properly. The person who receives the said instructions/summons shall perform in accordance with them thereof.<br />
31. Whoever contravene the provisions of this rule, shall be taken legal action under this act section 6, subsection 2.<br />
32. Notwithstanding anything contained in the above rules, the President may make amendments or exceptions as he thinks fit when apply this rules to the menders of the religious orders or any sort of persons.<br />
33. Notwithstanding anything in the above rules, the foreigners shall be exempted from the application of the said rules other than rule 29 and 31.<br />
34. However, (a). The registered foreigners under 1940 Foreigner Registration rules shall be deemed that they are being registered under these rules. Then,<br />
(b). For the matters in the rule 29 and 31, the registration card issued under 1940 Foreigner Registration Rules shall be deemed that the card is issued under these rules.</div>Rowannyahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11315383992304973275noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2089436399604203314.post-79967093119541654012012-03-28T22:53:00.000-07:002012-03-28T22:53:06.880-07:00151 - North Arakan: an open prison for the Rohingya<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:UseFELayout/>
</w:Compatibility>
<w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel>
</w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" LatentStyleCount="156">
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if !mso]><img src="http://img2.blogblog.com/img/video_object.png" style="background-color: #b2b2b2; " class="BLOGGER-object-element tr_noresize tr_placeholder" id="ieooui" data-original-id="ieooui" />
<style>
st1\:*{behavior:url(#ieooui) }
</style>
<![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin:0in;
mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-ansi-language:#0400;
mso-fareast-language:#0400;
mso-bidi-language:#0400;}
</style>
<![endif]-->
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: red; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="EN-GB">North Arakan: an open prison for the Rohingya </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-GB">by Chris Lewa</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent">
<i style="color: blue;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Many
minorities, including the Rohingya of Burma, are persecuted by being
rendered stateless. </span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hundreds of thousands have fled to Bangladesh and further
afield to escape oppression or in order to survive. There were mass exoduses to
Bangladesh
in 1978 and again in 1991-92. Each time, international pressure persuaded Burma
to accept them back and repatriation followed, often under coercion. But the
outflow continues. </span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-GB">The Rohingya are an ethnic, linguistic and religious minority group
mainly concentrated in North Arakan (or ‘Rakhine’) State in Burma, adjacent to Bangladesh, where their number is
estimated at 725,000. Of South Asian descent, they are related to the
Chittagonian Bengalis just across the border in Bangladesh, whose language is also
related. They profess Sunni Islam and are distinct from the majority Burmese
population who are of East Asian stock and mostly Buddhists. Since Burma’s Independence
in 1948, the Rohingya have gradually been excluded from the process of
nation-building. </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Gothic";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="color: red;"><span lang="EN-GB">The 1982 Citizenship Law</span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="layout-grid-mode: line;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="layout-grid-mode: line;">In 1982, Burma’s military rulers brought in
a new Citizenship Law</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314#_edn1" name="_ednref1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Angsana New"; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="layout-grid-mode: line;"> which deprived most people of Indian and Chinese
descent of citizenship. However, the timing of its promulgation, shortly after
the refugee repatriation of 1979, strongly suggests that it was specifically
designed to exclude the Rohingya. Unlike the preceding 1948 Citizenship Act,
the 1982 Law is essentially based on the principle of <i>jus sanguinis</i> and
identifies three categories of citizens: full, associate and naturalised.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Gothic";">Full
citizens are those belonging to one of 135 ‘national races’<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314#_edn2" name="_ednref2" style="mso-endnote-id: edn2;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Angsana New"; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a> settled in Burma
before 1823, the start of the British colonisation of Arakan. The Rohingyas do
not appear in this list and the government does not recognise the term
‘Rohingya’. <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Associate</span>
citizenship was only granted to those whose application for citizenship under
the 1948 Act was pending on the date the Act came into force. Naturalised
citizenship could only be granted to those </span><span lang="EN-GB">who could
furnish “conclusive evidence” of entry and residence before Burma’s Independence
on 4 January 1948 and who could speak one of the national languages well, and
whose children were born in Burma.
</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Gothic";">Very
few Rohingyas could fulfil these requirements. Moreover, th</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black;">e wide powers assigned to a
government-controlled ‘Central Body’ to decide on matters pertaining to
citizenship mean that, in practice, the Rohingyas’ entitlement to citizenship
will not be recognised. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="layout-grid-mode: line;">In 1989, colour</span><span lang="EN-GB">-coded Citizens Scrutiny Cards (CRCs) were introduced: pink cards for
full citizens, blue for associate citizens and green for naturalised citizens.
The Rohingya were not issued with any cards. In 1995, in response to UNHCR’s
intensive advocacy efforts to document the Rohingyas, the Burmese authorities
started issuing them with a Temporary Registration Card (TRC), a white card,
pursuant to the 1949 Residents of Burma Registration Act. The TRC does not
mention the bearer’s place of birth and cannot be used to claim citizenship.
The family list, which every family residing in Burma possesses, only records
family members and their date of birth. It does not indicate the place of birth
and therefore provides no official evidence of birth in Burma – and so perpetuates their
statelessness. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-GB">The Rohingya are recognised neither as citizens nor as foreigners.
The Burmese government also objects to them being described as stateless
persons but appears to have created a special category: ‘Myanmar residents’, which is not a
legal status. However, on more than one occasion, government officials have
described them as ‘illegal immigrants from Bangladesh’. </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Gothic";">In 1998, in
a letter to UNHCR, Burma’s
then Prime Minister General Khin Nyunt wrote:<i> </i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">“These people are not originally from Myanmar
but have illegally migrated to Myanmar
because of population pressures in their own country.”<i> </i></span></span><span lang="EN-GB">And a February 2009 article in the government-owned <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">New Light of Myanmar</i> newspaper stated
that “In Myanmar there is no national race by the name of Rohinja.”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-GB">Deprivation of citizenship has served as a key strategy to justify
arbitrary treatment and discriminatory policies against the Rohingya. Severe
restrictions on their movements are increasingly applied. They are banned from
employment in the civil service, including in the education and health sectors.
In 1994, the authorities stopped issuing Rohingya children with birth
certificates. By the late 1990s, official marriage authorisations were made
mandatory. Infringement of these stringent rules can result in long prison sentences</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">. Other coercive measures such as
forced labour, arbitrary taxation and confiscation of land, also practised
elsewhere in Burma,
are imposed on the Rohingya population in a disproportionate manner.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: red; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Restrictions
of movement</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent2" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">The Rohingyas are
virtually confined to their village tracts. They need to apply for a travel
pass even to visit a neighbouring village – and they have to pay for the pass.
Travel is strictly restricted to North Arakan.
Even Sittwe, the state capital, has been declared off-limits for them. Their
lack of mobility has devastating consequences, limiting their access to
markets, employment opportunities, health facilities and higher education.
Those who overstay the time allowed by their travel pass are prevented from
returning to their village as their names are deleted from their family list.
They are then obliterated administratively and compelled to leave Burma.
Some Rohingyas have been prosecuted under national security legislation </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #000002; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Times-Roman;">for travelling without permission.</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent2" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent2" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Rohingyas are also
forbidden to travel to Bangladesh,
although in practice obtaining a travel pass to a border village and then
crossing clandestinely into Bangladesh
has proved easier than reaching Sittwe. But, similarly, those caught doing so
could face a jail sentence there for illegal entry. Many people, including
patients who sought medical treatment in Bangladesh, were unable to return
home when, during their absence, their names were cancelled on their family
list. Once outside Burma,
Rohingyas are systematically denied the right to return to their country.</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent2" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: red; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Marriage authorisations</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-GB">In the late 1990s, a local order was issued in North Arakan,
applying exclusively to the Muslim population, requiring couples planning to
marry to obtain official permission from the local authorities – usually the
NaSaKa, Burma’s
Border Security Force. Marriage authorisations are granted on the payment of
fees and bribes and can take up to several years to obtain. This is beyond the
means of the poorest. This local order also prohibits any cohabitation or
sexual contact outside wedlock. It is not backed by any domestic legislation
but breaching it can lead to prosecution, punishable by up to 10 years’
imprisonment. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-GB">In 2005, as the NaSaKa was reshuffled following the ousting of
General Khin Nyunt, marriage authorisations were completely suspended for
several months. When they restarted issuing them in late 2005, additional
conditions were attached including the stipulation that couples have to sign an
undertaking not to have more than two children. The amount of bribes and time
involved in securing a marriage permit keeps increasing year after year. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-GB">The consequences have been dramatic, particularly on women. Rohingya
women who become pregnant without official marriage authorisation often resort
to backstreet abortions, an illegal practice in Burma, which has resulted in many
maternal deaths. Others register their newborn child with another legally
married couple, sometimes their own parents. Some deliver the baby secretly in Bangladesh
and abandon their baby there. Many children are reportedly unregistered. Many
young couples, unable to obtain permission to marry, flee to Bangladesh in order to live
together. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: red; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Education and health care</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-GB">As non-citizens, the Rohingya are excluded from government
employment in health and education and those public services are appallingly
neglected in North Arakan. Schools and clinics
are mostly attended by Rakhine or Burmese staff who are unable to communicate
in the local language and who often treat Rohingyas with contempt.
International humanitarian agencies are not allowed to train Muslim health
workers, not even auxiliary midwives. Some Rohingya teach in government
schools, paid with rice-paddy under a food-for-work programme as they cannot
hold an official, remunerated teacher’s post.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-GB">Restrictions of movement have a serious impact on access to health
and education. Even in emergencies, Rohingyas must apply for travel permission
to reach the poorly equipped local hospital. Access to better medical facilities
in Sittwe hospital is denied. Referral of critically ill patients is
practically impossible. Consequently, patients who can afford it have sought
medical treatment in Bangladesh
but are sometimes unable to return to their village. Likewise, there are few
secondary schools in North Arakan and pupils
need travel permission to study outside their village. The only university is
in Sittwe. After 2001, most students could no longer attend classes and had to
rely on distance learning, only being allowed to travel to Sittwe to sit
examinations. Since 2005, however, even that has been prohibited. Not
surprisingly, illiteracy among the Rohingyas is high, estimated at 80%. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">For the Rohingya, the compounded
effect of these various forms of persecution has driven many into dire poverty
and their degrading conditions have caused mental distress, pushing them to
flee across the border to Bangladesh.
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: red; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-GB">In exile</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-GB">In Bangladesh,
the 28,000 Rohingyas still remaining in two camps are recognised as refugees
and benefit from limited protection and assistance by UNHCR but it is estimated
that up to 200,000 more live outside the camps. Bangladesh considers them as
irregular migrants and they have no access to official protection. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-GB">The combination of their lack of status in Bangladesh and their statelessness in Burma
puts them at risk of indefinite detention. Several hundred Rohingyas are
currently languishing in Bangladeshi jails arrested for illegal entry. Most are
still awaiting trial, sometimes for years. Dozens have completed their
sentences but remain in jail – called ‘released prisoners’ – as they cannot be
officially released and deported, since Burma refuses to re-admit them.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314#_edn3" name="_ednref3" style="mso-endnote-id: edn3;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Angsana New"; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Tens of thousands of Rohingyas have sought out
opportunities overseas, in the Middle East and increasingly in Malaysia, using Bangladesh as a transit country.
Stateless and undocumented, they have no other option than relying on unsafe
illegal migration channels, falling prey to unscrupulous smugglers and
traffickers, or undertaking risky journeys on boats.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314#_edn4" name="_ednref4" style="mso-endnote-id: edn4;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Angsana New"; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">[4]</span></span></span></span></a>
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">In Malaysia
or Thailand,
the Rohingyas have no access to protection. They are regularly caught in
immigration crackdowns and end up in the revolving door of ‘informal’
deportations. Since Burma
would not take them back, Thailand
has occasionally deported Rohingya boat people unofficially into border areas
of Burma
controlled by insurgent groups. Malaysia
usually deports them over the border into Thailand in the hands of brokers.
Against the payment of a fee, they are smuggled back into Thailand or Malaysia and those unable to pay
are sold into slavery on fishing boats or plantations. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">In December 2008, Thailand started implementing a new
policy of pushing back Rohingya boat people to the high seas. In at least three
separate incidents, 1,200 boat people were handed over to the Thai military on
a deserted island off the Thai coast and ill-treated before being towed out to
sea on boats without an engine and with little food and water. After drifting
for up to two weeks, three boats were finally rescued in the Andaman and
Nicobar Islands of India and two boats in Aceh province of Indonesia.
More than 300 boat people are reportedly missing, believed to have
drowned.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The issuing of a TRC to Rohingyas has been
praised as ‘a first step towards citizenship’. On 10 May 2008, the Rohingya
were allowed to vote in the constitutional referendum but ironically the new
Constitution, which was approved, does not contain any provisions granting them
citizenship rights. There is no political will for the Rohingya to be accepted
as Burmese citizens in the foreseeable future.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: red; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Recommendations</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">On 2 April 2007, six UN Special Rapporteurs put
out a joint statement addressing the Rohingya situation and called upon the
Burmese government to: </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span lang="EN-GB">repeal or amend
the 1982 Citizenship Law to ensure compliance of its legislation with the
country’s international human rights obligations, including Article 7 of the
Convention of the Rights of the Child and Article 9 of the Convention on the
Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women; </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span lang="EN-GB">take urgent
measures to eliminate discriminatory practices against the Muslim minority in North Rakhine [Arakan] State, and to ensure that no
further discrimination is carried out against persons belonging to this
community.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-GB">In addition, Bangladesh,
Malaysia and Thailand should
put in place effective mechanisms to allow Rohingyas access to protection as
refugees. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i><span lang="EN-GB">“We, Rohingyas, are like birds in a cage. However, caged birds are
fed while we have to struggle alone to feed ourselves.” A Rohingya villager
from Maungdaw, North Arakan</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Chris
Lewa (<a href="mailto:chris.lewa@gmail.com">chris.lewa@gmail.com</a>) is
coordinator of The Arakan Project, a local NGO</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> <span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">primarily
dedicated to the protection and promotion of human rights for the Rohingya
minority of Burma,
through documentation (including first-hand testimonies) and research-based
advocacy.</span><span lang="EN-GB"></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div style="mso-element: endnote-list;">
<br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<div id="edn1" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314#_ednref1" name="_edn1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Angsana New"; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB"> See</span></div>
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><a href="http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/refworld/rwmain?page=printdoc&amp;docid=3ae6b4f71b">http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/refworld/rwmain?page=printdoc&amp;docid=3ae6b4f71b</a></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn2" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314#_ednref2" name="_edn2" style="mso-endnote-id: edn2;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Angsana New"; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">[2]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB"> See <a href="http://www.myanmar.gov.mm/ministry/hotel/fact/race.htm">http://www.myanmar.gov.mm/ministry/hotel/fact/race.htm</a></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn3" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314#_ednref3" name="_edn3" style="mso-endnote-id: edn3;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="background: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Angsana New"; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">[3]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="background: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow;"> see … [article on
Detention</span><span lang="EN-GB">]<span class="msoIns"><ins cite="mailto:Chris" datetime="2009-02-16T02:14"> </ins></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn4" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2089436399604203314#_ednref4" name="_edn4" style="mso-endnote-id: edn4;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Angsana New"; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">[4]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB"> See
Chris Lewa ‘Asia’s new boat people’, FMR 30:
http://www.fmreview.org/FMRpdfs/FMR30/40-41.pdf</span></div>
</div>
</div>Rowannyahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11315383992304973275noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2089436399604203314.post-65803413296412991092012-03-28T22:42:00.000-07:002012-03-28T22:42:26.716-07:00150 - Community Provisions (Restrictive Measures – Burma/Myanmar) (Jersey) Order 2008<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div id="wrapper" style="text-align: justify;">
<div id="content">
<div class="center-Jersey_Short_Title_Contents" style="color: red;">
<b>Community Provisions (Restrictive Measures – Burma/Myanmar) (Jersey) Order 2008</b></div>
<div class="Jersey_Contents">
<b>Arrangement</b></div>
<hr class="hrline" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;" />
<div class="Jersey_Contents_Head">
<b>Article</b></div>
<div class="MsoToc4">
<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span><a href="http://www.jerseylaw.je/Law/display.aspx?url=lawsinforce/htm/ROFiles/R&OYear2008/R&O-097-2008.htm#Toc4746833">1<span class="Clear_Link"> </span>Interpretation</a></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoToc4">
<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span><a href="http://www.jerseylaw.je/Law/display.aspx?url=lawsinforce/htm/ROFiles/R&OYear2008/R&O-097-2008.htm#Toc206228212">2<span class="Clear_Link"> </span>Prohibitions on importation, etc., of goods originating in or exported from Burma/Myanmar</a></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoToc4">
<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span><a href="http://www.jerseylaw.je/Law/display.aspx?url=lawsinforce/htm/ROFiles/R&OYear2008/R&O-097-2008.htm#Toc206228213">3<span class="Clear_Link"> </span>Exceptions to prohibitions in Article 2</a></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoToc4">
<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span><a href="http://www.jerseylaw.je/Law/display.aspx?url=lawsinforce/htm/ROFiles/R&OYear2008/R&O-097-2008.htm#Toc206228214">4<span class="Clear_Link"> </span>Prohibition on exportation, etc., to Burma/Myanmar of goods which might be used for internal repression</a></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoToc4">
<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span><a href="http://www.jerseylaw.je/Law/display.aspx?url=lawsinforce/htm/ROFiles/R&OYear2008/R&O-097-2008.htm#Toc206228215">5<span class="Clear_Link"> </span>Prohibition on exportation, etc., to Burma/Myanmar of goods for use in certain industries</a></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoToc4">
<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span><a href="http://www.jerseylaw.je/Law/display.aspx?url=lawsinforce/htm/ROFiles/R&OYear2008/R&O-097-2008.htm#Toc206228216">6<span class="Clear_Link"> </span>Exception to Article 5</a></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoToc4">
<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span><a href="http://www.jerseylaw.je/Law/display.aspx?url=lawsinforce/htm/ROFiles/R&OYear2008/R&O-097-2008.htm#Toc206228217">7<span class="Clear_Link"> </span>Prohibition on provision of technical or financial assistance to persons in Burma/Myanmar</a></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoToc4">
<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span><a href="http://www.jerseylaw.je/Law/display.aspx?url=lawsinforce/htm/ROFiles/R&OYear2008/R&O-097-2008.htm#Toc206228218">8<span class="Clear_Link"> </span>Prohibition on provision of technical assistance to enterprises in Burma/Myanmar engaged in certain industries</a></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoToc4">
<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span><a href="http://www.jerseylaw.je/Law/display.aspx?url=lawsinforce/htm/ROFiles/R&OYear2008/R&O-097-2008.htm#Toc206228219">9<span class="Clear_Link"> </span>Derogation for certain authorizations</a></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoToc4">
<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span><a href="http://www.jerseylaw.je/Law/display.aspx?url=lawsinforce/htm/ROFiles/R&OYear2008/R&O-097-2008.htm#Toc206228220">10<span class="Clear_Link"> </span>Authorizations not to be retrospective</a></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoToc4">
<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span><a href="http://www.jerseylaw.je/Law/display.aspx?url=lawsinforce/htm/ROFiles/R&OYear2008/R&O-097-2008.htm#Toc206228221">11<span class="Clear_Link"> </span>Freezing of funds and economic resources</a></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoToc4">
<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span><a href="http://www.jerseylaw.je/Law/display.aspx?url=lawsinforce/htm/ROFiles/R&OYear2008/R&O-097-2008.htm#Toc206228222">12<span class="Clear_Link"> </span>Exception to Article 11</a></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoToc4">
<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span><a href="http://www.jerseylaw.je/Law/display.aspx?url=lawsinforce/htm/ROFiles/R&OYear2008/R&O-097-2008.htm#Toc206228223">13<span class="Clear_Link"> </span>Authorization of release of frozen funds or economic resources</a></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoToc4">
<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span><a href="http://www.jerseylaw.je/Law/display.aspx?url=lawsinforce/htm/ROFiles/R&OYear2008/R&O-097-2008.htm#Toc206228224">14<span class="Clear_Link"> </span>Limitation of liability for persons complying with this Order</a></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoToc4">
<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span><a href="http://www.jerseylaw.je/Law/display.aspx?url=lawsinforce/htm/ROFiles/R&OYear2008/R&O-097-2008.htm#Toc206228225">15<span class="Clear_Link"> </span>Restriction on financing of certain enterprises</a></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoToc4">
<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span><a href="http://www.jerseylaw.je/Law/display.aspx?url=lawsinforce/htm/ROFiles/R&OYear2008/R&O-097-2008.htm#Toc206228226">16<span class="Clear_Link"> </span>Duty to supply information</a></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoToc4">
<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span><a href="http://www.jerseylaw.je/Law/display.aspx?url=lawsinforce/htm/ROFiles/R&OYear2008/R&O-097-2008.htm#Toc206228227">17<span class="Clear_Link"> </span>Provision of information upon the request of the Minister</a></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoToc4">
<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span><a href="http://www.jerseylaw.je/Law/display.aspx?url=lawsinforce/htm/ROFiles/R&OYear2008/R&O-097-2008.htm#Toc206228228">18<span class="Clear_Link"> </span>Use and provision of information by Minister</a></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoToc4">
<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span><a href="http://www.jerseylaw.je/Law/display.aspx?url=lawsinforce/htm/ROFiles/R&OYear2008/R&O-097-2008.htm#Toc206228229">19<span class="Clear_Link"> </span>Offences</a></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoToc4">
<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span><a href="http://www.jerseylaw.je/Law/display.aspx?url=lawsinforce/htm/ROFiles/R&OYear2008/R&O-097-2008.htm#Toc206228230">20<span class="Clear_Link"> </span>Applicability of Customs and Excise (Jersey) Law 1999 to offences</a></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoToc4">
<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span><a href="http://www.jerseylaw.je/Law/display.aspx?url=lawsinforce/htm/ROFiles/R&OYear2008/R&O-097-2008.htm#Toc206228231">21<span class="Clear_Link"> </span>Delegation</a></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoToc4">
<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span><a href="http://www.jerseylaw.je/Law/display.aspx?url=lawsinforce/htm/ROFiles/R&OYear2008/R&O-097-2008.htm#Toc206228232">22<span class="Clear_Link"> </span>Application</a></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoToc4">
<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span><a href="http://www.jerseylaw.je/Law/display.aspx?url=lawsinforce/htm/ROFiles/R&OYear2008/R&O-097-2008.htm#Toc206228233">23<span class="Clear_Link"> </span>Revocation</a></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoToc4">
<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span><a href="http://www.jerseylaw.je/Law/display.aspx?url=lawsinforce/htm/ROFiles/R&OYear2008/R&O-097-2008.htm#Toc206228234">24<span class="Clear_Link"> </span>Citation and commencement</a></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoToc1">
<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span><a href="http://www.jerseylaw.je/Law/display.aspx?url=lawsinforce/htm/ROFiles/R&OYear2008/R&O-097-2008.htm#Toc206228235"><b>SCHEDULE 1</b></a></span></span></div>
<hr class="hrline" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;" />
<div class="MsoToc2">
<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span><a href="http://www.jerseylaw.je/Law/display.aspx?url=lawsinforce/htm/ROFiles/R&OYear2008/R&O-097-2008.htm#Toc206228236">Goods which are subject to the import and purchase restrictions in article 2</a></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoToc1">
<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span><a href="http://www.jerseylaw.je/Law/display.aspx?url=lawsinforce/htm/ROFiles/R&OYear2008/R&O-097-2008.htm#Toc206228237"><b>SCHEDULE 2</b></a></span></span></div>
<hr class="hrline" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;" />
<div class="MsoToc2">
<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span><a href="http://www.jerseylaw.je/Law/display.aspx?url=lawsinforce/htm/ROFiles/R&OYear2008/R&O-097-2008.htm#Toc206228238">forfeiture and disposal of goods</a></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoToc4">
<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span><a href="http://www.jerseylaw.je/Law/display.aspx?url=lawsinforce/htm/ROFiles/R&OYear2008/R&O-097-2008.htm#Toc206228239">1<span class="Clear_Link"> </span>Application and interpretation of Schedule 2</a></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoToc4">
<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span><a href="http://www.jerseylaw.je/Law/display.aspx?url=lawsinforce/htm/ROFiles/R&OYear2008/R&O-097-2008.htm#Toc206228240">2<span class="Clear_Link"> </span>Notice of seizure</a></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoToc4">
<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span><a href="http://www.jerseylaw.je/Law/display.aspx?url=lawsinforce/htm/ROFiles/R&OYear2008/R&O-097-2008.htm#Toc206228241">3<span class="Clear_Link"> </span>Submission of documents</a></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoToc4">
<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span><a href="http://www.jerseylaw.je/Law/display.aspx?url=lawsinforce/htm/ROFiles/R&OYear2008/R&O-097-2008.htm#Toc206228242">4<span class="Clear_Link"> </span>Claim</a></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoToc4">
<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span><a href="http://www.jerseylaw.je/Law/display.aspx?url=lawsinforce/htm/ROFiles/R&OYear2008/R&O-097-2008.htm#Toc206228243">5<span class="Clear_Link"> </span>Condemnation</a></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoToc4">
<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span><a href="http://www.jerseylaw.je/Law/display.aspx?url=lawsinforce/htm/ROFiles/R&OYear2008/R&O-097-2008.htm#Toc206228244">6<span class="Clear_Link"> </span>Proceedings for condemnation by court</a></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoToc4">
<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span><a href="http://www.jerseylaw.je/Law/display.aspx?url=lawsinforce/htm/ROFiles/R&OYear2008/R&O-097-2008.htm#Toc206228245">7<span class="Clear_Link"> </span>Provisions as to proof</a></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoToc4">
<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span><a href="http://www.jerseylaw.je/Law/display.aspx?url=lawsinforce/htm/ROFiles/R&OYear2008/R&O-097-2008.htm#Toc206228246">8<span class="Clear_Link"> </span>Special provisions as to certain claimants</a></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoToc4">
<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span><a href="http://www.jerseylaw.je/Law/display.aspx?url=lawsinforce/htm/ROFiles/R&OYear2008/R&O-097-2008.htm#Toc206228247">9<span class="Clear_Link"> </span>Power to deal with seizures before condemnation</a></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoToc1">
<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span><a href="http://www.jerseylaw.je/Law/display.aspx?url=lawsinforce/htm/ROFiles/R&OYear2008/R&O-097-2008.htm#Toc206228248"><b>SCHEDULE 3</b></a></span></span></div>
<hr class="hrline" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;" />
<div class="MsoToc2">
<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span><a href="http://www.jerseylaw.je/Law/display.aspx?url=lawsinforce/htm/ROFiles/R&OYear2008/R&O-097-2008.htm#Toc206228249">EQUIPMENT WHICH MIGHT BE USED FOR INTERNAL REPRESSION</a></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoToc1">
<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span><a href="http://www.jerseylaw.je/Law/display.aspx?url=lawsinforce/htm/ROFiles/R&OYear2008/R&O-097-2008.htm#Toc206228250"><b>SCHEDULE 4</b></a></span></span></div>
<hr class="hrline" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;" />
<div class="MsoToc2">
<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span><a href="http://www.jerseylaw.je/Law/display.aspx?url=lawsinforce/htm/ROFiles/R&OYear2008/R&O-097-2008.htm#Toc206228251">EQUIPMENT AND TECHNOLOGY USED BY ENTERPRISES referred to in Articles 5, 7 and 8</a></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoToc1">
<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span><a href="http://www.jerseylaw.je/Law/display.aspx?url=lawsinforce/htm/ROFiles/R&OYear2008/R&O-097-2008.htm#Toc206228252"><b>SCHEDULE 5</b></a></span></span></div>
<hr class="hrline" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;" />
<div class="MsoToc2">
<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span><a href="http://www.jerseylaw.je/Law/display.aspx?url=lawsinforce/htm/ROFiles/R&OYear2008/R&O-097-2008.htm#Toc206228253">ENTERPRISES IN BURMA/MYANMAR referred to in article 7</a></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoToc1">
<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span><a href="http://www.jerseylaw.je/Law/display.aspx?url=lawsinforce/htm/ROFiles/R&OYear2008/R&O-097-2008.htm#Toc206228254"><b>SCHEDULE 6</b></a></span></span></div>
<hr class="hrline" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;" />
<div class="MsoToc2">
<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span><a href="http://www.jerseylaw.je/Law/display.aspx?url=lawsinforce/htm/ROFiles/R&OYear2008/R&O-097-2008.htm#Toc206228255">MEMBERS OF THE GOVERNMENT OF BURMA/MYANMAR AND PERSONS, ETC., ASSOCIATED with THEM REFERRED TO IN ARTICLE 11</a></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoToc1">
<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span><a href="http://www.jerseylaw.je/Law/display.aspx?url=lawsinforce/htm/ROFiles/R&OYear2008/R&O-097-2008.htm#Toc206228256"><b>SCHEDULE 7</b></a></span></span></div>
<hr class="hrline" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;" />
<div class="MsoToc2">
<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span><a href="http://www.jerseylaw.je/Law/display.aspx?url=lawsinforce/htm/ROFiles/R&OYear2008/R&O-097-2008.htm#Toc206228257">ENTERPRISES
OWNED OR CONTROLLED BY the GOVERNMENT OF BURMA/MYANMAR OR ITS MEMBERS
OR PERSONS ASSOCIATED WITH THEM REFERRED TO IN ARTICLE 15</a></span></span></div>
<br class="page" />
<div class="Jersey_Crest_Small">
<img alt="" height="83" src="http://www.jerseylaw.je/Images/shieldsmall.gif" width="53" /></div>
<div class="center-Jersey_Short_Title_Contents">
<b>Community Provisions (Restrictive Measures – Burma/Myanmar) (Jersey) Order 2008</b></div>
<div class="Table_Width_65">
<div class="none">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: left;">
<colgroup><col width="4200*"></col>
<col width="1500*"></col>
</colgroup><tbody>
<tr>
<td align="left" class="s00">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
<i>Made</i></div>
</td>
<td align="right" class="slc00">
<div class="right-Jersey_TableText">
<i>8th August 2008</i></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" class="slr00">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
<i>Coming into force</i></div>
</td>
<td align="right" class="slrc00">
<div class="right-Jersey_TableText">
<i>15th August 2008</i></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>
<div class="Jersey_Commencement" id="Introduction">
<b>THE CHIEF MINISTER</b>, in pursuance of Article 2 of the European Communities Legislation (Implementation) (Jersey) Law 1996<a href="http://www.jerseylaw.je/Law/display.aspx?url=lawsinforce/htm/ROFiles/R&OYear2008/R&O-097-2008.htm#FN-0001" id="R-FN-0001"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference">[1]</span></a>
and having regard to Council Regulation (EC) No. 194/2008 of 25
February 2008, as amended, renewing and strengthening the restrictive
measures in respect of Burma/Myanmar and repealing Regulation (EC)
No. 817/2006), orders as follows –</div>
<hr class="hrline" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;" />
<div class="Jersey_Article" id="Toc4746833">
<b>1</b><b> Interpretation</b></div>
<div class="Jersey_Article_Text" id="Start">
In this Order, unless the context otherwise requires –</div>
<div class="Jersey_Para_Continued">
“1999 Law” means the Customs and Excise (Jersey) Law 1999<a href="http://www.jerseylaw.je/Law/display.aspx?url=lawsinforce/htm/ROFiles/R&OYear2008/R&O-097-2008.htm#FN-0002" id="R-FN-0002"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference">[2]</span></a>;</div>
<div class="Jersey_Para_Continued">
“Agent of the Impôts” means the officer
appointed as such under Article 4 of the 1999 Law and includes every
other officer appointed under that Article to assist him or her;</div>
<div class="Jersey_Para_Continued">
“Council Regulation” means Council
Regulation (EC) No. 194/2008 of 25 February 2008 renewing and
strengthening the restrictive measures in respect of Burma/Myanmar and
repealing Regulation (EC) No. 817/2006 (OJ No. L66/1, 10.3.2008) as the
Council Regulation has been amended by Commission Regulation (EC)
No. 385/2008 of 29 April 2008 (OJ No. L116/5, 30.4.2008);</div>
<div class="Jersey_Para_Continued">
“economic resources” means assets of
every kind, whether tangible or intangible, movable or immovable, which
are not funds but may be used to obtain funds, goods or services;</div>
<div class="Jersey_Para_Continued">
“exporter” means any natural or legal
person on whose behalf an export declaration is made, that is to say the
person who, at the time when the declaration is accepted, holds the
contract with the consignee and has the power for determining the
sending of the item out of Jersey;</div>
<div class="Jersey_Para_Continued">
“freezing of economic resources” means
preventing their use to obtain funds, goods or services in any way,
including, but not limited to, by selling, hiring or mortgaging them;</div>
<div class="Jersey_Para_Continued">
“freezing of funds” means preventing
any move, transfer, alteration, use of, access to, or dealing with funds
in any way that would result in any change in their volume, amount,
location, ownership, possession, character, destination or other change
that would enable the funds to be used, including portfolio management;</div>
<div class="Jersey_Para_Continued">
“funds” means financial assets and benefits of every kind, including but not limited to –</div>
<div class="Jersey_Sub_Paragraph">
(a) cash, cheques, claims on money, drafts, money orders and other payment instruments;</div>
<div class="Jersey_Sub_Paragraph">
(b) deposits with financial institutions or other entities, balances on accounts, debts and debt obligations;</div>
<div class="Jersey_Sub_Paragraph">
(c) publicly and privately traded
securities and debt instruments, including stocks and shares,
certificates representing securities, bonds, notes, warrants, debentures
and derivatives contracts;</div>
<div class="Jersey_Sub_Paragraph">
(d) interest, dividends or other income on or value accruing from or generated by assets;</div>
<div class="Jersey_Sub_Paragraph">
(e) credit, right of set-off, guarantees, performance bonds or other financial commitments;</div>
<div class="Jersey_Sub_Paragraph">
(f) letters of credit, bills of lading, bills of sale;</div>
<div class="Jersey_Sub_Paragraph">
(g) documents evidencing an interest in funds or financial resources;</div>
<div class="Jersey_Para_Continued">
“technical assistance” –</div>
<div class="Jersey_Sub_Paragraph">
(a) means any technical support
related to repairs, development, manufacture, assembly, testing,
maintenance, or any other technical service;</div>
<div class="Jersey_Sub_Paragraph">
(b) may take such forms as
instruction, advice, training, transmission of working knowledge or
skills or consulting services; and</div>
<div class="Jersey_Sub_Paragraph">
(c) shall include verbal forms of assistance.</div>
<div class="Jersey_Article" id="Toc206228212">
<b>2</b><b> Prohibitions on importation, etc., of goods originating in or exported from Burma/Myanmar</b></div>
<div class="Jersey_Paragraph">
(1) It shall be prohibited –</div>
<div class="Jersey_Sub_Paragraph">
(a) to import goods listed in Schedule 1, if such goods –</div>
<div class="Jersey_Clause">
(i) originate in Burma/Myanmar, or</div>
<div class="Jersey_Clause">
(ii) have been exported from Burma/Myanmar;</div>
<div class="Jersey_Sub_Paragraph">
(b) to purchase goods located in Burma/Myanmar which are listed in Schedule 1;</div>
<div class="Jersey_Sub_Paragraph">
(c) to transport goods listed in
Schedule 1, if such goods originated in Burma/Myanmar or have been
exported from Burma/Myanmar; or</div>
<div class="Jersey_Sub_Paragraph">
(d) to participate, knowingly and
intentionally, in activities whose object or effect is, directly or
indirectly, to circumvent any prohibition in sub-paragraph (a), (b) or
(c).</div>
<div class="Jersey_Paragraph">
(2) The origin of goods shall be
determined in accordance with the relevant provisions of Regulation
(EEC) No. 2913/92 establishing the Community Customs Code (OJ No. L302,
19.10.1992).</div>
<div class="Jersey_Paragraph">
(3) Imports, purchases and transport of
goods which are occasional and consist solely of products for the
personal use of the recipients or travellers or their families shall not
be considered as prohibited by paragraph (1).</div>
<div class="Jersey_Article" id="Toc206228213">
<b>3</b><b> Exceptions to prohibitions in Article 2</b></div>
<div class="Jersey_Paragraph">
(1) Article 2(1) shall not apply to goods
which were, pursuant to a contractual obligation to supply the goods
concerned to a contracting party in Jersey, in the course of shipment
before this Order came into force.</div>
<div class="Jersey_Paragraph">
(2) For the purposes of paragraph (1),
goods shall be deemed to be in the course of shipment if they left
Burma/Myanmar before this Order came into force.</div>
<div class="Jersey_Paragraph">
(3) It shall be the responsibility of the
interested party to show to the Agent of the Impôts by means of
relevant documents that the conditions set out in paragraph (1) are met.</div>
<div class="Jersey_Paragraph">
(4) If the documents required by
paragraph (3) are not submitted when the goods are declared, the Agent
of the Impôts shall seize the goods.</div>
<div class="Jersey_Paragraph">
(5) Schedule 2 has effect to provide for the forfeiture and disposal of goods seized under paragraph (4).</div>
<div class="Jersey_Article" id="Toc206228214">
<b>4</b><b> Prohibition on exportation, etc., to Burma/Myanmar of goods which might be used for internal repression</b></div>
<div class="Jersey_Paragraph">
(1) It shall be prohibited to sell,
supply, transfer or export, directly or indirectly, equipment which
might be used for internal repression as listed in Schedule 3, whether
or not originating in Jersey, to any natural or legal person, entity or
body in, or for use in, Burma/Myanmar.</div>
<div class="Jersey_Paragraph">
(2) Paragraph (1) shall not apply to
protective clothing, including flak jackets and helmets, temporarily
exported to Burma/Myanmar by United Nations personnel, personnel of the
European Union, the Community or its Member States, representatives of
the media or humanitarian and development workers, and associated
personnel, for their personal use only.</div>
<div class="Jersey_Article" id="Toc206228215">
<b>5</b><b> Prohibition on exportation, etc., to Burma/Myanmar of goods for use in certain industries</b></div>
<div class="Jersey_Paragraph">
(1) It shall be prohibited to sell,
supply, transfer or export goods or technology listed in Schedule 4,
directly or indirectly, to enterprises in Burma/Myanmar engaged in the
following industries –</div>
<div class="Jersey_Sub_Paragraph">
(a) logging and timber processing;</div>
<div class="Jersey_Sub_Paragraph">
(b) mining of coal, gold, silver, iron, tin, copper, tungsten, lead, manganese, nickel and zinc;</div>
<div class="Jersey_Sub_Paragraph">
(c) mining and processing of precious and semi-precious stones, including diamonds, rubies, sapphires, jade and emeralds.</div>
<div class="Jersey_Paragraph">
(2) With a view to implementing
paragraph (1), a prior authorization shall be required for the export,
directly or indirectly, of the goods and technology listed in
Schedule 4, to any natural or legal person, entity or body in, or for
use in, Burma/Myanmar.</div>
<div class="Jersey_Paragraph">
(3) The exporter shall –</div>
<div class="Jersey_Sub_Paragraph">
(a) apply to the Minister for the authorization described in paragraph (2); and </div>
<div class="Jersey_Sub_Paragraph">
(b) supply the Minister with all relevant information required for the application.</div>
<div class="Jersey_Paragraph">
(4) If the exporter is not established in
Jersey, responsibility for applying for the necessary prior
authorization shall lie with either the seller, the supplier or the
transferring party, whichever is established in Jersey.</div>
<div class="Jersey_Paragraph">
(5) Transporters shall be presented with the necessary authorization before the export takes place.</div>
<div class="Jersey_Paragraph">
(6) The Minister shall not grant any
authorization for any export of the goods and technology listed in
Schedule 4, where there are reasonable grounds to believe that the goods
and technology will be made available to an enterprise in Burma/Myanmar
engaged in the industries mentioned in paragraph (1).</div>
<div class="Jersey_Paragraph">
(7) The Minister shall only grant an authorization to an applicant established in Jersey.</div>
<div class="Jersey_Paragraph">
(8) The Minister may grant authorizations
under such conditions as the Minister deems appropriate, such as an
obligation to provide an end-user statement.</div>
<div class="Jersey_Paragraph">
(9) The Minister may annul, suspend, modify or revoke authorizations which the Minister has already granted.</div>
<div class="Jersey_Paragraph">
(10) The Minister may inform the Commission
and any competent authority of a Member State listed in Annex IV to the
Council Regulation of any authorization to be granted, annulled,
suspended, modified or revoked under this Article.</div>
<div class="Jersey_Article" id="Toc206228216">
<b>6</b><b> Exception to Article 5</b></div>
<div class="Jersey_Paragraph">
(1) Article 5 shall not apply to goods which were in the course of shipment before this Order came into force.</div>
<div class="Jersey_Paragraph">
(2) Goods shall be deemed to be in the
course of shipment if they left Jersey before this Order came into force
for a final destination in Burma/Myanmar.</div>
<div class="Jersey_Article" id="Toc206228217">
<b>7</b><b> Prohibition on provision of technical or financial assistance to persons in Burma/Myanmar</b></div>
<div class="Jersey_Paragraph">
(1) It shall be prohibited –</div>
<div class="Jersey_Sub_Paragraph">
(a) to provide technical assistance
related to military activities and to the provision, manufacture,
maintenance and use of arms and related <i>materiel</i> of all types,
including weapons and ammunition, military vehicles and equipment,
paramilitary equipment, and spare parts for the aforementioned, directly
or indirectly, to any natural or legal person, entity or body in, or
for use in, Burma/Myanmar;</div>
<div class="Jersey_Sub_Paragraph">
(b) to provide financing or
financial assistance related to military activities, including, in
particular, grants, loans and export credit insurance for any sale,
supply, transfer or export of arms and related <i>materiel</i>, directly or indirectly, to any natural or legal person, entity or body in, or for use in, Burma/Myanmar.</div>
<div class="Jersey_Paragraph">
(2) It shall be prohibited –</div>
<div class="Jersey_Sub_Paragraph">
(a) to provide technical assistance
related to the equipment which might be used for internal repression as
listed in Schedule 3, directly or indirectly to any natural or legal
person, entity or body in, or for use in, Burma/Myanmar;</div>
<div class="Jersey_Sub_Paragraph">
(b) to provide financing or
financial assistance related to the equipment listed in Schedule 3,
including, in particular, grants, loans and export credit insurance,
directly or indirectly, to any natural or legal person, entity or body
in, or for use in, Burma/Myanmar.</div>
<div class="Jersey_Paragraph">
(3) As regards any of the enterprises,
legal persons, entities or bodies listed in Schedule 5, it shall be
prohibited to provide financing or financial assistance for any sale,
supply, transfer or export of goods and technology listed in Schedule 4
or for the provision of related technical assistance or training.</div>
<div class="Jersey_Paragraph">
(4) It shall be prohibited to
participate, knowingly and intentionally, in activities the object or
effect of which is to circumvent any prohibition in paragraph (1), (2)
or (3).</div>
<div class="Jersey_Paragraph">
(5) The prohibitions set out in
paragraphs (1)(b), (2)(b) and (3) shall not give rise to liability of
any kind on the part of the natural or legal persons or entities
concerned, if they did not know, and had no reasonable cause to suspect,
that their actions would infringe these prohibitions.</div>
<div class="Jersey_Article" id="Toc206228218">
<b>8</b><b> Prohibition on provision of technical assistance to enterprises in Burma/Myanmar engaged in certain industries</b></div>
<div class="Jersey_Paragraph">
(1) It shall be prohibited to provide
technical assistance related to goods or technology listed in
Schedule 4, directly or indirectly, to enterprises in Burma/Myanmar
engaged in the industries listed in Article 5(1).</div>
<div class="Jersey_Paragraph">
(2) With a view to implementing
paragraph (1), a prior authorization shall be required for the provision
of technical assistance related to goods and technology listed in
Schedule 4, to any natural or legal person, entity or body in, or for
use in, Burma/Myanmar.</div>
<div class="Jersey_Paragraph">
(3) An applicant established in Jersey shall apply to the Minister.</div>
<div class="Jersey_Paragraph">
(4) The natural or legal persons,
entities or bodies providing the technical assistance shall supply the
Minister with all relevant information required for the application for
an authorization. </div>
<div class="Jersey_Paragraph">
(5) The Minister shall not grant any
authorization for the provision of the technical assistance related to
the goods and technology listed in Schedule 4, where there are
reasonable grounds to believe that the technical assistance will be
provided to, or in any other way be beneficial to, an enterprise in
Burma/Myanmar engaged in the industries listed in Article 5(1).</div>
<div class="Jersey_Paragraph">
(6) Paragraphs (7) to (10) of Article 5 shall apply where an application for an authorization is made under this Article.</div>
<div class="Jersey_Article" id="Toc206228219">
<b>9</b><b> Derogation for certain authorizations</b></div>
<div class="Jersey_Paragraph">
(1) By way of derogation from Articles 4
and 7(2), the Minister may authorize, under such conditions as the
Minister deems appropriate –</div>
<div class="Jersey_Sub_Paragraph">
(a) the sale, supply, transfer or
export of equipment which might be used for internal repression as
listed in Schedule 3, intended solely for humanitarian or protective
use, or for institution-building programmes of the United Nations, the
European Union and the Community, or for European Union and United
Nations crisis-management operations;</div>
<div class="Jersey_Sub_Paragraph">
(b) the sale, supply, transfer or export of de-mining equipment and material for use in de-mining operations; and</div>
<div class="Jersey_Sub_Paragraph">
(c) the provision of financing and
financial assistance and technical assistance related to equipment,
material, programmes and operations referred to in sub-paragraphs (a)
and (b).</div>
<div class="Jersey_Paragraph">
(2) By way of derogation from
Articles 5(1), 7(3) and 8, the Minister may authorize, under such
conditions as the Minister deems appropriate, the sale, supply, transfer
or export of the goods and technology listed in Schedule 4 destined for
enterprises mentioned in Article 5(1), or the provision of related
technical assistance, financing or financial assistance, if all of the
following conditions are met –</div>
<div class="Jersey_Sub_Paragraph">
(a) the transaction constitutes
performance of a contractual obligation to sell, supply or transfer the
goods concerned, or to provide the assistance or financing concerned, to
an enterprise or joint venture in Burma/Myanmar;</div>
<div class="Jersey_Sub_Paragraph">
(b) the contract or agreement which
created the obligation was concluded by the seller, supplier or
transferring party before this Order came into force; and</div>
<div class="Jersey_Sub_Paragraph">
(c) that contract or agreement
relates to an investment in, the acquisition or creation of the
enterprise concerned or the creation of the joint venture concerned.</div>
<div class="Jersey_Paragraph">
(3) By way of derogation from
Article 7(1), the Minister may authorize, under such conditions as the
Minister deems appropriate, the provision of financing and financial
assistance and technical assistance related to –</div>
<div class="Jersey_Sub_Paragraph">
(a) non-lethal military equipment
intended solely for humanitarian or protective use, or for
institution-building programmes of the United Nations, the European
Union and the Community;</div>
<div class="Jersey_Sub_Paragraph">
(b) <i>materiel</i> intended for European Union and United Nations crisis-management operations.</div>
<div class="Jersey_Article" id="Toc206228220">
<b>10</b><b> Authorizations not to be retrospective</b></div>
<div class="Jersey_Article_Text">
An authorization shall not be granted under any of the foregoing Articles for an activity that has already taken place.</div>
<div class="Jersey_Article" id="Toc206228221">
<b>11</b><b> Freezing of funds and economic resources</b></div>
<div class="Jersey_Paragraph">
(1) All funds and economic resources
belonging to, owned, held or controlled by the individual members of the
Government of Burma/Myanmar and to the natural or legal persons,
entities or bodies associated with them, as listed Schedule 6, shall be
frozen.</div>
<div class="Jersey_Paragraph">
(2) No funds or economic resources shall
be made available, directly or indirectly, to or for the benefit of
natural or legal persons, entities or bodies listed in Schedule 6.</div>
<div class="Jersey_Paragraph">
(3) The participation, knowingly and
intentionally, in activities the object or effect of which is, directly
or indirectly, to promote any transaction referred to in paragraph (1)
or (2) shall be prohibited.</div>
<div class="Jersey_Paragraph">
(4) The prohibition set out in
paragraph (2) shall not give rise to liability of any kind on the part
of the natural or legal persons or entities concerned, if they did not
know, and had no reasonable cause to suspect, that their actions would
infringe this prohibition.</div>
<div class="Jersey_Article" id="Toc206228222">
<b>12</b><b> Exception to Article 11</b></div>
<div class="Jersey_Paragraph">
(1) Article 11(2) shall not apply to the addition to frozen accounts of –</div>
<div class="Jersey_Sub_Paragraph">
(a) interest or other earnings on those accounts; or</div>
<div class="Jersey_Sub_Paragraph">
(b) payments due under contracts,
agreements or obligations that were concluded or arose before whichever
is the earlier of –</div>
<div class="Jersey_Clause">
(i) the date this Order came into force, or</div>
<div class="Jersey_Clause">
(ii) if, immediately before this Order came
into force, the account was, according to the law of Jersey, frozen by
virtue of a provision of substantially the like effect as Article 11(1),
the earliest date from which the account was frozen and remained frozen
until this Order came into force,</div>
<div class="Jersey_Para_Continued">
provided that any such interest, other earnings and payments are subject to Article 11(1).</div>
<div class="Jersey_Paragraph">
(2) Article 11(2) shall not prevent
financial or credit institutions in Jersey from crediting frozen
accounts where they receive funds transferred by third parties to the
account of a listed natural or legal person, entity or body, provided
that any additions to such accounts will also be frozen. </div>
<div class="Jersey_Paragraph">
(3) The financial or credit institution
shall inform the Minister about a transaction described in paragraph (2)
without delay.</div>
<div class="Jersey_Article" id="Toc206228223">
<b>13</b><b> Authorization of release of frozen funds or economic resources</b></div>
<div class="Jersey_Paragraph">
(1) The Minister may authorize the
release of certain frozen funds or economic resources or the making
available of certain funds or economic resources, under such conditions
as the Minister deems appropriate, after having determined that the
funds or economic resources concerned are –</div>
<div class="Jersey_Sub_Paragraph">
(a) necessary to satisfy the basic
needs of persons listed in Schedule 6 and their dependent family
members, including payments for foodstuffs, rent or mortgage, medicines
and medical treatment, taxes, insurance premiums, and public utility
charges;</div>
<div class="Jersey_Sub_Paragraph">
(b) intended exclusively for payment
of reasonable professional fees and reimbursement of incurred expenses
associated with the provision of legal services;</div>
<div class="Jersey_Sub_Paragraph">
(c) intended exclusively for payment
of fees or service charges for routine holding or maintenance of frozen
funds or economic resources;</div>
<div class="Jersey_Sub_Paragraph">
(d) necessary for extraordinary expenses.</div>
<div class="Jersey_Paragraph">
(2) The Minister may inform the
Commission and any Member State of an authorization granted, or proposed
to be granted, under paragraph (1).</div>
<div class="Jersey_Article" id="Toc206228224">
<b>14</b><b> Limitation of liability for persons complying with this Order</b></div>
<div class="Jersey_Article_Text">
The freezing of funds and economic
resources or the refusal to make funds or economic resources available,
carried out in good faith on the basis that such action is in accordance
with this Order, shall not give rise to liability of any kind on the
part of the natural or legal person or entity implementing it, or its
directors or employees, unless it is proved that the funds and economic
resources were frozen as result of negligence.</div>
<div class="Jersey_Article" id="Toc206228225">
<b>15</b><b> Restriction on financing of certain enterprises</b></div>
<div class="Jersey_Paragraph">
(1) The following shall be prohibited –</div>
<div class="Jersey_Sub_Paragraph">
(a) the granting of any financial
loan or credit to any of the enterprises, legal persons, entities or
bodies listed in Schedule 5 or 7, or the acquisition of bonds,
certificates of deposit, warrants or debentures, issued by enterprises,
legal persons, entities or bodies listed in Schedule 7;</div>
<div class="Jersey_Sub_Paragraph">
(b) the acquisition or extension of a
participation in the enterprises, legal persons, entities or bodies
listed in Schedule 5 or 7, including the acquisition in full of such
enterprises and the acquisition of shares and securities of a
participating nature;</div>
<div class="Jersey_Sub_Paragraph">
(c) the creation of any joint
venture with the enterprises, legal persons, entities or bodies listed
in Schedule 5 or 7, with subsidiary enterprises of such enterprises or
with affiliated legal persons, entities or bodies under their control.</div>
<div class="Jersey_Paragraph">
(2) The participation, knowingly and
intentionally, in activities, the object or effect of which is, directly
or indirectly, to circumvent the provisions of paragraph (1) shall be
prohibited.</div>
<div class="Jersey_Paragraph">
(3) Paragraph (1) shall be without
prejudice to the execution of trade contracts for the supply of goods or
services on usual commercial payment conditions and the usual
supplementary agreements in connection with the execution of these
contracts such as export credit insurances.</div>
<div class="Jersey_Paragraph">
(4) The prohibitions in paragraph (1)(a)
shall be without prejudice to the execution of an obligation arising
from contracts or agreements concluded before –</div>
<div class="Jersey_Sub_Paragraph">
(a) the date on which this Order came into force; or, </div>
<div class="Jersey_Sub_Paragraph">
(b) if, immediately before this
Order came into force, the enterprise, was, according to the law of
Jersey, subject to a prohibition of substantially the like effect as
paragraph (1)(a), the earliest date on which it became subject to such a
prohibition which had continuous effect until this Order came into
force. </div>
<div class="Jersey_Paragraph">
(5) The prohibitions in paragraph (1)(b)
shall not prevent the extension of a participation in enterprises, legal
persons, entities or bodies listed in Schedule 5 or 7, if such
extension is provided for under an agreement concluded with the
enterprise concerned before –</div>
<div class="Jersey_Sub_Paragraph">
(a) the date on which this Order came into force; or, </div>
<div class="Jersey_Sub_Paragraph">
(b) if, immediately before this
Order came into force, the enterprise, legal person, entity or body was,
according to the law of Jersey, subject to a prohibition of
substantially the like effect as paragraph (1)(b), the earliest date on
which it became subject to such a prohibition which had continuous
effect until this Order came into force. </div>
<div class="Jersey_Paragraph">
(6) The person, entity or body which
intends to extend a participation in an enterprise, legal persons,
entities or bodies listed in Schedule 5 or 7 shall inform the Minister,
before any transaction referred to in paragraph (5) takes place. </div>
<div class="Jersey_Paragraph">
(7) The Minister may inform the Commission and any Member State of any information received under paragraph (6).</div>
<div class="Jersey_Paragraph">
(8) The prohibition set out in
paragraph (1)(a) shall not give rise to liability of any kind on the
part of the natural or legal persons or entities concerned, if they did
not know, and had no reasonable cause to suspect, that their actions
would breach this prohibition.</div>
<div class="Jersey_Article" id="Toc206228226">
<b>16</b><b> Duty to supply information</b></div>
<div class="Jersey_Article_Text">
Without prejudice to any provision of the
law of Jersey concerning confidentiality, natural and legal persons,
entities and bodies resident or located in Jersey shall –</div>
<div class="Jersey_Paragraph">
(a) supply immediately to the Minister
any information which would facilitate compliance with this Order, such
as information about accounts and amounts frozen in accordance with
Article 11; and</div>
<div class="Jersey_Paragraph">
(b) co-operate with the Minister in any verification of such information.</div>
<div class="Jersey_Article" id="Toc206228227">
<b>17</b><b> Provision of information upon the request of the Minister</b></div>
<div class="Jersey_Paragraph">
(1) The Minister (or any person
authorized by the Minister for that purpose either generally or in a
particular case) may request any natural or legal person, entity or body
in, or resident in, Jersey to –</div>
<div class="Jersey_Sub_Paragraph">
(a) provide to the Minister information; or</div>
<div class="Jersey_Sub_Paragraph">
(b) produce to the Minister a document,</div>
<div class="Jersey_Para_Continued">
in the person’s, entity’s or body’s
possession or control, that the Minister may require for the purpose of
ensuring compliance with this Order or of facilitating compliance with
the Council Regulation.</div>
<div class="Jersey_Paragraph">
(2) A person, entity or body to whom a
request is made under paragraph (1) must comply with it within such time
and in such manner as may be specified in the request.</div>
<div class="Jersey_Paragraph">
(3) Nothing in paragraph (2) shall
require a person, entity or body who has acted as legal adviser for a
person to disclose a privileged communication made to the person in that
capacity.</div>
<div class="Jersey_Paragraph">
(4) If a person, entity or body is
convicted of an offence under this Order of failing to provide
information or to produce a document, the court may make an order
requiring the person, entity or body, within the period that may be
specified in the order, to provide the information or produce the
document.</div>
<div class="Jersey_Paragraph">
(5) The power conferred by this Article
to request a person, entity or body to produce a document includes the
power to take copies of or extracts from a document so produced and to
request the person, entity or body or, if the person is a body
corporate, any other person who is a present or past officer of, or is
employed by, the body corporate, to provide an explanation of any such
document.</div>
<div class="Jersey_Paragraph">
(6) Information provided or a document
produced (including any copy or extract made of a document produced) by a
person, entity or body in pursuance of a request made under
paragraph (1) shall not be disclosed except –</div>
<div class="Jersey_Sub_Paragraph">
(a) subject to paragraph (7), with
the consent of the person, entity or body by whom the information was
provided or the document was produced;</div>
<div class="Jersey_Sub_Paragraph">
(b) to a person who would have been
empowered under this Article to request that it be provided or produced
or a person holding or acting in an office under or in the service of
the States;</div>
<div class="Jersey_Sub_Paragraph">
(c) in accordance with Article 18(4); or</div>
<div class="Jersey_Sub_Paragraph">
(d) with a view to the institution of, or otherwise for the purposes of, proceedings for an offence under this Order.</div>
<div class="Jersey_Paragraph">
(7) A person, entity or body who has
obtained information or is in possession of a document only in the
person’s, entity’s or body’s capacity as an employee or agent of another
person may not give consent for the purposes of paragraph (6)(a) but
such consent may instead be given by a person who is entitled to that
information or to possession of that document in the person’s own right.</div>
<div class="Jersey_Article" id="Toc206228228">
<b>18</b><b> Use and provision of information by Minister</b></div>
<div class="Jersey_Paragraph">
(1) The Minister shall only use information supplied or provided under this Order for the purposes described in this Order.</div>
<div class="Jersey_Paragraph">
(2) The Minister may inform the Commission of the measures taken under this Order.</div>
<div class="Jersey_Paragraph">
(3) The Minister may supply the
Commission with any other relevant information at his or her disposal in
connection with this Order, in particular information in respect of
violation and enforcement problems and judgments handed down by any
court in Jersey.</div>
<div class="Jersey_Paragraph">
(4) The Minister may, for the purpose of
assisting the Commission or any competent authority of a Member State
for which a website is listed in Annex IV to the Council Regulation to
ensure compliance with the Council Regulation, supply to the Commission
or authority information supplied or provided under Article 16 or 17.</div>
<div class="Jersey_Article" id="Toc206228229">
<b>19</b><b> Offences</b></div>
<div class="Jersey_Paragraph">
(1) A person who –</div>
<div class="Jersey_Sub_Paragraph">
(a) contravenes any of Article 2(1), 4(1), 5(1), 7(1), (2), (3) or (4), 8(1), 11(1), (2) or (3) or 15(1) or (2);</div>
<div class="Jersey_Sub_Paragraph">
(b) intentionally provides false
information, a false document or a false explanation under Article 3(3),
5(3), 8(4), 16 or 17; or</div>
<div class="Jersey_Sub_Paragraph">
(c) with intent to evade Article 17, destroys, mutilates, defaces, secretes or removes any document,</div>
<div class="Jersey_Para_Continued">
shall be guilty of an offence and liable to imprisonment for a term of 2 years and to a fine.</div>
<div class="Jersey_Paragraph">
(2) A person who, without reasonable
excuse, fails to comply with Article 16 or refuses or fails within the
time and manner specified (or, if no time has been specified, within a
reasonable time) to comply with a request made under Article 17 shall be
guilty of an offence and liable to imprisonment for a term of 3 months
and to a fine.</div>
<div class="Jersey_Paragraph">
(3) If an offence under this Order
committed by a limited liability partnership or body corporate is proved
to have been committed with the consent or connivance of, or to be
attributable to any neglect on the part of –</div>
<div class="Jersey_Sub_Paragraph">
(a) a person who is a partner of the
partnership, or director, manager, secretary or other similar officer
of the body corporate; or</div>
<div class="Jersey_Sub_Paragraph">
(b) a person purporting to act in any such capacity,</div>
<div class="Jersey_Para_Continued">
the person shall also be guilty of the
offence and liable in the same manner as the partnership or body
corporate to the penalty provided for that offence.</div>
<div class="Jersey_Paragraph">
(4) If the affairs of a body corporate
are managed by its members, paragraph (3) shall apply in relation to
acts and defaults of a member in connection with the member’s functions
of management as if the member were a director of the body corporate.</div>
<div class="Jersey_Paragraph">
(5) A person who aids, abets, counsels or
procures the commission of an offence under this Order shall also be
guilty of the offence and liable in the same manner as a principal
offender to the penalty provided for that offence.</div>
<div class="Jersey_Paragraph">
(6) A prosecution for an offence under this Order shall not be instituted without the consent of the Attorney General.</div>
<div class="Jersey_Article" id="Toc206228230">
<b>20</b><b> Applicability of Customs and Excise (Jersey) Law 1999 to offences</b></div>
<div class="Jersey_Paragraph">
(1) Article 48 of the 1999 Law shall
apply to the arrest of a person for an offence against Article 19 of
this Order as it applies to the arrest of a person for an offence under
that Law.</div>
<div class="Jersey_Paragraph">
(2) Articles 64 to 67 of the 1999 Law
shall apply in relation to offences against Article 19 of this Order,
and to penalties and proceedings for such offences, as those Articles
apply in relation to offences, penalties, and proceedings for offences,
under that Law.</div>
<div class="Jersey_Article" id="Toc206228231">
<b>21</b><b> Delegation</b></div>
<div class="Jersey_Article_Text">
The Minister may, to such extent and
subject to such restrictions and conditions as he or she may think
proper, delegate or authorize the delegation of any of his or her
functions under this Order to any person, or class or description of
person, approved by the Minister.</div>
<div class="Jersey_Article" id="Toc206228232">
<b>22</b><b> Application</b></div>
<div class="Jersey_Article_Text">
This Order shall apply to Jersey,
including the territorial sea adjacent to Jersey and Jersey’s airspace,
on board any aircraft or vessel under the jurisdiction of Jersey, to any
body incorporated or constituted under the law of Jersey, and to any
body in respect of business done, in whole or in part, in Jersey.</div>
<div class="Jersey_Article" id="Toc206228233">
<b>23</b><b> Revocation</b></div>
<div class="Jersey_Article_Text">
The Community Provisions (Burma/Myanmar Sanctions) (Jersey) Order 2007<a href="http://www.jerseylaw.je/Law/display.aspx?url=lawsinforce/htm/ROFiles/R&OYear2008/R&O-097-2008.htm#FN-0003" id="R-FN-0003"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference">[3]</span></a> is revoked.</div>
<div class="Jersey_Article" id="Toc206228234">
<b>24</b><b> Citation and commencement</b></div>
<div class="Jersey_Article_Text">
This Order may be cited as the Community
Provisions (Restrictive Measures –Burma/Myanmar) (Jersey) Order 2008 and
shall come into force 7 days after it is made.</div>
<div class="right-Jersey_Signature_Name">
<b>senator t.a. le sueur</b></div>
<div class="right-Jersey_Signature_Title">
<i>for and on behalf of<br />Chief Minister</i></div>
<br class="page" />
<div class="center-Jersey_Schedule_Heading" id="Toc206228235">
<b>SCHEDULE 1</b></div>
<div class="center-Jersey_Schedule_SubSubHeading">
(Article 2(1))</div>
<div class="center-Jersey_Schedule_SubHeading" id="Toc206228236">
<b>GOODS WHICH ARE SUBJECT TO THE IMPORT AND PURCHASE RESTRICTIONS IN ARTICLE 2</b></div>
<div class="Jersey_Normal_Text">
Note: If only part of the scope of the CN
code referred to is covered by an entry in this Schedule, the CN code is
preceded by ‘ex’.</div>
<div class="center-Normal">
<img alt="List of goods which are subject to the import and purchase restrictions in Article 2" height="657" src="http://www.jerseylaw.je/Law/LawsInForce/htm/ROFiles/R&OYear2008/R%26O-097-2008_files/image006.jpg" width="472" /></div>
<div class="center-Normal">
<img alt="List of goods which are subject to the import and purchase restrictions in Article 2: continued" height="460" src="http://www.jerseylaw.je/Law/LawsInForce/htm/ROFiles/R&OYear2008/R%26O-097-2008_files/image008.jpg" width="505" /></div>
<div class="center-Normal">
<img alt="List of goods which are subject to the import and purchase restrictions in Article 2: continued" height="388" src="http://www.jerseylaw.je/Law/LawsInForce/htm/ROFiles/R&OYear2008/R%26O-097-2008_files/image010.jpg" width="508" /></div>
<div class="center-Normal">
<img alt="List of goods which are subject to the import and purchase restrictions in Article 2: continued" height="877" src="http://www.jerseylaw.je/Law/LawsInForce/htm/ROFiles/R&OYear2008/R%26O-097-2008_files/image012.jpg" width="505" /></div>
<div class="center-Normal">
<img alt="List of goods which are subject to the import and purchase restrictions in Article 2: continued" height="580" src="http://www.jerseylaw.je/Law/LawsInForce/htm/ROFiles/R&OYear2008/R%26O-097-2008_files/image014.jpg" width="510" /></div>
<div class="center-Normal">
<img alt="List of goods which are subject to the import and purchase restrictions in Article 2: continued" height="158" src="http://www.jerseylaw.je/Law/LawsInForce/htm/ROFiles/R&OYear2008/R%26O-097-2008_files/image016.jpg" width="506" /></div>
<br class="page" />
<div class="center-Jersey_Schedule_Heading" id="Toc206228237">
<b>SCHEDULE 2</b></div>
<div class="center-Jersey_Schedule_SubSubHeading">
(Article 3(5))</div>
<div class="center-Jersey_Schedule_SubHeading" id="Toc206228238">
<b>FORFEITURE AND DISPOSAL OF GOODS</b></div>
<div class="Jersey_Schedule_Article" id="Toc206228239">
<b>1 Application and interpretation of Schedule 2</b></div>
<div class="Jersey_Paragraph">
(1) This Schedule applies where goods are seized by the Agent of the Impôts under Article 3(4).</div>
<div class="Jersey_Paragraph">
(2) In this Schedule –</div>
<div class="Jersey_Para_Continued">
“goods” means goods seized under Article 3(4);</div>
<div class="Jersey_Para_Continued">
“interested party” means the party mentioned in Article 3(3).</div>
<div class="Jersey_Schedule_Article" id="Toc206228240">
<b>2 Notice of seizure</b></div>
<div class="Jersey_Paragraph">
(1) Save as provided by
sub-paragraph (2), the Agent of the Impôts shall give notice to the
interested party and to any person known to be an owner of the goods –</div>
<div class="Jersey_Sub_Paragraph">
(a) of the seizure of the goods and that they are liable to forfeiture and disposal;</div>
<div class="Jersey_Sub_Paragraph">
(b) of the ground for seizure under Article 3(4).</div>
<div class="Jersey_Paragraph">
(2) Sub-paragraph (1) shall not apply if the seizure was made in the presence –</div>
<div class="Jersey_Sub_Paragraph">
(a) of the interested party; or </div>
<div class="Jersey_Sub_Paragraph">
(b) of the owner or any of the owners of the goods or the owner’s servant or agent.</div>
<div class="Jersey_Paragraph">
(3) Notice under sub-paragraph (1) shall
be given in writing and shall be deemed to have been duly served on the
person concerned –</div>
<div class="Jersey_Sub_Paragraph">
(a) if delivered to the person personally; </div>
<div class="Jersey_Sub_Paragraph">
(b) if addressed to the person and
left or forwarded by post to the person at his or her usual or last
known place of abode or business or, in the case of a body corporate, at
their registered or principal office; or</div>
<div class="Jersey_Sub_Paragraph">
(c) where the person has no address
within Jersey, or the person’s address is unknown, by publication of
notice of seizure in the Jersey Gazette.</div>
<div class="Jersey_Schedule_Article" id="Toc206228241">
<b>3 Submission of documents</b></div>
<div class="Jersey_Article_Text">
Where, within the period of 2 months
following the service of the notice required by paragraph 2, any person
provides the documents required by Article 3(3) to the Agent of the
Impôts and the Agent is satisfied that the conditions in Article 3(1)
are met, the Agent of the Impôts shall release the goods.</div>
<div class="Jersey_Schedule_Article" id="Toc206228242">
<b>4 Claim</b></div>
<div class="Jersey_Paragraph">
(1) Any person may claim that the goods
are not liable to forfeiture on the ground that they are not goods to
which Article 2(1) applies.</div>
<div class="Jersey_Paragraph">
(2) A claim must –</div>
<div class="Jersey_Sub_Paragraph">
(a) be made within the period of 2 months following the service of the notice required by paragraph 2;</div>
<div class="Jersey_Sub_Paragraph">
(b) be given, in writing, to the Agent of the Impôts; and</div>
<div class="Jersey_Sub_Paragraph">
(c) specify the name and address of
the claimant and the advocate or solicitor (if any) in Jersey authorized
to accept service of process and to act on behalf of the claimant.</div>
<div class="Jersey_Paragraph">
(3) Service of process upon an advocate or solicitor so specified shall be deemed to be proper service upon the claimant.</div>
<div class="Jersey_Schedule_Article" id="Toc206228243">
<b>5 Condemnation</b></div>
<div class="Jersey_Paragraph">
(1) If on the expiration of the period of
2 months following the service of the notice required by paragraph 2,
the documents described in paragraph 3 have not been submitted and a
claim has not been made under paragraph 4, the goods shall be deemed to
have been duly condemned as forfeited.</div>
<div class="Jersey_Paragraph">
(2) Where goods are deemed to have been
duly condemned as forfeited, the Agent of the Impôts shall make such
arrangements for their disposal as he or she thinks fit.</div>
<div class="Jersey_Paragraph">
(3) Where a claim has been made in
according with paragraph 4, the Agent of the Impôts shall take
proceedings for the condemnation of the goods and if the court is
satisfied that the goods were at the time of seizure liable to
forfeiture the court shall condemn them as forfeited.</div>
<div class="Jersey_Paragraph">
(4) Where a court condemns goods as forfeited, it shall make such order for their disposal as it thinks fit.</div>
<div class="Jersey_Paragraph">
(5) Forfeiture under this paragraph shall have effect as from the date when the liability to forfeiture arose.</div>
<div class="Jersey_Schedule_Article" id="Toc206228244">
<b>6 Proceedings for condemnation by court</b></div>
<div class="Jersey_Paragraph">
(1) Proceedings for condemnation shall be civil proceedings and may be instituted –</div>
<div class="Jersey_Sub_Paragraph">
(a) in the Petty Debts Court where
the value of the goods liable to forfeiture, excluding any duty payable
on them, does not exceed the maximum amount of a debt recoverable in
that court; or</div>
<div class="Jersey_Sub_Paragraph">
(b) the Royal Court in any other case.</div>
<div class="Jersey_Paragraph">
(2) In any proceedings for condemnation –</div>
<div class="Jersey_Sub_Paragraph">
(a) the claimant or the claimant’s
advocate or solicitor shall make oath that the goods seized were, or
were to the best of the claimant’s knowledge and belief, the property of
the claimant at the time of the seizure;</div>
<div class="Jersey_Sub_Paragraph">
(b) the claimant shall, where such
proceedings are instituted in the Royal Court, give such security for
costs of the proceedings as that court may determine; and</div>
<div class="Jersey_Sub_Paragraph">
(c) where any requirement of this
sub-paragraph is not complied with, the court shall give judgment for
the Agent of the Impôts.</div>
<div class="Jersey_Paragraph">
(3) An appeal by either party shall lie
from a decision on a question of forfeiture under this paragraph of the
Petty Debts Court to the Royal Court and any goods which are the subject
of such an appeal shall, pending the final determination of the matter,
remain in the custody of the Agent of the Impôts.</div>
<div class="Jersey_Schedule_Article" id="Toc206228245">
<b>7 Provisions as to proof</b></div>
<div class="Jersey_Article_Text">
In any proceedings under this Schedule –</div>
<div class="Jersey_Paragraph">
(a) the fact, form and manner of the
seizure shall be taken to have been as set out in the process without
any further evidence of it, unless the contrary is proved; and</div>
<div class="Jersey_Paragraph">
(b) the condemnation by a court of any
thing as forfeited may be proved by the production either of the order
of condemnation or of a certified copy of it signed by the Judicial
Greffier.</div>
<div class="Jersey_Schedule_Article" id="Toc206228246">
<b>8 Special provisions as to certain claimants</b></div>
<div class="Jersey_Article_Text">
For the purposes of any claim to, or
proceedings for the condemnation of, any goods, where those goods are at
the time of seizure the property of a body corporate, of 2 or more
partners or of 6 or more persons, the oath required by this Schedule to
be taken and any other thing required by this Schedule or by any rules
of the court to be done by, or by any person authorized by, the claimant
or owner may be taken or done by, or by any other person authorized
by –</div>
<div class="Jersey_Paragraph">
(a) where the owner is a body corporate, the secretary or some duly authorized officer of that body;</div>
<div class="Jersey_Paragraph">
(b) where the owners are in partnership, any one of those owners;</div>
<div class="Jersey_Paragraph">
(c) where the owners are 6 or more
persons who are not in partnership, any 2 of those persons on behalf of
themselves and their co-owners.</div>
<div class="Jersey_Schedule_Article" id="Toc206228247">
<b>9 Power to deal with seizures before condemnation</b></div>
<div class="Jersey_Paragraph">
(1) Where the goods are, in the opinion
of the Agent of the Impôts, of a perishable nature, the Agent may, if he
or she thinks fit, make arrangements for their disposal,
notwithstanding that they have not yet been condemned, or deemed to have
been condemned, as forfeited.</div>
<div class="Jersey_Paragraph">
(2) If, where any goods are disposed of
under sub-paragraph (1), it is held in proceedings taken under this
Schedule that the goods were not liable to forfeiture at the time of
their seizure, the Agent of the Impôts shall, subject to any deduction
allowed under sub-paragraph (3), on demand by the claimant, tender to
the claimant the replacement value of the goods at the time of seizure.</div>
<div class="Jersey_Paragraph">
(3) Where the amount tendered under
sub-paragraph (2) includes any sum on account of any duty chargeable on
the thing which had not been paid before its seizure the Agent of the
Impôts may deduct so much of that amount as represents that duty.</div>
<div class="Jersey_Paragraph">
(4) If the claimant accepts any amount
tendered to the claimant under sub-paragraph (2), the claimant shall not
be entitled to maintain any action on account of the seizure, detention
or disposal of the goods.</div>
<br class="page" />
<div class="center-Jersey_Schedule_Heading" id="Toc206228248">
<b>SCHEDULE 3</b></div>
<div class="center-Jersey_Schedule_SubSubHeading">
(Article 4(1))</div>
<div class="center-Jersey_Schedule_SubHeading" id="Toc206228249">
<b>EQUIPMENT WHICH MIGHT BE USED FOR INTERNAL REPRESSION</b></div>
<div class="center-Normal">
<img alt="List of equipment which might be used for internal repression" height="700" src="http://www.jerseylaw.je/Law/LawsInForce/htm/ROFiles/R&OYear2008/R%26O-097-2008_files/image018.jpg" width="445" /></div>
<div class="center-Normal">
<img alt="List of equipment which might be used for internal repression: continued" height="314" src="http://www.jerseylaw.je/Law/LawsInForce/htm/ROFiles/R&OYear2008/R%26O-097-2008_files/image020.jpg" width="508" /></div>
<br class="page" />
<div class="center-Jersey_Schedule_Heading" id="Toc206228250">
<b>SCHEDULE 4</b></div>
<div class="center-Jersey_Schedule_SubSubHeading">
(Article 5(1))</div>
<div class="center-Jersey_Schedule_SubHeading" id="Toc206228251">
<b>EQUIPMENT AND TECHNOLOGY USED BY ENTERPRISES REFERRED TO IN ARTICLES 5, 7 AND 8</b></div>
<div class="Jersey_Normal_Text">
Note: If only part of the scope of the CN
code referred to is covered by an entry in this Schedule, the CN code is
preceded by ‘ex’.</div>
<div class="center-Normal">
<img alt="List of equipment and technology used by enterprises referred to in articles 5, 7 and 8" height="620" src="http://www.jerseylaw.je/Law/LawsInForce/htm/ROFiles/R&OYear2008/R%26O-097-2008_files/image022.jpg" width="504" /></div>
<br class="page" />
<div class="center-Jersey_Schedule_Heading" id="Toc206228252">
<b>SCHEDULE 5</b></div>
<div class="center-Jersey_Schedule_SubSubHeading">
(Article 7(3))</div>
<div class="center-Jersey_Schedule_SubHeading" id="Toc206228253">
<b>ENTERPRISES IN BURMA/MYANMAR REFERRED TO IN ARTICLE 7</b></div>
<div class="Jersey_Normal_Text">
Note: Aliases or variations in spelling are denoted by ‘aka’ (also known as).</div>
<div class="center-Normal">
<img alt="List of enterprises in Burma/Myanmar referred to in Article 7" height="688" src="http://www.jerseylaw.je/Law/LawsInForce/htm/ROFiles/R&OYear2008/R%26O-097-2008_files/image024.jpg" width="381" /></div>
<div class="center-Normal">
<img alt="List of enterprises in Burma/Myanmar referred to in Article 7: continued" height="871" src="http://www.jerseylaw.je/Law/LawsInForce/htm/ROFiles/R&OYear2008/R%26O-097-2008_files/image026.jpg" width="410" /></div>
<div class="center-Normal">
<img alt="List of enterprises in Burma/Myanmar referred to in Article 7: continued" height="867" src="http://www.jerseylaw.je/Law/LawsInForce/htm/ROFiles/R&OYear2008/R%26O-097-2008_files/image028.jpg" width="392" /></div>
<div class="center-Normal">
<img alt="List of enterprises in Burma/Myanmar referred to in Article 7: continued" height="869" src="http://www.jerseylaw.je/Law/LawsInForce/htm/ROFiles/R&OYear2008/R%26O-097-2008_files/image030.jpg" width="407" /></div>
<div class="center-Normal">
<img alt="List of enterprises in Burma/Myanmar referred to in Article 7: continued" height="875" src="http://www.jerseylaw.je/Law/LawsInForce/htm/ROFiles/R&OYear2008/R%26O-097-2008_files/image032.jpg" width="399" /></div>
<div class="center-Normal">
<img alt="List of enterprises in Burma/Myanmar referred to in Article 7: continued" height="829" src="http://www.jerseylaw.je/Law/LawsInForce/htm/ROFiles/R&OYear2008/R%26O-097-2008_files/image034.jpg" width="383" /></div>
<div class="center-Normal">
<img alt="List of enterprises in Burma/Myanmar referred to in Article 7: continued" height="869" src="http://www.jerseylaw.je/Law/LawsInForce/htm/ROFiles/R&OYear2008/R%26O-097-2008_files/image036.jpg" width="393" /></div>
<div class="center-Normal">
<img alt="List of enterprises in Burma/Myanmar referred to in Article 7: continued" height="835" src="http://www.jerseylaw.je/Law/LawsInForce/htm/ROFiles/R&OYear2008/R%26O-097-2008_files/image038.jpg" width="376" /></div>
<div class="center-Normal">
<img alt="List of enterprises in Burma/Myanmar referred to in Article 7: continued" height="850" src="http://www.jerseylaw.je/Law/LawsInForce/htm/ROFiles/R&OYear2008/R%26O-097-2008_files/image040.jpg" width="373" /></div>
<br class="page" />
<div class="center-Normal">
<img alt="List of enterprises in Burma/Myanmar referred to in Article 7: continued" height="785" src="http://www.jerseylaw.je/Law/LawsInForce/htm/ROFiles/R&OYear2008/R%26O-097-2008_files/image042.jpg" width="351" /></div>
<br class="page" />
<div class="center-Normal">
<img alt="List of enterprises in Burma/Myanmar referred to in Article 7: continued" height="872" src="http://www.jerseylaw.je/Law/LawsInForce/htm/ROFiles/R&OYear2008/R%26O-097-2008_files/image044.jpg" width="398" /></div>
<br class="page" />
<div class="center-Normal">
<img alt="List of enterprises in Burma/Myanmar referred to in Article 7: continued" height="772" src="http://www.jerseylaw.je/Law/LawsInForce/htm/ROFiles/R&OYear2008/R%26O-097-2008_files/image046.jpg" width="347" /></div>
<br class="page" />
<div class="center-Normal">
<img alt="List of enterprises in Burma/Myanmar referred to in Article 7: continued" height="733" src="http://www.jerseylaw.je/Law/LawsInForce/htm/ROFiles/R&OYear2008/R%26O-097-2008_files/image048.jpg" width="341" /></div>
<br class="page" />
<div class="center-Normal">
<img alt="List of enterprises in Burma/Myanmar referred to in Article 7: continued" height="860" src="http://www.jerseylaw.je/Law/LawsInForce/htm/ROFiles/R&OYear2008/R%26O-097-2008_files/image050.jpg" width="398" /></div>
<br class="page" />
<div class="center-Normal">
<img alt="List of enterprises in Burma/Myanmar referred to in Article 7: continued" height="852" src="http://www.jerseylaw.je/Law/LawsInForce/htm/ROFiles/R&OYear2008/R%26O-097-2008_files/image052.jpg" width="387" /></div>
<br class="page" />
<div class="center-Normal">
<img alt="List of enterprises in Burma/Myanmar referred to in Article 7: continued" height="774" src="http://www.jerseylaw.je/Law/LawsInForce/htm/ROFiles/R&OYear2008/R%26O-097-2008_files/image054.jpg" width="345" /></div>
<br class="page" />
<div class="center-Normal">
<img alt="List of enterprises in Burma/Myanmar referred to in Article 7: continued" height="863" src="http://www.jerseylaw.je/Law/LawsInForce/htm/ROFiles/R&OYear2008/R%26O-097-2008_files/image056.jpg" width="395" /></div>
<br class="page" />
<div class="center-Normal">
<img alt="List of enterprises in Burma/Myanmar referred to in Article 7: continued" height="849" src="http://www.jerseylaw.je/Law/LawsInForce/htm/ROFiles/R&OYear2008/R%26O-097-2008_files/image058.jpg" width="386" /></div>
<br class="page" />
<div class="center-Normal">
<img alt="List of enterprises in Burma/Myanmar referred to in Article 7: continued" height="849" src="http://www.jerseylaw.je/Law/LawsInForce/htm/ROFiles/R&OYear2008/R%26O-097-2008_files/image060.jpg" width="392" /></div>
<br class="page" />
<div class="center-Normal">
<img alt="List of enterprises in Burma/Myanmar referred to in Article 7: continued" height="824" src="http://www.jerseylaw.je/Law/LawsInForce/htm/ROFiles/R&OYear2008/R%26O-097-2008_files/image062.jpg" width="369" /></div>
<br class="page" />
<div class="center-Normal">
<img alt="List of enterprises in Burma/Myanmar referred to in Article 7: continued" height="820" src="http://www.jerseylaw.je/Law/LawsInForce/htm/ROFiles/R&OYear2008/R%26O-097-2008_files/image064.jpg" width="376" /></div>
<br class="page" />
<div class="center-Normal">
<img alt="List of enterprises in Burma/Myanmar referred to in Article 7: continued" height="807" src="http://www.jerseylaw.je/Law/LawsInForce/htm/ROFiles/R&OYear2008/R%26O-097-2008_files/image066.jpg" width="369" /></div>
<br class="page" />
<div class="center-Normal">
<img alt="List of enterprises in Burma/Myanmar referred to in Article 7: continued" height="823" src="http://www.jerseylaw.je/Law/LawsInForce/htm/ROFiles/R&OYear2008/R%26O-097-2008_files/image068.jpg" width="362" /></div>
<br class="page" />
<div class="center-Normal">
<img alt="List of enterprises in Burma/Myanmar referred to in Article 7: continued" height="791" src="http://www.jerseylaw.je/Law/LawsInForce/htm/ROFiles/R&OYear2008/R%26O-097-2008_files/image070.jpg" width="360" /></div>
<br class="page" />
<div class="center-Normal">
<img alt="List of enterprises in Burma/Myanmar referred to in Article 7: continued" height="843" src="http://www.jerseylaw.je/Law/LawsInForce/htm/ROFiles/R&OYear2008/R%26O-097-2008_files/image072.jpg" width="369" /></div>
<br class="page" />
<div class="center-Normal">
<img alt="List of enterprises in Burma/Myanmar referred to in Article 7: continued" height="835" src="http://www.jerseylaw.je/Law/LawsInForce/htm/ROFiles/R&OYear2008/R%26O-097-2008_files/image074.jpg" width="373" /></div>
<br class="page" />
<div class="center-Normal">
<img alt="List of enterprises in Burma/Myanmar referred to in Article 7: continued" height="850" src="http://www.jerseylaw.je/Law/LawsInForce/htm/ROFiles/R&OYear2008/R%26O-097-2008_files/image076.jpg" width="331" /></div>
<br class="page" />
<div class="center-Normal">
<img alt="List of enterprises in Burma/Myanmar referred to in Article 7: continued" height="792" src="http://www.jerseylaw.je/Law/LawsInForce/htm/ROFiles/R&OYear2008/R%26O-097-2008_files/image078.jpg" width="358" /></div>
<br class="page" />
<div class="center-Normal">
<img alt="List of enterprises in Burma/Myanmar referred to in Article 7: continued" height="849" src="http://www.jerseylaw.je/Law/LawsInForce/htm/ROFiles/R&OYear2008/R%26O-097-2008_files/image080.jpg" width="385" /></div>
<br class="page" />
<div class="center-Normal">
<img alt="List of enterprises in Burma/Myanmar referred to in Article 7: continued" height="820" src="http://www.jerseylaw.je/Law/LawsInForce/htm/ROFiles/R&OYear2008/R%26O-097-2008_files/image082.jpg" width="373" /></div>
<br class="page" />
<div class="center-Normal">
<img alt="List of enterprises in Burma/Myanmar referred to in Article 7: continued" height="838" src="http://www.jerseylaw.je/Law/LawsInForce/htm/ROFiles/R&OYear2008/R%26O-097-2008_files/image084.jpg" width="380" /></div>
<br class="page" />
<div class="center-Normal">
<img alt="List of enterprises in Burma/Myanmar referred to in Article 7: continued" height="849" src="http://www.jerseylaw.je/Law/LawsInForce/htm/ROFiles/R&OYear2008/R%26O-097-2008_files/image086.jpg" width="375" /></div>
<br class="page" />
<div class="center-Normal">
<img alt="List of enterprises in Burma/Myanmar referred to in Article 7: continued" height="847" src="http://www.jerseylaw.je/Law/LawsInForce/htm/ROFiles/R&OYear2008/R%26O-097-2008_files/image088.jpg" width="380" /></div>
<br class="page" />
<div class="center-Normal">
<img alt="List of enterprises in Burma/Myanmar referred to in Article 7: continued" height="787" src="http://www.jerseylaw.je/Law/LawsInForce/htm/ROFiles/R&OYear2008/R%26O-097-2008_files/image090.jpg" width="352" /></div>
<br class="page" />
<div class="center-Normal">
<img alt="List of enterprises in Burma/Myanmar referred to in Article 7: continued" height="842" src="http://www.jerseylaw.je/Law/LawsInForce/htm/ROFiles/R&OYear2008/R%26O-097-2008_files/image092.jpg" width="378" /></div>
<br class="page" />
<div class="center-Normal">
<img alt="List of enterprises in Burma/Myanmar referred to in Article 7: continued" height="799" src="http://www.jerseylaw.je/Law/LawsInForce/htm/ROFiles/R&OYear2008/R%26O-097-2008_files/image094.jpg" width="359" /></div>
<br class="page" />
<div class="center-Normal">
<img alt="List of enterprises in Burma/Myanmar referred to in Article 7: continued" height="818" src="http://www.jerseylaw.je/Law/LawsInForce/htm/ROFiles/R&OYear2008/R%26O-097-2008_files/image096.jpg" width="369" /></div>
<br class="page" />
<div class="center-Normal">
<img alt="List of enterprises in Burma/Myanmar referred to in Article 7: continued" height="821" src="http://www.jerseylaw.je/Law/LawsInForce/htm/ROFiles/R&OYear2008/R%26O-097-2008_files/image098.jpg" width="375" /></div>
<br class="page" />
<div class="center-Normal">
<img alt="List of enterprises in Burma/Myanmar referred to in Article 7: continued" height="827" src="http://www.jerseylaw.je/Law/LawsInForce/htm/ROFiles/R&OYear2008/R%26O-097-2008_files/image100.jpg" width="377" /></div>
<br class="page" />
<div class="center-Normal">
<img alt="List of enterprises in Burma/Myanmar referred to in Article 7: continued" height="827" src="http://www.jerseylaw.je/Law/LawsInForce/htm/ROFiles/R&OYear2008/R%26O-097-2008_files/image102.jpg" width="366" /></div>
<br class="page" />
<div class="center-Normal">
<img alt="List of enterprises in Burma/Myanmar referred to in Article 7: continued" height="801" src="http://www.jerseylaw.je/Law/LawsInForce/htm/ROFiles/R&OYear2008/R%26O-097-2008_files/image104.jpg" width="364" /></div>
<br class="page" />
<div class="center-Normal">
<img alt="List of enterprises in Burma/Myanmar referred to in Article 7: continued" height="831" src="http://www.jerseylaw.je/Law/LawsInForce/htm/ROFiles/R&OYear2008/R%26O-097-2008_files/image106.jpg" width="373" /></div>
<br class="page" />
<div class="center-Normal">
<img alt="List of enterprises in Burma/Myanmar referred to in Article 7: continued" height="868" src="http://www.jerseylaw.je/Law/LawsInForce/htm/ROFiles/R&OYear2008/R%26O-097-2008_files/image108.jpg" width="395" /></div>
<br class="page" />
<div class="center-Normal">
<img alt="List of enterprises in Burma/Myanmar referred to in Article 7: continued" height="842" src="http://www.jerseylaw.je/Law/LawsInForce/htm/ROFiles/R&OYear2008/R%26O-097-2008_files/image110.jpg" width="371" /></div>
<br class="page" />
<div class="center-Normal">
<img alt="List of enterprises in Burma/Myanmar referred to in Article 7: continued" height="850" src="http://www.jerseylaw.je/Law/LawsInForce/htm/ROFiles/R&OYear2008/R%26O-097-2008_files/image112.jpg" width="383" /></div>
<br class="page" />
<div class="center-Normal">
<img alt="List of enterprises in Burma/Myanmar referred to in Article 7: continued" height="828" src="http://www.jerseylaw.je/Law/LawsInForce/htm/ROFiles/R&OYear2008/R%26O-097-2008_files/image114.jpg" width="368" /></div>
<br class="page" />
<div class="center-Normal">
<img alt="List of enterprises in Burma/Myanmar referred to in Article 7: continued" height="838" src="http://www.jerseylaw.je/Law/LawsInForce/htm/ROFiles/R&OYear2008/R%26O-097-2008_files/image116.jpg" width="382" /></div>
<br class="page" />
<div class="center-Normal">
<img alt="List of enterprises in Burma/Myanmar referred to in Article 7: continued" height="849" src="http://www.jerseylaw.je/Law/LawsInForce/htm/ROFiles/R&OYear2008/R%26O-097-2008_files/image118.jpg" width="385" /></div>
<br class="page" />
<div class="center-Normal">
<img alt="List of enterprises in Burma/Myanmar referred to in Article 7: continued" height="834" src="http://www.jerseylaw.je/Law/LawsInForce/htm/ROFiles/R&OYear2008/R%26O-097-2008_files/image120.jpg" width="379" /></div>
<br class="page" />
<div class="center-Normal">
<img alt="List of enterprises in Burma/Myanmar referred to in Article 7: continued" height="624" src="http://www.jerseylaw.je/Law/LawsInForce/htm/ROFiles/R&OYear2008/R%26O-097-2008_files/image122.jpg" width="414" /></div>
<br class="page" />
<div class="center-Jersey_Schedule_Heading" id="Toc206228254">
<b>SCHEDULE 6</b></div>
<div class="center-Jersey_Schedule_SubSubHeading">
(Article 11(1))</div>
<div class="center-Jersey_Schedule_SubHeading" id="Toc206228255">
<b>MEMBERS OF THE GOVERNMENT OF BURMA/MYANMAR AND PERSONS, ETC., ASSOCIATED WITH THEM REFERRED TO IN ARTICLE11</b></div>
<div class="Jersey_Normal_Text">
<i>Notes:</i></div>
<div class="Normal">
<i>1. Aliases or variations in spelling are denoted by “aka” (also known as).</i></div>
<div class="Normal">
<i>2. D.o.b. means date of birth.</i></div>
<div class="Normal">
<i>3. P.o.b. means place of birth.</i></div>
<div class="Normal">
<i>4. If not stated otherwise, all passport and ID cards are those of Burma/Myanmar.</i></div>
<div class="Table_Width_92">
<div class="sides">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: left;">
<colgroup><col width="708*"></col>
<col width="3106*"></col>
<col width="3107*"></col>
<col width="1209*"></col>
</colgroup><tbody>
<tr>
<td class="slc01" colspan="4" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
A. STATE PEACE AND DEVELOPMENT COUNCIL (SPDC)</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
<i>Name (and possible aliases)</i></div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
<i>Identifying information (function/title,
date and place of birth (d.o.b. & p.o.b.), passport/id number,
spouse or son/daughter of …)</i></div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
<i>Sex (M/F)</i></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
A1a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Senior General Than Shwe</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Chairman, d.o.b. 2.2.1933</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
A1b</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Kyaing Kyaing</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Wife of Senior General Than Shwe</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
A1c</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Thandar Shwe</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Daughter of Senior General Than Shwe</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
A1ci</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Major Zaw Phyo Win</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Husband of Thandar Shwe Deputy Director Export Section, Ministry of Trade</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
A1d</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Khin Pyone Shwe</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Daughter of Senior General Than Shwe</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
A1e</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Aye Aye Thit Shwe</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Daughter of Senior General Than Shwe</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
A1f</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Tun Naing Shwe a.k.a. Tun Tun Naing</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Son of Senior General Than Shwe</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
A1g</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Khin Thanda</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Wife of Tun Naing Shwe</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
A1h</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Kyaing San Shwe</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Son of Senior General Than Shwe, Owner of J's Donuts</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
A1i</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Dr Khin Win Sein</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Wife of Kyaing San Shwe</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
A1j</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Thant Zaw Shwe a.k.a. Maung Maung</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Son of Senior General Than Shwe</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
A1k</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Dewar Shwe</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Daughter of Senior General Than Shwe</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
A1l</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Kyi Kyi Shwe</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Daughter of Senior General Than Shwe</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
A2a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Vice-Senior General Maung Aye</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Vice-Chairman, d.o.b. 25.12.1937</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
A2b</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Mya Mya San</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Wife of Vice-Senior General Maung Aye</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
A2c</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Nandar Aye</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Daughter of Vice-Senior General Maung Aye, wife of Major Pye Aung (D17g)</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
A3a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
General Thura Shwe Mann</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Chief of Staff, Coordinator of Special Operations (Army, Navy and Air Force) d.o.b. 11.7.1947</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
A3b</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Khin Lay Thet</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Wife of General Thura Shwe Mann d.o.b. 19.6.1947</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
A3c</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Aung Thet Mann aka Shwe Mann Ko Ko</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Son of General Thura Shwe Mann, Ayeya Shwe War (Wah) Company, d.o.b. 19.6.1977, Passport No CM102233</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
A3d</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Khin Hnin Thandar</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Wife of Aung Thet Mann</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
A3e</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Toe Naing Mann</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Son of General Thura Shwe Mann, d.o.b. 29.6.1978</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
A3f</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Zay Zin Latt</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Wife of Toe Naing Mann; Daughter of Khin Shwe (ref J5a), d.o.b. 24.3.1981</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
A5a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
LTL-Gen Thein Sein</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
“Prime Minister”, d.o.b. 20.4.1945</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
A5b</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Khin Khin Win</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Wife of LTL-Gen Thein Sein</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
A6a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
LTL-Gen (Thiha Thura) Tin Aung Myint Oo</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
(Thiha Thura is a title) “Secretary 1”, d.o.b. 29.5.1950</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
A6b</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Khin Saw Hnin</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Wife of LTL-Gen Thiha Thura Tin Aung Myint Oo</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
A6c</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Captain Naing Lin Oo</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Son of Lt-Gen Thiha Thura Tin Aung Myint Oo</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
A6d</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Hnin Yee Mon</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Wife of Capt. Naing Lin Oo</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
A7a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Lt-Gen Kyaw Win</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Chief of Bureau of Special Operations 2
(Kayah, Shan States), Member of the Union Solidarity and Development
Association (USDA), d.o.b. 3.1.1944</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
A7b</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
San San Yee aka San San Yi</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Wife of LTL-Gen Kyaw Win</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
A7c</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Nyi Nyi Aung</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Son of LTL-Gen Kyaw Win</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
A7d</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
San Thida Win</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Wife of Nyi Nyi Aung</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
A7e</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Min Nay Kyaw Win</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Son of LTL-Gen Kyaw Win</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
A7f</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Dr Phone Myint Htun</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Son of LTL-Gen Kyaw Win</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
A7g</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
San Sabai Win</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Wife of Dr Phone Myint Htun</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
A8a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Lt-Gen Tin Aye</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Chief of Military Ordnance, Head of UMEHL</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
A8b</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Kyi Kyi Ohn</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Wife of LTL-Gen Tin Aye</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
A8c</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Zaw Min Aye</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Son of LTL-Gen Tin Aye</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
A9a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
LTL-Gen Ye Myint</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Chief of Bureau of Special Operations 1 (Kachin, Chin, Sagaing, Magwe, Mandalay), d.o.b. 21.10.1943</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
A9b</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Tin Lin Myint</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Wife of LTL-Gen Ye Myint, d.o.b. 25.1.1947</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
A9c</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Theingi Ye Myint</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Daughter of LTL-Gen Ye Myint</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
A9d</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Aung Zaw Ye Myint</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Son of LTL-Gen Ye Myint, Yetagun Construction Co</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
A9e</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Kay Khaing Ye Myint</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Daughter of LTL-Gen Ye Myint</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
A10a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
LTL-Gen Aung Htwe</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Chief of Armed Forces Training, d.o.b. 1.2.1943</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
A10b</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Khin Hnin Wai</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Wife of LTL-Gen Aung Htwe</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
A11a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
LTL-Gen Khin Maung Than</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Chief of Bureau of Special Operations 3 (Pegu, Irrawaddy, Arakan)</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
A11b</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Marlar Tint</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Wife of LTL-Gen Khin Maung Than</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
A13a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
LTL Gen Myint Swe</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Chief of Bureau of Special Operations 5 (Naypyidaw, Rangoon/Yangon)</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
A13b</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Khin Thet Htay</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Wife of LTL-Gen Myint Swe</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
A14a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Arnt Maung</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Retired Director General, Directorate of Religious Affairs</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
A15a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Maj-Gen Thar Aye aka Tha Aye</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Chief of Bureau of Special Operations 4 (Karen, Mon, Tenasserim), d.o.b. 16.2.1945 (formerly B3a)</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="slr11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
A15b</div>
</td>
<td class="slr11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Wai Wai Khaing a.k.a. Wei Wei Khaing</div>
</td>
<td class="slr11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Wife of Maj-Gen Thar Aye (formerly B3b)</div>
</td>
<td class="slrc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>
<div class="Table_Width_89">
<div class="sides">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: left;">
<colgroup><col width="398*"></col>
<col width="3149*"></col>
<col width="3092*"></col>
<col width="1177*"></col>
</colgroup><tbody>
<tr>
<td class="slc01" colspan="4" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
B. REGIONAL COMMANDERS</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
<i>Name</i></div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
<i>Identifying information (inc. Command)</i></div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
<i>Sex (M/F)</i></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
B1a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Maj-Gen Hla Htay Win</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Rangoon (Yangon)</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
B1b</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Mar Mar Wai</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Wife of Maj-Gen Hla Htay Win</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
B2a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Maj-Gen Thaung Aye</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Eastern (Shan State (South))</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
B2b</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Thin Myo Myo Aung</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Wife of Maj-Gen Thaung Aye</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
B4a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Brig-Gen Khin Zaw Oo</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Coastal (Tanintharyi Division), d.o.b. 24.6.1951</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
B5a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Brig-Gen Aung Than Htut</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
North Eastern (Shan State(North))</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
B7a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Brig-Gen Maung Shein</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Western (RakhineState)</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
B7b</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Kyawt Kyawt San</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Wife of Brig-Gen Maung Shein</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
B8a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Brig-Gen Kyaw Swe</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
South Western (Irrawaddy Division)</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
B9a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Maj-Gen Ohn Myint</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
North (KachinState)</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
B9b</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Nu Nu Swe</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Wife of Maj-Gen Ohn Myint</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
B9c</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Kyaw Thiha</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Son of Maj-Gen Ohn Myint</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
B9d</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Nwe Ei Ei Zin</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Wife of Kyaw Thiha</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
B10a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Maj-Gen Ko Ko</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
South (Bago Division)</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
B10b</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Sao Nwan Khun Sum</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Wife of Maj-Gen Ko Ko</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
B11a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Brig-Gen Thet Naing Win</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
South Eastern (MonState)</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
B12a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Maj-Gen Min Aung Hlaing</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Triangle (Shan State (East))</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
B13a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Brig-Gen Wai Lwin</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Naypyidaw</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
B13b</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Swe Swe Oo</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Wife of Brig-Gen Wai Lwin</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
B13c</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Wai Phyo</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Son of Brig-Gen Wai Lwin</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
B13d</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Lwin Yamin</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Daughter of Brig-Gen Wai Lwin</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
B13e</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Wai Phyo Aung</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Son of Brig-Gen Wai Lwin</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="slr11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
B13f</div>
</td>
<td class="slr11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Oanmar (Ohnmar) Kyaw Tun</div>
</td>
<td class="slr11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Wife of Wai Phyo Aung</div>
</td>
<td class="slrc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>
<div class="Table_Width_88">
<div class="sides">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: left;">
<colgroup><col width="349*"></col>
<col width="3118*"></col>
<col width="3134*"></col>
<col width="1161*"></col>
</colgroup><tbody>
<tr>
<td class="slc01" colspan="4" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
C. DEPUTY REGIONAL COMMANDERS</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
<i>Name</i></div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
<i>Identifying information (inc. Command)</i></div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
<i>Sex (M/F)</i></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
C1a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Brig-Gen Kyaw Kyaw Tun</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Rangoon (Yangon)</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
C1b</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Khin May Latt</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Wife of Brig-Gen Kyaw Kyaw Tun</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
C2a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Brig-Gen Nay Win</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Central</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
C2b</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Nan Aye Mya</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Wife of Brig-Gen Nay Win</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
C3a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Brig-Gen Tin Maung Ohn</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
North-Western</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
C4a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Brig-Gen San Tun</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Northern</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
C4b</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Tin Sein</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Wife of Brig-Gen San Tun</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
C5a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Brig-Gen Hla Myint</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
North-Eastern</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
C5b</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Su Su Hlaing</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Wife of Brig-Gen Hla Myint</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
C6a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Brig-Gen Wai Lin</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Triangle</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
C7a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Brig-Gen Win Myint</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Eastern</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
C8a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Brig-Gen Zaw Min</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
South-Eastern</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
C8b</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Nyunt Nyunt Wai</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Wife of Brig-Gen Zaw Min</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
C9a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Brig-Gen Hone Ngaing aka Hon Ngai</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Coastal</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
C10a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Brig-Gen Thura Maung Ni</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Southern</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
C10b</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Nan Myint Sein</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Wife of Brig-Gen Thura Maung Ni</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
C11a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Brig-Gen Tint Swe</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
South-Western</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
C11b</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Khin Thaung</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Wife of Brig-Gen Tint Swe</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
C11c</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Ye Min a.k.a.: Ye Kyaw Swar Swe</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Son of Brig-Gen Tint Swe</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
C11d</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Su Mon Swe</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Wife of Ye Min</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
C12a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Brig-Gen Tin Hlaing</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Western</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="slr11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
C12b</div>
</td>
<td class="slr11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Hla Than Htay</div>
</td>
<td class="slr11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Wife of Brig-Gen Tin Hlaing</div>
</td>
<td class="slrc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>
<div class="Table_Width_88">
<div class="sides">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: left;">
<colgroup><col width="440*"></col>
<col width="3107*"></col>
<col width="3084*"></col>
<col width="1142*"></col>
</colgroup><tbody>
<tr>
<td class="slc01" colspan="4" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
D. MINISTERS</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
<i>Name</i></div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
<i>Identifying information (inc. Ministry)</i></div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
<i>Sex (M/F)</i></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
D3a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Maj-Gen Htay Oo</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Agriculture and Irrigation (since 18.9.2004) (previously Cooperatives since 25.8.2003); Secretary-General of the USDA</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
D3b</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Ni Ni Win</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Wife of Maj-Gen Htay Oo</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
D3c</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Thein Zaw Nyo</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Cadet. Son of Maj-Gen Htay Oo</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
D4a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Brig-Gen Tin Naing Thein</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Commerce (since 18.9.2004), Previously Dep Minister of Forestry, d.o.b. 1955</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
D4b</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Aye Aye</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Wife of Brig-Gen Tin Naing Thein</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
D5a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Maj-Gen Saw Tun</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Construction d.o.b. 8.5.1935 (since 15.6.1995)</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
D5b</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Myint Myint Ko</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Wife of Maj-Gen Saw Tun, d.o.b. 11.1.1945</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
D5c</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Me Me Tun</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Daughter of Maj-Gen Saw Tun, d.o.b. 26.10.1967, Passport No 415194</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
D5d</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Maung Maung Lwin</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Husband of Me Me Tun, d.o.b. 2.1.1969</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
D6a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Maj-Gen Tin Htut</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Cooperatives (since 15.5.2006)</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
D6b</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Tin Tin Nyunt</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Wife of Maj-Gen Tin Htut</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
D7a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Maj-Gen Khin Aung Myint</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Culture (since 15.5.2006)</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
D7b</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Khin Phyone</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Wife of Maj-Gen Khin Aung Myint</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
D8a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Dr. Chan Nyein</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Education (since 10.8.2005), formerly Deputy
Minister of Science & Technology, Member of the Executive Committee
of the USDA, d.o.b. 1944</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
D8b</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Sandar Aung</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Wife of Dr Chan Nyein</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
D9a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Col Zaw Min</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Electric Power (1) (since 15.5.2006), d.o.b. 10.1.1949</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
D9b</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Khin Mi Mi</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Wife of Col Zaw Min</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
D10a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Brig-Gen Lun Thi</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Energy (since 20.12.1997), d.o.b. 18.7.1940</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
D10b</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Khin Mar Aye</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Wife of Brig-Gen Lun Thi</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
D10c</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Mya Sein Aye</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Daughter of Brig-Gen Lun Thi</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
D10d</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Zin Maung Lun</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Son of Brig-Gen Lun Thi</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
D10e</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Zar Chi Ko</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Wife of Zin Maung Lun</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
D11a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Maj-Gen Hla Tun</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Finance & Revenue (since 1.2.2003), d.o.b. 11.7.1951</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
D11b</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Khin Than Win</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Wife of Maj-Gen Hla Tun</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
D12a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Nyan Win</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Foreign Affairs (since 18.9.2004), formerly Deputy Chief of Armed Forces Training, d.o.b. 22.1.1953</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
D12b</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Myint Myint Soe</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Wife of Nyan Win, d.o.b. 15.1.1953</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
D13a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Brig-Gen Thein Aung</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Forestry (since 25.8.2003)</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
D13b</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Khin Htay Myint</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Wife of Brig-Gen Thein Aung</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
D14a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Prof. Dr Kyaw Myint</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Health (since 1.2.2003), d.o.b. 1940</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
D14b</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Nilar Thaw</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Wife of Prof. Dr Kyaw Myint</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
D15a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Maj-Gen Maung Oo</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Home Affairs (since 5.11.2004), d.o.b. 1952</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
D15b</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Nyunt Nyunt Oo</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Wife of Maj-Gen Maung Oo</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
D16a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Maj-Gen Maung Maung Swe</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Ministry of Immigration & Population, as well as Ministry of Social Welfare, Relief & Resettlement (since 15.5.2006)</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
D16b</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Tin Tin Nwe</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Wife of Maj-Gen Maung Maung Swe</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
D16c</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Ei Thet Thet Swe</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Daughter of Maj-Gen Maung Maung Swe</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
D16d</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Kaung Kyaw Swe</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Son of Maj-Gen Maung Maung Swe</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
D17a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Aung Thaung</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Industry 1 (since 15.11.1997)</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
D17b</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Khin Khin Yi</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Wife of Aung Thaung</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
D17c</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Major Moe Aung</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Son of Aung Thaung</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
D17d</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Dr Aye Khaing Nyunt</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Wife of Major Moe Aung</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
D17e</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Nay Aung</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Son of Aung Thaung, businessman, Managing Director, Aung Yee Phyoe Co. Ltd</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
D17f</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Khin Moe Nyunt</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Wife of Nay Aung</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
D17g</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Major Pyi Aung aka Pye Aung</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Son of Aung Thaung (married to A2c)</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
D17h</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Khin Ngu Yi Phyo</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Daughter of Aung Thaung</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
D17i</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Dr Thu Nanda Aung</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Daughter of Aung Thaung</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
D17j</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Aye Myat Po Aung</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Daughter of Aung Thaung</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
D18a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Maj-Gen Saw Lwin</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Industry 2 (since 14.11.1998), d.o.b. 1939</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
D18b</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Moe Moe Myint</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Wife of Maj-Gen Saw Lwin</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
D19a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Brig-Gen Kyaw Hsan</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Information (since 13.9.2002)</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
D19b</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Kyi Kyi Win</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Wife of Brig-Gen Kyaw Hsan</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
D20a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Brig-Gen Maung Maung Thein</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Livestock & Fisheries</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
D20b</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Myint Myint Aye</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Wife of Brig-Gen Maung Maung Thein</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
D20c</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Min Thein aka Ko Pauk</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Son of Brig-Gen Maung Maung Thein</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
D21a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Brig-Gen Ohn Myint</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Mines (since 15.11.1997)</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
D21b</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
San San</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Wife of Brig-Gen Ohn Myint</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
D21c</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Thet Naing Oo</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Son of Brig-Gen Ohn Myint</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
D21d</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Min Thet Oo</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Son of Brig-Gen Ohn Myint</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
D22a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Soe Tha</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
National Planning & Economic Development (since 20.12.1997), d.o.b. 1945</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
D22b</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Kyu Kyu Win</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Wife of Soe Tha</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
D22c</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Kyaw Myat Soe</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Son of Soe Tha</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
D22d</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Wei Wei Lay</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Wife of Kyaw Myat Soe</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
D22e</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Aung Soe Tha</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Son of Soe Tha</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
D23a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Col Thein Nyunt</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Progress of Border Areas & National Races & Development Affairs (since 15.11.1997), and Mayor of Naypyidaw</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
D23b</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Kyin Khaing</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Wife of Col Thein Nyunt</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
D24a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Maj-Gen Aung Min</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Rail Transportation (since 1.2.2003)</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
D24b</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Wai Wai Thar aka Wai Wai Tha</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Wife of Maj-Gen Aung Min</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
D25a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Brig-Gen Thura Myint Maung</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Religious Affairs (since 25.8.2003)</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
D25b</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Aung Kyaw Soe</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Son of Brig-Gen Thura Myint Maung</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
D25c</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Su Su Sandi</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Wife of Aung Kyaw Soe</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
D25d</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Zin Myint Maung</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Daughter of Brig-Gen Thura Myint Maung</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
D26a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Thaung</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Science & Technology (since 11.1998), d.o.b. 6.7.1937</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
D26b</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
May Kyi Sein</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Wife of Thaung</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
D26c</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Aung Kyi</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Son of Thaung, d.o.b. 1971</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
D27a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Brig-Gen Thura Aye Myint</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Sports (since 29.10.1999)</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
D27b</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Aye Aye</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Wife of Brig-Gen Thura Aye Myint</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
D27c</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Nay Linn</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Son of Brig-Gen Thura Aye Myint</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
D28a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Brig-Gen Thein Zaw</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Minister of Telecommunications, Post & Telegraphs (since 10.5.2001)</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
D28b</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Mu Mu Win</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Wife of Brig-Gen Thein Zaw</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
D29a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Maj-Gen Thein Swe</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Transport, since 18.9.2004 (previously PM's Office from 25.8.2003)</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
D29b</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Mya Theingi</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Wife of Maj-Gen Thein Swe</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
D30a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Maj-Gen Soe Naing</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Minister for Hotels and Tourism (since 15.5.2006)</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
D30b</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Tin Tin Latt</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Wife of Maj-Gen Soe Naing</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
D30c</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Wut Yi Oo</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Daughter of Maj-Gen Soe Naing</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
D30d</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Captain Htun Zaw Win</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Husband of Wut Yi Oo</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
D30e</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Yin Thu Aye</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Daughter of Maj-Gen Soe Naing</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
D30f</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Yi Phone Zaw</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Son of Maj-Gen Soe Naing</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
D31a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Maj-Gen Khin Maung Myint</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Electric Power (2) (New Ministry) (since 15.5.2006)</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
D31b</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Win Win Nu</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Wife of Maj-Gen Khin Maung Myint</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
D32a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Aung Kyi</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Employment/Labour (appointed Minister for Relations on 8.10.2007, in charge of relations with Aung San Suu Kyi)</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="slr11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
D32b</div>
</td>
<td class="slr11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Thet Thet Swe</div>
</td>
<td class="slr11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Wife of Aung Kyi</div>
</td>
<td class="slrc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>
<div class="Table_Width_89">
<div class="sides">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: left;">
<colgroup><col width="470*"></col>
<col width="3110*"></col>
<col width="3022*"></col>
<col width="1203*"></col>
</colgroup><tbody>
<tr>
<td class="slc01" colspan="4" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
E. DEPUTY MINISTERS</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
<i>Name</i></div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
<i>Identifying information (inc. Ministry)</i></div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
<i>Sex (M/F)</i></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
E1a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Ohn Myint</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Agriculture & Irrigation (since 15.11.1997)</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
E1b</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Thet War</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Wife of Ohn Myint</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
E2a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Brig-Gen Aung Tun</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Commerce (since 13.9.2003)</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
E3a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Brig-Gen Myint Thein</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Construction (since 5.1.2000)</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
E3b</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Mya Than</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Wife of Brig-Gen Myint Thein</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
E4a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
U Tint Swe</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Construction (since 7.5.1998)</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
E5a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Maj-Gen Aye Myint (since 15.05.2006)</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Defence</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
E6a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Myo Nyunt</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Education (since 8.7.1999)</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
E6b</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Marlar Thein</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Wife of Myo Nyunt</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
E7a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Brig-Gen Aung Myo Min</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Education (since 19.11.2003)</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
E7b</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Thazin Nwe</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Wife of Brig-Gen Aung Myo Min</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
E8a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Myo Myint</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Electric Power 1 (since 29.10.1999)</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
E8b</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Tin Tin Myint</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Wife of Myo Myint</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
E8c</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Aung Khaing Moe</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Son of Myo Myint, d.o.b. 25.6.1967 (believed to be currently in UK; went before entered on list)</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
E9a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Brig-Gen Than Htay</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Energy (since 25.8.2003)</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
E9b</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Soe Wut Yi</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Wife of Brig-Gen Than Htay</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
E10a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Col Hla Thein Swe</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Finance & Revenue (since 25.8.2003)</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
E10b</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Thida Win</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Wife of Col Hla Thein Swe</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
E11a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Kyaw Thu</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Foreign Affairs (since 25.8.2003), d.o.b. 15.8.1949</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
E11b</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Lei Lei Kyi</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Wife of Kyaw Thu</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
E12a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Maung Myint</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Foreign Affairs (since 18.9.2004)</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
E12b</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Dr Khin Mya Win</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Wife of Maung Myint</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
E13a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Prof. Dr Mya Oo</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Health (since 16.11.1997), d.o.b. 25.1.1940</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
E13b</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Tin Tin Mya</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Wife of Prof. Dr Mya Oo</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
E13c</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Dr Tun Tun Oo</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Son of Prof. Dr Mya Oo, d.o.b. 26.7.1965</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
E13d</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Dr Mya Thuzar</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Daughter of Prof. Dr Mya Oo, d.o.b. 23.9.1971</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
E13e</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Mya Thidar</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Daughter of Prof. Dr Mya Oo, d.o.b. 10.6.1973</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
E13f</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Mya Nandar</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Daughter of Prof. Dr Mya Oo, d.o.b. 29.5.1976</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
E14a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Brig-Gen Phone Swe</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Home Affairs (since 25.8.2003)</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
E14b</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
San San Wai</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Wife of Brig-Gen Phone Swe</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
E15a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Brig-Gen Aye Myint Kyu</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Hotels & Tourism (since 16.11.1997)</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
E15b</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Khin Swe Myint</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Wife of Brig-Gen Aye Myint Kyu</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
E16a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Brig-Gen Win Sein</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Immigration & Population (since November 2006)</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
E16b</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Wai Wai Linn</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Wife of Brig-Gen Win Sein</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
E17a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
LTL-Col Khin Maung Kyaw</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Industry 2 (since 5.1.2000)</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
E17b</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Mi Mi Wai</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Wife of LTL-Col Khin Maung Kyaw</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
E19a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Col Tin Ngwe</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Progress of Border Areas & National Races & Development Affairs (since 25.8.2003)</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
E19b</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Khin Mya Chit</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Wife of Col Tin Ngwe</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
E20a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Thura Thaung Lwin</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
(Thura is a title), Rail Transportation (since 16.11.1997)</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
E20b</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Dr Yi Yi Htwe</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Wife of Thura Thaung Lwin</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
E21a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Brig-Gen Thura Aung Ko</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
(Thura is a title), Religious Affairs, USDA CEC member (since 17.11.1997)</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
E21b</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Myint Myint Yee aka Yi Yi Myint</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Wife of Brig-Gen Thura Aung Ko</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
E22a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Kyaw Soe</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Science and Technology (since 15.11.2004)</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
E23a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Col Thurein Zaw</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
National Planning and Economic Development (since 10.8.2005)</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
E23b</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Tin Ohn Myint</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Wife of Col Thurein Zaw</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
E24a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Brig-Gen Kyaw Myint</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Social Welfare, Relief & Resettlement (since 25.8.2003)</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
E24b</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Khin Nwe Nwe</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Wife of Brig-Gen Kyaw Myint</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
E25a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Pe Than</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Rail Transportation (since 14.11.1998)</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
E25b</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Cho Cho Tun</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Wife of Pe Than</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
E26a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Col Nyan Tun Aung</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Transport (since 25.8.2003)</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
E26b</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Wai Wai</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Wife of Col Nyan Tun Aung</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
E27a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Dr Paing Soe</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Health (additional Deputy Minister) (since 15.5.2006)</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
E27b</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Khin Mar Swe</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Wife of Dr. Paing Soe</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
E28a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Maj-Gen Thein Tun</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Deputy Minister for Posts and Telecommunications</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
E28b</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Mya Mya Win</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Wife of Thein Tun</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
E29a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Maj-Gen Kyaw Swa Khaing</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Deputy Minister for Industry</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
E29b</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Khin Phyu Mar</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Wife of Kyaw Swa Khaing</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
E30a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Maj-Gen Thein Htay</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Deputy Minister for Defence</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
E30b</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Myint Myint Khine</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Wife of Maj-Gen Thein Htay</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
E31a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Brig-Gen Tin Tun Aung</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Deputy Minister for Labour (since 7.11.2007)</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="slr11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
E32a</div>
</td>
<td class="slr11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Brig-Gen Win Myint</div>
</td>
<td class="slr11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Deputy Minister Electric Power 2 or Industry-2 (since 7.11.2007)</div>
</td>
<td class="slrc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>
<div class="Table_Width_89">
<div class="sides">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: left;">
<colgroup><col width="522*"></col>
<col width="3149*"></col>
<col width="3036*"></col>
<col width="1146*"></col>
</colgroup><tbody>
<tr>
<td class="slc01" colspan="4" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
F. OTHER TOURISM RELATED APPOINTMENTS</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
<i>Name</i></div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
<i>Identifying information (inc. post held)</i></div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
<i>Sex (M/F)</i></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
F1a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Capt. (Ret’d.) Htay Aung</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Director General at Hotels & Tourism Directorate (Managing Director, Myanmar Hotels and Tourism Services until August 2004)</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
F2a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Tin Maung Shwe</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Deputy Director General, Hotels and Tourism Directorate</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
F3a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Soe Thein</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Managing Director, Myanmar Hotels and Tourism Services since October 2004 (previously General Manager)</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
F4a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Khin Maung Soe</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
General Manager</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
F5a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Tint Swe</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
General Manager</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
F6a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
LTL-Col Yan Naing</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
General Manager, Ministry of Hotels & Tourism</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="slr11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
F7a</div>
</td>
<td class="slr11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Kyi Kyi Aye</div>
</td>
<td class="slr11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Director for Tourism Promotion, Ministry of Hotels & Tourism</div>
</td>
<td class="slrc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>
<div class="Table_Width_89">
<div class="sides">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: left;">
<colgroup><col width="499*"></col>
<col width="2894*"></col>
<col width="3258*"></col>
<col width="1174*"></col>
</colgroup><tbody>
<tr>
<td class="slc01" colspan="4" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
G. SENIOR MILITARY OFFICERS</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
<i>Name</i></div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
<i>Identifying information (inc. function)</i></div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
<i>Sex (M/F)</i></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
G1a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Maj-Gen Hla Shwe</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Deputy Adjutant General</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
G2a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Maj-Gen Soe Maung</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Judge Advocate General</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
G2b</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Nang Phyu Phyu Aye</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Wife of Maj-Gen Soe Maung</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
G3a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Maj-Gen Thein Htaik aka Hteik</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Inspector General</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
G4a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Maj-Gen Saw Hla</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Provost Marshal</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
G4b</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Cho Cho Maw</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Wife of Maj-Gen Saw Hla</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
G5a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Maj-Gen Htin Aung Kyaw</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Vice Quarter Master General</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
G5b</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Khin Khin Maw</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Wife of Maj-Gen Htin Aung Kyaw</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
G6a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Maj-Gen Lun Maung</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Auditor General</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
G6b</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
May Mya Sein</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Wife of Maj-Gen Lun Maung</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
G7a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Maj-Gen Nay Win</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Military Assistant to the SPDC Chairman</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
G8a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Maj-Gen Hsan Hsint</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Military Appointments General; d.o.b. 1951</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
G8b</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Khin Ma Lay</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Wife of Maj-Gen Hsan Hsint</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
G8c</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Okkar San Sint</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Son of Maj-Gen Hsan Hsint</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
G9a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Maj-Gen Hla Aung Thein</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
CampCommandant, Rangoon</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
G9b</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Amy Khaing</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Wife of Hla Aung Thein</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
G10a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Maj-Gen Ye Myint</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Chief of Military Affairs Security</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
G10b</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Myat Ngwe</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Wife of Maj-Gen Ye Myint</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
G11a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Brig-Gen Mya Win</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Commandant, NationalDefenceCollege</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
G12a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Brig-Gen Tun Tun Oo</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Director of Public Relations and Psychological Warfare</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
G13a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Maj-Gen Thein Tun</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Director of Signals; member of National Convention Convening Management Committee</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
G14a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Maj-Gen Than Htay</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Director of Supply & Transport</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
G14b</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Nwe Nwe Win</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Wife of Maj-Gen Than Htay</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
G15a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Maj-Gen Khin Maung Tint</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Director of Security Printing Works</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
G16a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Maj-Gen Sein Lin</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Director, MOD (Precise job not known. Formerly Director Ordnance)</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
G17a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Maj-Gen Kyi Win</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Director of Artillery & Armour, Board member UMEHL</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
G17b</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Khin Mya Mon</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Wife of Maj-Gen Kyi Win</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
G18a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Maj-Gen Tin Tun</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Director Military Engineers</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
G18b</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Khin Myint Wai</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Wife of Maj-Gen Tin Tun</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
G19a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Maj-Gen Aung Thein</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Director Resettlement</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
G19b</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Htwe Yi aka Htwe Htwe Yi</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Wife of Maj-Gen Aung Thein</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
G20a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Brig-Gen Zaw Win</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Deputy Chief of Armed Forces Training</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
G21a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Brig-Gen Than Maung</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Deputy Commandant of NationalDefenceCollege</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
G22a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Brig-Gen Win Myint</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Rector Defence Services Technological Academy</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
G23a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Brig-Gen Yar Pyae</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Rector; DefenceServicesMedicalAcademy</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
G24a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Brig-Gen Than Sein</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Commandant, DefenceServicesHospital, Mingaladon, d.o.b. 1.2.1946, p.o.b. Bago</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
G24b</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Rosy Mya Than</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Wife of Brig-Gen Than Sein</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
G25a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Brig-Gen Win Than</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Director of Procurement and Managing Director Union of Myanmar Economic Holdings (prev. Maj-Gen Win Hlaing, K1a)</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
G26a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Brig-Gen Than Maung</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Director of Peoples’ Militia & Frontier Forces</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
G27a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Maj-Gen Khin Maung Win</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Director Defense Industries</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
G28a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Brig-Gen Kyaw Swa Khine</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Director Defense Industries</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
G29a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Brig-Gen Win Aung</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Member of Civil Service Selection and Training Board</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
G30a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Brig-Gen Soe Oo</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Member of Civil Service Selection and Training Board</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
G31a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Brig-Gen Nyi Tun aka Nyi Htun</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Member of Civil Service Selection and Training Board</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
G32a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Brig-Gen Kyaw Aung</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Member of Civil Service Selection and Training Board</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
G33a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Maj-Gen Myint Hlaing</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Chief of Staff (Air Defence)</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
G33b</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Khin Thant Sin</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Wife of Maj-Gen Myint Hlaing</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
G33c</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Hnin Nandar Hlaing</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Daughter of Maj-Gen Myint Hlaing</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
G33d</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Thant Sin Hlaing</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Son of Maj-Gen Myint Hlaing</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
G34a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Maj-Gen Mya Win</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Director, Ministry of Defence</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
G35a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Maj-Gen Tin Soe</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Director, Ministry of Defence</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
G36a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Maj-Gen Than Aung</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Director, Ministry of Defence</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
G37a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Maj-Gen Ngwe Thein</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Ministry of Defence</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="slr11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
G78a</div>
</td>
<td class="slr11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Col Thant Shin</div>
</td>
<td class="slr11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Secretary, Government of the Union of Myanmar</div>
</td>
<td class="slrc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>
<div class="Table_Width_89">
<div class="sides">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: left;">
<colgroup><col width="511*"></col>
<col width="2916*"></col>
<col width="3163*"></col>
<col width="1199*"></col>
</colgroup><tbody>
<tr>
<td class="slc01" colspan="4" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
<b>Navy</b></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
G38a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Vice-Admiral Soe Thein</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Commander-in-Chief (Navy)</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
G38b</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Khin Aye Kyin</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Wife of Vice Admiral Soe Thein</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
G38c</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Yimon Aye</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Daughter of Vice Admiral Soe Thein, d.o.b. 12.7.1980</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
G38d</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Aye Chan</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Son of Vice Admiral Soe Thein, d.o.b. 23.9.1973</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
G38e</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Thida Aye</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Daughter of Vice Admiral Soe Thein, d.o.b. 23.3.1979</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
G39a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Commodore Nyan Tun</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Chief of Staff (Navy), Board member UMEHL</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
G39b</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Khin Aye Myint</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Wife of Nyan Tun</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
G40a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Commodore Win Shein</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Commander, Naval Training Headquarters</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="slr11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
G99a</div>
</td>
<td class="slr11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Commodore Brig-Gen Thura Thet Swe</div>
</td>
<td class="slr11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Commander Taninthayi Naval Region Command</div>
</td>
<td class="slrc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>
<div class="Table_Width_89">
<div class="sides">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: left;">
<colgroup><col width="597*"></col>
<col width="2865*"></col>
<col width="3177*"></col>
<col width="1187*"></col>
</colgroup><tbody>
<tr>
<td class="slc01" colspan="4" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
<b>Air Force</b></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
G41a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
LTL-Gen Myat Hein</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Commander-in-Chief (Air)</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
G41b</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Htwe Htwe Nyunt</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Wife of LTL-Gen Myat Hein</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
G42a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Brig-Gen Ye Chit Pe</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Staff of Commander in Chief Air, Mingaladon</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
G43a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Brig-Gen Khin Maung Tin</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Commandant of ShandeAirTraining School, Meiktila</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
G44a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Brig-Gen Zin Yaw</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Chief of Staff (Air), Member of UMEHL Board</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="slr11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
G44b</div>
</td>
<td class="slr11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Khin Thiri</div>
</td>
<td class="slr11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Wife of Brig-Gen Zin Yaw</div>
</td>
<td class="slrc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>
<div class="Table_Width_87">
<div class="sides">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: left;">
<colgroup><col width="577*"></col>
<col width="2763*"></col>
<col width="3181*"></col>
<col width="1175*"></col>
</colgroup><tbody>
<tr>
<td class="slc01" colspan="4" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
<b>Light Infantry Divisions (LID)</b></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
G45a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Brig-Gen Hla Min</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
11 LID</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
G46a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Brig-Gen Tun Nay Lin</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
22 LID</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
G47a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Brig-Gen Tin Tun Aung</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
33 LID, Sagaing</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
G48a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Brig-Gen Hla Myint Shwe</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
44 LID</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
G49a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Brig-Gen Win Myint</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
77 LID, Bago</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
G50a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Brig-Gen Tin Oo Lwin</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
99 LID, Meiktila</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
G79a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Brig-Gen Muang Maung Aye</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Commander, brigade 66</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
G79b</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
San San Yee</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Wife of Brig-Gen Maung Maung Aye</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
G80a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Col Than Han</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Light Infantry Division 66</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
G81a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
LTL-Col Htwe Hla</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Light Infantry Division 66</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
G82a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
LTL-Col Han Nyunt</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Light Infantry Division 66</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
G83a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Col Ohn Myint</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Light Infantry Division 77</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
G84a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
LTL-Col Aung Kyaw Zaw</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Light Infantry Division 77</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
G85a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Major Hla Phyo</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Light Infantry Division 77</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
G100a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Colonel Myat Thu</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Tactical Commander 11 LID</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
G101a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Colonel Htein Lin</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Tactical Commander 11 LID</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
G102a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Lt. Col. Tun Hla Aung</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Tactical Commander 11 LID</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
G103a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Col. Aung Tun</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Brigade 66</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
G104a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Capt. Thein Han</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Brigade 66</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
G104b</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Hnin Wutyi Aung</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Wife of Capt. Thein Han</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
G105a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Lt. Col Mya Win</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Tactical Commander 77 LID</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
G106a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Colonel Win Te</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Tactical Commander 77 LID</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
G107a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Colonel Soe Htway</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Tactical Commander 77 LID</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="slr11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
G108a</div>
</td>
<td class="slr11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Lt. Col. Tun Aye</div>
</td>
<td class="slr11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Commander 702nd Light Infantry Battalion</div>
</td>
<td class="slrc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>
<div class="Table_Width_88">
<div class="sides">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: left;">
<colgroup><col width="699*"></col>
<col width="2756*"></col>
<col width="3139*"></col>
<col width="1168*"></col>
</colgroup><tbody>
<tr>
<td class="slc01" colspan="4" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
<b>Other Brigadier-Generals</b></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
G51a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Brig-Gen Htein Win</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Taikkyi Station</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
G52a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Brig-Gen Khin Maung Aye</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Meiktila Station Commander</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
G53a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Brig-Gen Kyaw Oo Lwin</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Kalay Station Commander</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
G54a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Brig-Gen Khin Zaw Win</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Khamaukgyi Station</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
G55a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Brig-Gen Kyaw Aung,</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Southern MR, Toungoo Station Commander</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
G56a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Brig-Gen Thet Oo</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Commander of Military Operations Command - 16</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
G57a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Brig-Gen Myint Hein</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Military Operations Command - 3, Mogaung Station</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
G58a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Brig-Gen Tin Ngwe</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Ministry of Defence</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
G59a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Brig-Gen Myo Lwin</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Military Operations Command - 7, Pekon Station</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
G60a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Brig-Gen Myint Soe</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Military Operations Command - 5, Taungup Station</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
G61a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Brig-Gen Myint Aye</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Military Operations Command - 9, Kyauktaw Station</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
G62a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Brig-Gen Nyunt Hlaing</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Military Operations Command - 17, Mong Pan Station</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
G63a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Brig-Gen Ohn Myint</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Mon State USDA CEC member</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
G64a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Brig-Gen Soe Nwe</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Military Operations Command - 21, Bhamo Station</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
G65a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Brig-Gen Than Tun</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Kyaukpadaung Station Commander</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
G66a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Brig-Gen Than Tun Aung</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Regional Operations Command - Sittwe</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
G67a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Brig-Gen Thaung Htaik</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Aungban Station Commander</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
G68a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Brig-Gen Thein Hteik</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Military Operations Command - 13, Bokpyin Station</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
G69a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Brig-Gen Thura Myint Thein</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Namhsan Tactical Operations Command</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
G70a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Brig-Gen Win Aung</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Mong Hsat Station Commander</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
G71a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Brig-Gen Myo Tint</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Officer on Special Duty Ministry of Transport</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
G72a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Brig-Gen Thura Sein Thaung</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Officer on Special Duty Ministry for Social Welfare</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
G73a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Brig-Gen Phone Zaw Han</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Mayor of Mandalay since Feb 2005, formerly commander of Kyaukme</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
G73b</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Moe Thidar</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Wife of Brig-Gen Phone Zaw Han</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
G74a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Brig-Gen Win Myint</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Pyinmana Station Commander</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
G75a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Brig-Gen Kyaw Swe</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Pyin Oo Lwin Station Commander</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
G76a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Brig-Gen Soe Win</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Bahtoo Station Commander</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
G77a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Brig-Gen Thein Htay</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Ministry of Defence</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
G86a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Maj-Gen Thura Myint Aung</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Adjutant General (formerly B8a, promoted from South Western Regional Command)</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
G87a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Lt-Gen Maung Bo</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Chief of Inspector General (formerly A12a)</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
G87b</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Khin Lay Myint</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Wife of Lt-Gen Maung Bo (formerly A12b)</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
G87c</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Kyaw Swa Myint</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Son of Lt-Gen Maung Bo, Businessman (formerly A12c)</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
G88a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Maj-Gen Khin Zaw</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Chief of Bureau of Special Operations 6 (Naypidaw, Mandalay) Promoted from Central Command</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
G88b</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Khin Pyone Win</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Wife of Maj-Gen Khin Zaw</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
G88c</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Kyi Tha Khin Zaw</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Son of Maj-Gen Khin Zaw</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
G88d</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Su Khin Zaw</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Daughter of Maj-Gen Khin Zaw</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
G89a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Maj-Gen Tha Aye</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Ministry of Defence</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
G90a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Colonel Myat Thu</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Commander Rangoon Military Region 1 (northern Rangoon)</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
G91a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Colonel Nay Myo</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Commander Military Region 2 (Eastern Rangoon)</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
G92a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Colonel Tin Hsan</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Commander Military Region 3 (Western Rangoon)</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
G93a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Colonel Khin Maung Htun</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Commander Military Region 4 (Southern Rangoon)</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
G94a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Colonel Tint Wai</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Commander Operation Control Command No. 4 (Mawbi)</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
G95a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
San Nyunt</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Commander Military Support Unit No. 2 of Military Security Affairs</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
G96a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Lt. Col Zaw Win</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Commander Lon Htein Battalion Base 3 Shwemyayar</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
G97a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Major Mya Thaung</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Commander Lon Htein Battalion Base 5 Mawbi</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
G98a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Major Aung San Win</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Commander Lon Htein Battalion Base 7 Thanlin Township</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
G110a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Brig-Gen Myint Soe</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Rangoon Station Commander</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
G111a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Brig-Gen Myo Myint Thein</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Commandant, Defence Services Hospital Pyin Oo Lwin</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
G112a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Brig-Gen Sein Myint</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Vice Chairman of Bago Division Peace and Development Council</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="slr11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
G113a</div>
</td>
<td class="slr11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Brig-Gen Hong Ngai (Ngaing)</div>
</td>
<td class="slr11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Chairman of Chin State Peace and Development Council</div>
</td>
<td class="slrc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>
<div class="Table_Width_88">
<div class="sides">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: left;">
<colgroup><col width="700*"></col>
<col width="2745*"></col>
<col width="3176*"></col>
<col width="1141*"></col>
</colgroup><tbody>
<tr>
<td class="slc01" colspan="4" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
H. MILITARY OFFICERS RUNNING PRISONS AND POLICE</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
<i>Name</i></div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
<i>Identifying information (inc. function)</i></div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
<i>Sex (M/F)</i></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
H1a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Maj-Gen Khin Yi</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
DG Myanmar Police Force</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
H1b</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Khin May Soe</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Wife of Maj-Gen Khin Yi</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
H2a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Zaw Win</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Director General of the Prisons Dept.
(Ministry of Home Affairs) since August 2004, previously Deputy DG
Myanmar Police Force, and former Brig-Gen. Former military.</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
H2b</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Nwe Ni San</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Wife of Zaw Win</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
H3a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Aung Saw Win</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Director General, Bureau of Special Investigation</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
H4a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Police Brig-Gen Khin Maung Si</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Chief of Police Headquarters</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
H5a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Lt-Col Tin Thaw</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Commander of Government Technical Institute</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
H6a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Maung Maung Oo</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Head of Military Security Affairs interrogation team at Insein Prison</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
H7a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Myo Aung</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Director of Rangoon Detention Facilities</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="slr11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
H8a</div>
</td>
<td class="slr11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Police Brig-Gen Zaw Win</div>
</td>
<td class="slr11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Deputy Director of Police</div>
</td>
<td class="slrc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>
<div class="Table_Width_88">
<div class="sides">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: left;">
<colgroup><col width="713*"></col>
<col width="2703*"></col>
<col width="3178*"></col>
<col width="1168*"></col>
</colgroup><tbody>
<tr>
<td class="slc01" colspan="4" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
I. UNION SOLIDARITY AND DEVELOPMENT ASSOCIATION (USDA)</div>
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
(senior USDA office-holders who have not been included elsewhere)</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
<i>Name</i></div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
<i>Identifying information (inc. function)</i></div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
<i>Sex (M/F)</i></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
I1a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Brig-Gen Aung Thein Lin</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Mayor & Chairman of the Yangon City Development Committee (Secretary), d.o.b. 1952</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
I1b</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Khin San Nwe</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Wife of Brig-Gen Aung Thein Lin</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
I1b</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Thidar Myo</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Daughter of Brig-Gen Aung Thein Lin</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
I2a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Col Maung Par</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Vice Mayor of YCDC (CEC Member)</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
I2b</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Khin Nyunt Myaing</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Wife of Col Maung Par</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
I2c</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Naing Win Par</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Son of Col Maung Par</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
I3a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Nyan Tun Aung</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Member of the Central Executive Committee</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
I4a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Aye Myint</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Member of Rangoon Executive Committee</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
I5a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Tin Hlaing</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Member of Rangoon Executive Committee</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
I7a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Soe Nyunt</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Staff Officer Yangon East</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
I8a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Chit Ko Ko</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Chairman of the Peace and Development Council in Mingala Taungnyunt Township</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
I9a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Soe Hlaing Oo</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Secretary of the Peace and Development Council in Mingala Taungnyunt Township</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
I10a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Captain Kan Win</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Head of Mingala Taungnyunt Township Police Force</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
I11a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
That Zin Thein</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Head of Mingala Taungnyunt Development Affairs Committee</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
I12a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Khin Maung Myint</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Head of Mingala Taungnyunt Immigration and Population Dept</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
I13a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Zaw Lin</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Secretary Mingala Taungnyunt Township USDA</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
I14a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Win Hlaing</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Joint Secretary Mingala Taungnyunt Township USDA</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
I15a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
San San Kyaw</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Staff Officer of the Information and Public Relations Department of the Ministry of Information in Mingala TaungnyuntTownship</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="slr11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
I16a</div>
</td>
<td class="slr11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Lt-Gen Myint Hlaing</div>
</td>
<td class="slr11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Ministry of Defence and USDA Member</div>
</td>
<td class="slrc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>
<div class="Table_Width_88">
<div class="sides">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: left;">
<colgroup><col width="737*"></col>
<col width="2665*"></col>
<col width="3176*"></col>
<col width="1184*"></col>
</colgroup><tbody>
<tr>
<td class="slc01" colspan="4" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
J. PERSONS WHO BENEFIT FROM GOVERNMENT ECONOMIC POLICIES AND OTHER PERSONS ASSOCIATED WITH THE REGIME</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
<i>Name</i></div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
<i>Identifying information (inc. Company)</i></div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
<i>Sex (M/F)</i></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
J1a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Tay Za</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Managing Director, Htoo Trading Co; Htoo
Construction Co., d.o.b. 18.7.1964; ID card MYGN 006415. Father: U Myint
Swe ( 6.11.1924) Mother: Daw Ohn ( 12.8.1934)</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
J1b</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Thidar Zaw</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Wife of Tay Za; d.o.b. 24.2.1964, ID card KMYT 006865. Parents: Zaw Nyunt (dec’d), Htoo (dec’d)</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
J1c</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Pye Phyo Tay Za</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Son of Tay Za (J1a), d.o.b. 29.1.1987</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
J1e</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Ohn</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Mother of Tay Za, d.o.b. 12.8.1934</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
J2a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Thiha</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Brother of Tay Za (J1a), d.o.b. 24.6.1960. Director Htoo Trading. Distributor of London cigarettes (Myawaddy Trading)</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
J2b</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Shwe Shwe Lin</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Wife of Thiha</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
J3a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Aung Ko Win a.k.a. Saya Kyaung</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Kanbawza Bank also Myanmar Billion Group,
Nilayoma Co. Ltd, East Yoma Co. Ltd and agent for London Cigarettes in
Shan and Kayah States</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
J3b</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Nan Than Htwe</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Wife of Aung Ko Win</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
J3c</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Nang Lang Kham</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Daughter of Aung Ko Win (J3a) and Nan Than Htwe (J3b), d.o.b. 1.6.1988</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
J4a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Tun Myint Naing a.k.a. Steven Law</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Asia World Co.</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
J4b</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
(Ng) Seng Hong, called Cecilia Ng</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Wife of Tun Myint Naing</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
J4c</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Lo Hsing-han</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Father of Tun Myint Naing aka Steven Law of Asia World</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
J5a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Khin Shwe</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Zaykabar Co; d.o.b. 21.1.1952. See also A3f</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
J5b</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
San San Kywe</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Wife of Khin Shwe</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
J5c</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Zay Thiha</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Son of Khin Shwe, d.o.b. 1.1.1977</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
J6a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Htay Myint</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Yuzana Co., d.o.b. 6.2.1955, also Yuzana Supermarket, Yuzana Hotel</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
J6b</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Aye Aye Maw</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Wife of Htay Myint, d.o.b. 17.11.1957</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
J6c</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Win Myint</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Brother of Htay Myint, d.o.b. 29.5.1952</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
J6d</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Lay Myint</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Brother of Htay Myint, d.o.b. 6.2.1955</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
J6e</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Kyin Toe</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Brother of Htay Myint, d.o.b. 29.4.1957</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
J6f</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Zar Chi Htay</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Daughter of Htay Myint</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
J6g</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Khin Htay Lin</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Director, Yuzana Co., d.o.b. 14.4.1969</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
J7a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Kyaw Win</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Shwe Thanlwin Trading Co. (sole distributors of Thaton Tires under Ministry of Industry 2)</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
J7b</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Nan Mauk Loung Sai a.k.a. Nang Mauk Lao Hsai</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Wife of Kyaw Win</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
J10a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Maj-Gen (Ret’d) Nyunt Tin</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Former Minister of Agriculture & Irrigation, ret’d September 2004</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
J10b</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Khin Myo Oo</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Wife of Maj-Gen (Ret’d) Nyunt Tin</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
J10c</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Kyaw Myo Nyunt</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Son of Maj-Gen (Ret’d) Nyunt Tin</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
J10d</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Thu Thu Ei Han</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Daughter of Maj-Gen (Ret’d) Nyunt Tin</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
J11a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Than Than Nwe</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Wife of Gen Soe Win, former Prime Minister (deceased)</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
J11b</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Nay Soe</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Son of Gen Soe Win, former Prime Minister (deceased)</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
J11c</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Theint Theint Soe</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Daughter of Gen Soe Win, former Prime Minister (deceased)</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
J11d</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Sabai Myaing</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Wife of Nay Soe</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
J11e</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Htin Htut</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Husband of Theint Theint Soe</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
J12a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Maung Maung Myint</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Managing Director of Myangon Myint Co. Ltd</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
J13a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Maung Ko</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Manager, Htarwara Mining Company</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
J14a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Zaw Zaw</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Managing Director of Max Myanmar</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
J14b</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Htay Htay Khine</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Wife of Zaw Zaw</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
J15a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Chit Khaing</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Eden group of companies</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
J16a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Maung Weik</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Maung Weik & Co Ltd</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
J17a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Aung Htwe</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Managing Director, Golden Flower Company</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
J18a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Kyaw Thein</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Financial Front Man for Tay Za’s Htoo Trading, d.o.b. 25.10.1947</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
J19a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Kyaw Myint</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Owner, Golden Flower Company</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
J20a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Nay Win Tun</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
CEO Ruby Dragon Jade and Gems Co. Ltd</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
J21a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Win Myint</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
President of the Union of Myanmar Federation of Chambers of Commerce and Industry and owner of Shwe Nagar Min Co</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
J22a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Eike Htun aka Ayke Htun</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Managing Director of Olympic Construction Co. and Asia Wealth Bank</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
J23a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
“Dagon” Win Aung</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Dagon International Co. Ltd, d.o.b. 30.9.1953, p. o.b. Pyay, ID Card No: PRE 127435</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
J23b</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Moe Mya Mya</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Wife of “Dagon” Win Aung, d.o.b. 28.8.1958, ID Card: B/RGN 021998</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
J23c</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Ei Hnin Pwint aka Christabelle Aung</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Daughter of “Dagon” Win Aung, d.o.b. 22.2.1981, Director of Palm Beach Resort Ngwe Saung</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
J23d</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Thurane (Thurein) Aung aka Christopher Aung</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Son of “Dagon” Win Aung, d.o.b. 23.7.1982</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
J23e</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Ei Hnin Khine aka Christina Aung</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Daughter of “Dagon” Win Aung, d.o.b. 18.12.1983</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
J24a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Aung Myat</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Mother Trading</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
J25a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Win Lwin</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Kyaw Tha Company</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
J26a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Dr. Sai Sam Tun</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Loi Hein Co. working in collaboration with Ministry of Industry No. 1</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
J27a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
San San Yee (Yi)</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Super One Group of Companies</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
J28a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Aung Toe</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Chief Justice</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
J29a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Aye Maung</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Attorney General</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
J30a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Thaung Nyunt</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Legal Adviser</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
J31a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Dr Tun Shin</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Deputy Attorney General</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
J32a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Tun Tun Oo</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Deputy Attorney General</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
J33a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Tun Tun Oo</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Deputy Chief Justice</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
J34a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Thein Soe</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Deputy Chief Justice</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
J35a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Tin Aung Aye</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Supreme Court Judge</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
J36a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Tin Aye</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Supreme Court Judge</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
J37a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Myint Thein</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Supreme Court Judge</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
J38a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Chit Lwin</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Supreme Court Judge</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="slr11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
J39a</div>
</td>
<td class="slr11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Judge Thaung Lwin</div>
</td>
<td class="slr11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Kyauktada Township Court</div>
</td>
<td class="slrc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>
<div class="Table_Width_88">
<div class="sides">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: left;">
<colgroup><col width="713*"></col>
<col width="2662*"></col>
<col width="3164*"></col>
<col width="1223*"></col>
</colgroup><tbody>
<tr>
<td class="slc01" colspan="4" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
K. MILITARY OWNED ENTERPRISES</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
<i>Name</i></div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
<i>Identifying information (inc. function)</i></div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
<i>Sex (M/F)</i></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
K1a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Maj-Gen (Ret’d) Win Hlaing</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Formerly MD, Union of Myanmar Economic Holdings, Myawaddy Bank</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
K1b</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Ma Ngeh</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Daughter of Maj-Gen (Ret’d) Win Hlaing</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
K1c</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Zaw Win Naing</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Managing Director of Kambawza Bank. Husband of Ma Ngeh (K1b), and nephew of Aung Ko Win (J3a)</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
K1d</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Win Htway Hlaing</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Son of Maj-Gen (Ret’d) Win Hlaing, representative for KESCO Company</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
K2</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Col Ye Htut</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Myanmar Economic Corporation</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
K3a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Col Myint Aung</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
MD at Myawaddy Trading Co., d.o.b. 11.8.1949</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
K3b</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Nu Nu Yee</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Wife of Myint Aung, lab technician, d.o.b. 11.11.1954</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
F</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
K3c</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Thiha Aung</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Son of Myint Aung, employed by Schlumberger, d.o.b. 11.6.1982, Passport No 795543</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
K3d</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Nay Linn Aung</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Son of Myint Aung, seaman, d.o.b. 11.4.1981</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
K4a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Col Myo Myint</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
MD at Bandoola Transportation Co.</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
K5a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Col (Ret’d) Thant Zin</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
MD at MyanmarLand and Development</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
K6a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
LTL-Col (Ret’d) Maung Maung Aye</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
UMEHL, Chairman Myanmar Breweries</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
K7a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Col Aung San</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
MD at Hsinmin Cement Plant Construction Project</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
K8a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Maj-Gen Mg Nyo</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Board of Directors, Union of Myanmar Economic Holdings Ltd</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
K9a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Maj-Gen Kyaw Win</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Board of Directors, Union of Myanmar Economic Holdings Ltd</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
K10a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Brig-Gen Khin Aung Myint</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Board of Directors, Union of Myanmar Economic Holdings Ltd</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
K11a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Col Nyun Tun (marines)</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Board of Directors, Union of Myanmar Economic Holdings Ltd</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
K12a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Col Thein Htay (Ret’d)</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Board of Directors, Union of Myanmar Economic Holdings Ltd</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
K13a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
LTL-Col Chit Swe (Ret’d)</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Board of Directors, Union of Myanmar Economic Holdings Ltd</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
K14a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Myo Nyunt</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Board of Directors, Union of Myanmar Economic Holdings Ltd</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
K15a</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Myint Kyine</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Board of Directors, Union of Myanmar Economic Holdings Ltd</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="slr11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
K16a</div>
</td>
<td class="slr11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
LTL-Col Nay Wynn</div>
</td>
<td class="slr11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Departmental Managing Director, Myawaddy Trading</div>
</td>
<td class="slrc11" valign="top">
<div class="center-Jersey_TableText">
M</div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>
<br class="page" />
<div class="center-Jersey_Schedule_Heading" id="Toc206228256">
<b>SCHEDULE 7</b></div>
<div class="center-Jersey_Schedule_SubSubHeading">
(Article 15(1))</div>
<div class="center-Jersey_Schedule_SubHeading" id="Toc206228257">
<b>ENTERPRISES
OWNED OR CONTROLLED BY THE GOVERNMENT OF BURMA/MYANMAR OR ITS MEMBERS
OR PERSONS ASSOCIATED WITH THEM REFERRED TO IN ARTICLE 15</b></div>
<div class="Normal">
<b>I. UNION OF MYANMAR ECONOMIC HOLDING LTD.</b></div>
<div class="Table_Width_88">
<div class="all">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: left;">
<colgroup><col width="400*"></col>
<col width="2459*"></col>
<col width="2454*"></col>
<col width="2449*"></col>
</colgroup><tbody>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
<i>Name </i></div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
<i>Address</i></div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
<i>Name of Director</i></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Union of Myanmar Economic Holding Ltd </div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
189/191 Mahabandoola Road, Corner of 50th Street, Yangon </div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Maj-Gen Win Hlaing, Managing Director </div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
A.</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" colspan="3" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
MANUFACTURING</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
<i>Name</i></div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
<i>Address </i></div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
<i>Name of Director</i></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
1.</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Myanmar Ruby Enterprise</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
24/26, 2nd Fl, Sule Pagodo Road, Yangon (Midway Bank Building) </div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
<br /></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
2.</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Myanmar Imperial Jade Co. Ltd</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
24/26, 2nd Fl, Sule Pagodo Road, Yangon (Midway Bank Building)</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
<br /></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
3.</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Myanmar Rubber Wood Co. Ltd. </div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
<br /></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
4.</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Myanmar Pineapple Juice Production </div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
<br /></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
5.</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Myawaddy Clean Drinking Water Service</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
4/A, No 3 Main Road, Mingalardon Tsp Yangon </div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
<br /></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
6.</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Sin Min (King Elephants) Cement Factory (Kyaukse)</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
189/191 Mahabandoola Road, Corner of 50th Street, Yangon</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Col Maung Maung Aye, Managing Director </div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
7.</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Tailoring Shop Service </div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
<br /></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
8.</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Ngwe Pin Le (Silver Sea) Livestock Breeding and Fishery Co.</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
1093, Shwe Taung Gyar St. Industrial Zone Ii, Ward 63, South Dagon Tsp, Yangon </div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
<br /></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
9.</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Granite Tile Factory (Kyaikto)</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
189/191 Mahabandoola Road, Corner of 50th Street, Yangon </div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
<br /></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
10.</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Soap Factory (Paung)</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
189/191 Mahabandoola Road, Corner of 50th Street, Yangon </div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
<br /></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
B.</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" colspan="3" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
TRADING</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
<i>Name</i></div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
<i>Address</i></div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
<i>Name of Director</i></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
1.</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Myawaddy Trading Ltd</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
189/191 Mahabandoola Road, Corner of 50th Street, Yangon</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Col Myint Aung, Managing Director</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
C.</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" colspan="3" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
SERVICES</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
<i>Name</i></div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
<i>Address</i></div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
<i>Name of Director</i></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
1.</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Myawaddy Bank Ltd</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
24-26 Sule Pagoda Road, Yangon</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Brig-Gen Win Hlaing and U Tun Kyi, Managing Directors </div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
2.</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Bandoola Transportation Co. Ltd.</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
399, Thiri Mingalar Road, Insein Tsp. Yangon and/or Parami Road, South Okkalapa, Yangon</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Col. Myo Myint, Managing Director </div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
3.</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Myawaddy Travel Services</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
24-26 Sule Pagoda Road, Yangon </div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
<br /></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
4.</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Nawaday Hotel and Travel Services</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
335/357, Bogyoke Aung San Road, Pabedan Tsp., Yangon</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Col. (Retired) Maung Thaung, Managing Director </div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
5.</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Myawaddy Agriculture Services</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
189/191 Mahabandoola Road, Corner of 50th Street, Yangon </div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
<br /></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="slr11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
6.</div>
</td>
<td class="slr11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Myanmar Ar (Power) Construction Services</div>
</td>
<td class="slr11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
189/191 Mahabandoola Road, Corner of 50th Street, Yangon </div>
</td>
<td class="slrc11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
<br /></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>
<div class="Normal">
<b>Joint Ventures</b></div>
<div class="Table_Width_88">
<div class="all">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: left;">
<colgroup><col width="400*"></col>
<col width="2454*"></col>
<col width="2454*"></col>
<col width="2454*"></col>
</colgroup><tbody>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
A.</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" colspan="3" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
MANUFACTURING</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
<i>Name</i></div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
<i>Address</i></div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
<i>Name of Director</i></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
1.</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Myanmar Segal International Ltd.</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Pyay Road, Pyinmabin Industrial Zone, Mingalardon Tsp, Yangon</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
U Be Aung, Manager </div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
2.</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Myanmar Daewoo International</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Pyay Road, Pyinmabin Industrial Zone, Mingalardon Tsp, Yangon </div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
<br /></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
3.</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Rothman Of Pall Mall Myanmar Private Ltd.</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
No 38, Virginia Park, No 3, Trunk Road, Pyinmabin Industrial Zone, Yangon </div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
<br /></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
4.</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Myanmar Brewery Ltd.</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
No 45, No 3, Trunk Road Pyinmabin Industrial Zone, Mingalardon Tsp, Yangon</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Lt-Col (Retired) Ne Win Maung Aye, Chairman </div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
5.</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Myanmar Posco Steel Co. Ltd.</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Plot 22, No 3, Trunk Road, Pyinmabin Industrial Zone, Mingalardon Tsp, Yangon </div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
<br /></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
6.</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Myanmar Nouveau Steel Co. Ltd.</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
No 3, Trunk Road, Pyinmabin Industrial Zone, Mingalardon Tsp, Yangon </div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
<br /></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
7.</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Berger Paint Manufacturing Co. Ltd</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Plot No 34/A, Pyinmabin Industrial Zone, Mingalardon Tsp, Yangon </div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
<br /></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
8.</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
The First Automotive Co. Ltd</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Plot No 47, Pyinmabin Industrial Zone, Mingalardon Tsp, Yangon</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
U Aye Cho and/or LTL-Col Tun Myint, Managing Director </div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
B.</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" colspan="3" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
SERVICES</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
<i>Name</i></div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
<i>Address</i></div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
<i>Name of Director</i></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
1.</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
National Development Corp.</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
3/A, Thamthumar Street, 7 Mile, Mayangone Tsp, Yangon</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Dr Khin Shwe, Chairman</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="slr11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
2.</div>
</td>
<td class="slr11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Hantha Waddy Golf Resort and Myodaw (City) Club Ltd</div>
</td>
<td class="slr11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
No 1, Konemyinttha Street, 7 Mile, Mayangone Tsp, Yangon and Thiri Mingalar Road, Insein Tsp, Yangon </div>
</td>
<td class="slrc11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
<br /></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>
<div class="Normal">
<b>II. MYANMAR ECONOMIC CORPORATION (MEC)</b></div>
<div class="Table_Width_88">
<div class="all">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: left;">
<colgroup><col width="408*"></col>
<col width="2451*"></col>
<col width="2454*"></col>
<col width="2449*"></col>
</colgroup><tbody>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
<i>Name</i></div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
<i>Address</i></div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
<i>Name of Director</i></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Myanma Economic Corporation (MEC)</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Shwedagon Pagoda Road Dagon Tsp, Yangon</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Col Ye Htut or Brig Gen Kyaw Win, Managing Director </div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
1.</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Innwa Bank</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
554-556, Merchant Street, Corner of 35th Street, Kyauktada Tsp, Yangon</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
U Yin Sein, General Manager </div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
2.</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Myaing Galay (Rhino Brand Cement Factory)</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Factories Dept. Mec Head Office, Shwedagon Pagoda Road, Dagon Tsp, Yangon</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Col Khin Maung Soe </div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
3.</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Dagon Brewery</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
555/B, No 4, Highway Road, Hlaw Gar Ward, Shwe Pyi Thar Tsp, Yangon </div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
<br /></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
4.</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
MEC Steel Mills (Hmaw Bi/Pyi/Ywama)</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Factories Dept. Mec Head Office, Shwedagon Pagoda Road, Dagon Tsp, Yangon</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Col Khin Maung Soe </div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
5.</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
MEC Sugar Mill</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Kant Balu </div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
<br /></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
6.</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
MEC Oxygen and Gases Factory</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Mindama Road, Mingalardon Tsp, Yangon</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
<br /></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
7.</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
MEC Marble Mine</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Pyinmanar </div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
<br /></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
8.</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
MEC Marble Tiles Factory</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Loikaw </div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
<br /></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
9.</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
MEC Myanmar Cable Wire Factory</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
No 48, Bamaw A Twin Wun Road, Zone 4), Hlaing Thar Yar Industrial Zone, Yangon </div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
<br /></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
10.</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
MEC Ship Breaking Service</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Thilawar, Than Nyin Tsp </div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
<br /></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
11.</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
MEC Disposable Syringe Factory</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Factories Dept, Mec Head Office, Shwedagon Pagoda Road, Dagon Tsp, Yangon </div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
<br /></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="slr11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
12.</div>
</td>
<td class="slr11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Gypsum Mine</div>
</td>
<td class="slr11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Thibaw </div>
</td>
<td class="slrc11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
<br /></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>
<div class="Normal">
<b>III. GOVERNMENT OWNED COMMERCIAL ENTERPRISES</b></div>
<div class="Table_Width_88">
<div class="all">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: left;">
<colgroup><col width="400*"></col>
<col width="2454*"></col>
<col width="2454*"></col>
<col width="2454*"></col>
</colgroup><tbody>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
<i>Name</i></div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
<i>Address</i></div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
<i>Name of Director</i></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
1.</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Myanma Salt and Marine Chemicals Enterprise</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Thakayta Township, Yangon</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Managing Director U Win Htain (Ministry of Mines) </div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
2.</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Myanma Electric Power Enterprise</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
(Ministry of Electric Power 2) </div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
3.</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Myanma Agricultural Produce Trading</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Managing Director: Kyaw Htoo (Ministry of Commerce) </div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
4.</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Myanma Machine Tool and Electrical Industries</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Director: Win Tint (Ministry of Industry 2) </div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
5.</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Myanmar Tyre and Rubber Industries</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
(Ministry of Industry 2) </div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
6.</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Myanmar Defence Products Industry</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Ngyaung Chay Dauk</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
(Ministry of Defence) </div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="slr11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
7.</div>
</td>
<td class="slr11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Co-Operative Import Export Enterprise</div>
</td>
<td class="slr11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td class="slrc11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
(Ministry of Co-Operatives) </div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>
<div class="Normal">
<b>IV. OTHERS</b></div>
<div class="Table_Width_89">
<div class="all">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: left;">
<colgroup><col width="400*"></col>
<col width="2490*"></col>
<col width="2491*"></col>
<col width="2491*"></col>
</colgroup><tbody>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
<i>Name</i></div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
<i>Address</i></div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
<i>Name of Director</i></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
1.</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Htoo Trading Co</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
5 Pyay Road, Hlaing Township, Yangon</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Tay Za </div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
2.</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Htoo Transportation Services</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Tay Za </div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
<br /></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
3.</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Treasure Hotels and Resorts</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
No. 41, Shwe Taung Gyar Street, Bahan Township, Yangon</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Tay Za </div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
4.</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Aureum Palace Hotels And Resorts</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
No. 41, Shwe Taung Gyar Street, Bahan Township, Yangon</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Tay Za </div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
5.</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Air Bagan</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
No. 56, Shwe Taung Gyar Street, Bahan Township, Yangon </div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
<br /></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
6.</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Myanmar Avia Export</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Tay Za</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
7.</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Kanbawza Bank</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Head Office: 615/1 Pyay Road, Kamaryut, Township, Yangon</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Aung Ko Win </div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
8.</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Zaykabar Co</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
3 Main Road, Mingalardon Garden City, Mingalardon, Yangon</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Khin Shwe </div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
9.</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Shwe Thanlwin Trading Co</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
262 Pazundaung Main Road Lower, Pazundaung, Yangon</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Kyaw Win </div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
10.</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Max Myanmar Co., Ltd</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
1 Ywama Curve, Bayint Naung Road, Blk (2), Hlaing Township, Yangon</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Chairman: U Zaw Zaw, Senior Executive Officer: U Than Zaw</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
11.</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Hsinmin Cement Plant Construction Project</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Union of Myanmar Economic Holdings Ltd, Kyaukse</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Col Aung San </div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
12.</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Ayer Shwe Wa (Wah, War)</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
5 Pyay Road, Hlaing Township, Yangon</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Aung Thet Mann aka Shwe Mann Ko Ko </div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
13.</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Myanmar Land And Development</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Col (Retired) Thant Zin</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
14.</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Eden Group of Companies</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
30-31 Shwe Padauk, Yeikmon Bayint Naung Road, Kamayut Tsp Yangon</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Chit Khaing aka Chit Khine </div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
15.</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Golden Flower Co., Ltd</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
214 Wardan Street, Lamadaw, Yangon</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Managing Director: Aung Htwe, Owner: Kyaw Myint </div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
16.</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Maung Weik Et Co., Ltd.</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
334/344 2nd Floor, Anawratha Road, Bagan Bldg, Lamadaw, Yangon</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Maung Weik </div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
17.</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
National Development Company Ltd.</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
3/A Thathumar Rd, Cor of Waizayantar Road, Thingangyun, Yangon </div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
<br /></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
18.</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
A1 Construction And Trading Co., Ltd</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
41 Nawady St, Alfa Hotel Building, Dagon,
Yangon Tel: 00-95-1-241905/245323/254812 Fax: 00 95 1 252806 Email:
aone@mptmail.net.mm</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Managing Director U Yan Win </div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
19.</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Asia World Co., Ltd</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
6062 Wardan Street, Bahosi Development, Lamadaw, Yangon</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Tun Myint Naing aka Steven Law (J4a, Annex VI) </div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
20.</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Yuzana Co., Ltd</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
No 130 Yuzana Centre, Shwegondaing Road, Bahan Township, Yangon</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Chairman/Director: Htay Myint </div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
21.</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Yuzana Construction</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
No 130 Yuzana Centre, Shwegondaing Road, Bahan Township, Yangon</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Chairman/Director: Htay Myint </div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
22.</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Myangonmyint Co (enterprise held by the USDA) </div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
<br /></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
23.</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Htoo Furniture, aka Htoo Wood Products, aka Htoo Wood based Industry, aka Htoo Wood</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
21 Thukha Waddy Rd, Yankin Township, Yangon</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Tay Za </div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
24.</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Pavo Aircraft Leasing PTE Ltd aka Pavo Trading Pte Ltd.</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Tay Za</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
25.</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Subsidiaries of Asia World:Asia World Industries;Asia Light Co. Ltd.;Asia World Port Management Co.;Ahlon Warves.</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Chairman/Director: Tun Myint Naing aka Steven Law (J4a, Annex VI)</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
26.</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Dagon International/Dagon Timber Ltd</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
262-264 Pyay Road, Dagon Centre, Sanchaung, Yangon</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Directors: “Dagon” Win Aung and Daw Moe Mya Mya </div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
27.</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Palm Beach Resort</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Ngwe Saung</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Owned by Dagon International. Directors, “Dagon” Win Aung, Daw Moe Mya Mya and Ei Hnin Pwint @ Chistabelle Aung </div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
28.</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
IGE Co Ltd</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
No.27-B, Kaba Aye Pagoda Road, Bahan
Township, Yangon Tel: 95-1-558266 Fax: 95-1-555369 and No.H-11,
Naypyitaw, Naypuitaw Tel: 95-67-41-4211</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Directors Nay Aung (D17e Annex VI) and Pyi (Pye) Aung (D17g Annex VI) and Managing Director Win Kyaing </div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
29.</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Mother Trading and Construction</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
77/78, Wadan Street, Bahosi Ward, Lanmadaw, Yangon Tel: 95-1-21-0514 Email: mother.trade@mptmail.net.mm</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Director Aung Myat </div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
30.</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Kyaw Tha Company and Kyaw Tha Construction Group</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
No. 98, 50th Street, Pazundaung Township,
Yangon Tel: 95-1-296733 Fax: 95-1-296914 Email:
kyawtha.wl@mptmail.net.mm Website: http://www.kyawtha.com</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Director U Win Lwin and Managing Director Maung Aye </div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
31.</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Ye Ta Khun (Yetagun) Construction Group</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Yuzana Plaza West, Tamwe Township Yangon</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Owner Aung Zaw Ye Myint (A9d Annex VI) son of General Ye Myint (A9a) </div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
32.</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
J’s Donuts</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
26-28 Lanmadaw Street Lanmadaw Tsp, Yangon
Tel: 95-1-710242 Junction 8 Shopping Centre 8th Mile; Mayangon Tsp;
Yangon Tel: 95-1-650771 (2nd Floor.) Yuzana Plaza Banyar Dala Road,
Mingalar Taung Nyunt Tsp, Yangon Tel: 95-1-200747 173-175 Pansodan
Street, Kyauktada Tsp, Yangon Tel: 95-1-287525 381-383 Near Bogyoke Aung
San Market Shwebontha Street, Pabedan Tsp, Yangon Tel: 95-1-243178</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Owner: Kyaing San Shwe (A1h Annex VI) son of Senior General Than Shwe (A1a) </div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
33.</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Sun Tac or Sun Tec Suntac Int'l Trading Co., Ltd.</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
151 (B) Thiri Mingalar Lane Mayangon Township, Yangon Tel: 01-650021 654463</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Owner: Sit Taing Aung son of Aung Phone </div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
34.</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
(MMS) Min Min Soe Group of Companies</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
23-A, Inya Myaing Street, Bahan Tsp. Tel: 95-1-511098, 514262 Email: mms@mptmail.net.mm</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Shareholder Kyaw Myo Nyunt (J10c Annex VI) son of Gen Nyunt Tin, Minister of Agriculture (Retired) (J10a Annex VI) </div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
35.</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Myanmar Information and Communication Technology aka Myanmar Infotech</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
MICT Park, Hlaing University Campus</div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Part Owner: Aung Soe Tha (D22e Annex VI) </div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
36.</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
MNT (Myanmar New Technology)</div>
</td>
<td class="s11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td class="slc11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Owner: Yin Win Thu, Partner Nandar Aye (A2c Annex VI)</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="slr11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
37.</div>
</td>
<td class="slr11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Forever Group</div>
</td>
<td class="slr11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
No (14 02/03), Olympic Tower I, Corner of
Boaungkyaw Street and Mahabandoola Street, Kyauktada Township, Yangon.
Tel: 95-1-204013, 95-1-204107 Email: forevergroup@mptmail.net.mm</div>
</td>
<td class="slrc11" valign="top">
<div class="Jersey_TableText">
Managing Director: Daw Khin Khin Lay Member of Board of Directors: U Khin Maung Htay Senior Manager U Kyaw Kyaw </div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>
<br class="page" />
<hr class="hr_33" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;" width="33%" />
<div class="none">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: left;">
<colgroup><col width="150*"></col>
<col width="950*"></col>
</colgroup><tbody>
<tr>
<td class="s00" valign="top">
<div class="Footnote_Table">
<a href="http://www.jerseylaw.je/Law/display.aspx?url=lawsinforce/htm/ROFiles/R&OYear2008/R&O-097-2008.htm#R-FN-0001" id="FN-0001"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference">[1]</span></a> </div>
</td>
<td class="s00" valign="middle">
<div class="Footnote_Table">
chapter 17.245</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s00" valign="top">
<div class="Footnote_Table">
<a href="http://www.jerseylaw.je/Law/display.aspx?url=lawsinforce/htm/ROFiles/R&OYear2008/R&O-097-2008.htm#R-FN-0002" id="FN-0002"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference">[2]</span></a> </div>
</td>
<td class="s00" valign="middle">
<div class="Footnote_Table">
chapter 24.660</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="s00" valign="top">
<div class="Footnote_Table">
<a href="http://www.jerseylaw.je/Law/display.aspx?url=lawsinforce/htm/ROFiles/R&OYear2008/R&O-097-2008.htm#R-FN-0003" id="FN-0003"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference">[3]</span></a> </div>
</td>
<td class="s00" valign="middle">
<div class="Footnote_Table">
chapter 17.245.07</div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<span class="lastupdated" id="ctl00_lblLastModifiedDate">Page last updated 26 Aug 2008</span>
</div>
<div class="clearing">
</div>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div class="footerleft" style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="http://www.jerseylaw.je/home/Accessibility.aspx" id="ctl00_AccessibilityLink">Accessibility</a>
</div>Rowannyahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11315383992304973275noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2089436399604203314.post-17980358249256536722012-03-28T22:22:00.001-07:002012-03-28T22:22:15.294-07:00149 - Rohingya Reply in Response to Berlin Khin Maung Saw<h1 style="color: red; text-align: justify;">
<br /></h1>
<div class="html_text plain" style="text-align: justify;">
<h1 style="color: red; text-align: center;">
<b>In response to Berlin </b></h1>
<h1 style="color: red; text-align: center;">
<b> </b></h1>
<h1 style="color: red; text-align: center;">
<b>Khin Maung Saw's 16 pages</b></h1>
<h1 style="color: red; text-align: center;">
<b> </b></h1>
<br style="color: lime;" /><span style="color: magenta;">Tags:
in , to , 16 , response , Khin , Maung , Berlin , Saw's , pages Posted
by ibrahim from media on 08/04/2009 at 11:04 PM in History of Arakan /
Burma Anti- Rohingya provocative Article! Written by Mohiuddin
(aka)Maung Sein</span></div>
<div class="html_text plain" style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="html_text plain" style="text-align: justify;">
[ Identification of an ethnicity is the right of a group
of people who share common heritage, language, culture and history,
living in a defined territory as a compact community for a countable
period of time. No one or authority can impose their criteria, their
Litmus test upon them by force or decree. The Muslim population of
Arakan who believe they are native people of Rohang /Mrohang (Rohingya
name of Rakhapura/Rakhaing Prey) identify themselves today as the
Rohingyas per their free will and aspiration. They want to be known by
this name by others with due respect. It is their natural and basic
right to live in peace and harmony with sister communities of Burma as
loyal and worthy citizens of the soil of Arakan. There is nothing to
interfere about or to discredit the Rohingyas with other names that they
disapprove of by any third party or other national races including the
Rakhaings. The ethnic identity name should not and cannot be a factor at
all when determining the nationality or citizenship status in Burma].</div>
<div class="html_text plain" style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="html_text plain" style="text-align: justify;">
For Burmese people, in general, and the Rohingyas, in particular,
struggle for democracy and human rights have been a long and seemingly
unending walk to freedom.. The symbol of our suffering is embodied in
the fragile body of Aung San Sui Kyi. Her suffering is shared by her
people and the international community. Even though she suffers in
silence, Burma’s democracy movement leaders have developed the framework
for a democratic institution building with the objective of
establishing a democratic civil society that is based on human rights,
justice, equality and peaceful co-existence for achieving peace and
prosperity in Burma. The goal of restoration of democracy in Burma is
reflected in the policies and strategies of the NLD (National League for
Democracy), the party which won landslide victory in the 1990 general
election, the CRPP (Committee Representing the Peoples’ Parliament) and
all other opposition democratic forces - inside and outside of Burma,
including those who are engaged to remove the military rule by armed
resistance of the patriotic revolutionary forces of various ethnic
minorities fighting for justice and the right of self-determination in
Burma . In the past, we had a democratic government for a brief period.
But it didn’t survive. The question before us now is not only how to
walk to freedom but also how to sustain it. There is no easy solution to
this vital question. For this, in the Arakan context, we need academic
debates, research, seminars, symposium, dialogues and conferences that
are open and inclusive, not only just within each community but also
between communities through active participation in a friendly and
engaging atmosphere. This is particularly true about discussions on
Burmese democracy and the Rohingya question. Why? This is simply because
of the fact that the struggle for restoration of Democracy in Burma is a
complicated, multi-dimensional phenomenon. A genuine democratic
movement simply cannot afford to be oblivious of the genuine rights and
concerns of the various communities that live within its border. We have
to assess the internal and external agents and mechanisms of change,
understanding the cultural diversities of people with whom Rohingyas
would interact as the co-citizens inside the Arakan and Burma. Bottom
line: we have to develop an all inclusive, integrated and coordinated
approach.From the dismal record of democracy inside Burma, it
is obvious that the concept of democracy and its benefits, allowing her
people to enjoy human rights in social infrastructure development has
not sunk in very well among her people. It is mainly because they are
being bombarded with xenophobic propaganda fed by the long-serving
military machine and its agents working as divisive forces that only
help to strengthen and prolong military rule in Burma. Education along
these lines, e.g., the deadly effects of xenophobia, is very important.
Such humane education will strengthen the foundation for a multi-ethnic,
multi-racial, and multi-religious Burma that we can all pride in. For
harvesting the fruit of democracy, as is obvious, such an education must
begin with the leaders of the democracy movement. It is really
praise-worthy and a matter of great pride for many of us to see the
positive effect of that humane education amongst the students of the
1988-generation and the leaders of the Burmese democratic forces under
the leadership of popular democracy icon Daw Aung San Suu Kyi and her
NLD party. Yet, it is so disheartening to see today how prejudice and
xenophobic thinking are keeping Burma backward. Democracy is a
government by the people in which the supreme power is vested in the
people and exercised directly by them or by their elected
representatives. According to Abraham Lincoln, democracy is a government
"of the people, by the people and for the people.” Democracy is not
just a slogan. It is about living and bringing to fruition those lofty
high ideals in the life of a nation so that the genuine concerns and
legitimate aspirations of all its people, majority and minority –
irrespective of their social and economic status within the society,
ethnicity, color, race and religion - are met so that no one either
feels discriminated or abused. In short, democracy is the
institutionalization of freedom. It guarantees sovereignty of the people
through a government that is based upon the consent of the governed,
protecting minority rights, guaranteeing basic human rights and equality
before the law, imposing constitutional limits on government,
instilling social, economic and political pluralism, values of
tolerance, pragmatism, cooperation and compromise for greater good of
all. These are the essential ingredients of a democratic state. In
Burma, ‘democracy’ is a far cry! It is missing. In this context, when we
discuss about the problems and prospects of democratic development in
Burma we see a naked and unambiguous disregard for basic fundamental
human rights of their sister communities. This is noticeable in
prejudicial, racist and hostile attitude of various communities towards
each other. This is particularly true in certain ethnic group’s hostile
attitudes towards the Burmese Muslims and the minority Rohingya people
of Arakan that are part of the mosaic of estimated 54 million people
that comprise today’s Burma. It is a matter of great concern that most
of the Rakhaings from Arakan ruling group, elites and intellectuals
alike, openly deny the existence of Rohingya in Burma on racial
prejudice, labeling them ‘illegal Bangladeshi immigrants’ and
‘non-nationals’ of Burma. Their hostile attitude mimics those of the
military (SPDC) regime that likes ethnic conflicts and turmoil to
persist and flare up in the western region of Burma. Nevertheless, it is
comforting to know that except for the bigoted ultra-nationalists, most
Rakhines are not anti-Rohingya. Racial, ethnic and religious prejudice
runs so deep in Burma that it is not so surprising to see hesitation on
the part of some Burmese democratic parties to accepting and cooperating
with the Rohingyas as fellow comrades in joint struggle for freedom,
democracy and human rights in Burma. Fortunately again, except for a
small group of misunderstood, misinformed or deluded individuals, not
all Burmese democratic activists are anti-Rohingya. These are symptoms
of Burma’s obstacle to democracy. Such anti-democratic thinking is
against the concept of pluralism and multi-racial society. These are
challenges to the values of tolerance and the Universal Declaration of
Human Rights.<br />
Amongst the exiled Rakhine/Burmese leadership,
lamentably, democratic parties like the ANC (Arakan National Council,
formed by Rakhaing - exiles in India), ENC (Ethnic Nationalities
Council, formed by exiles of many ethnic groups in Thailand), ALD
(Arakan League for Democracy, the party that participated in the 1990
general election in Arakan winning 11 MP seats) also do not recognize
Rohingya as an ethnic minority of Burma. Their attitude is not conducive
towards development of genuine democracy in Burma. In such a hopeless,
truth-defying political landscape of doom and gloom, hatred and
prejudice, when someone’s suffering is seen as other’s benefit, it is
refreshing to recall that the genuine leadership of 1988 Generation
students - ABSDF - came in support of the Rohingya people with due
recognition of and respect for them. They embraced the Rohingya on
broad-based political and democratic platform during and after Rohingya
refugee exodus to Bangladesh. The ABSDF published a 22-page booklet in
support of the Rohingyas. In a nutshell, on racial and religious
grounds, most of the Burmese ‘democrats’, except a few Burmese exiled
groups and some Rakhaing individuals, knowingly or unknowingly refrain
from or hesitate to accept the Rohingyas in their ranks and files. This
type of chauvinistic, hostile and morally reprehensible attitude is no
different than those preached and practiced by the BSPP/SLORC/SPDC
military rulers against the Rohingyas. It is simply strengthening the
hands and policies of the SPDC military junta and its tools of
oppression for dividing the people of Burma along racial, ethnic and
religious lines. Such an attitude of exclusion, as exhibited by many of
so-called democratic leaders of Burma, is neither the way of democratic
thinking nor does help thawing the BurmeseRakhine-Rohingya relationship.
Suspicion and hatred of Rohingyas on racial and religious ground, and
depriving them of their fundamental rights to survival as human beings
with honor and dignity in their ancestral homeland is a crime against
humanity. It is at variance with the Universal Declaration of Human
Rights. Those who want to exclude the Rohingyas in the mainstream
democratic forces of Burma, particularly the Rakhaing democrats, raise
the pretext that there is no ethnic group in Burma by the name of
‘Rohingya’. They claim that the Rohingyas are ‘illegal Bangalee
(Bengali)’ people who entered Arakan during the British colonial period
from 1824 to 1948 and, as such, they are not one of the nationals of
Burma at all, but ‘foreigner residents’ and ‘stateless’ people. In order
to refute such malicious claims, I provide below the following
facts:[1] 1. In the Burmese transliteration of the 8th century
Anandasanda Stone Pillar inscription in the ancient capital city of
Mrauk-U, the use of Rohingya words like Arakandesh (Arakan country),
Raza (king), kam (job), etc., testify to the rich cultural heritage of
the Rohingya people in Arakan. [Dr. Saw Tun Aung: Shittaung Phara Stone
Pillar's Northern Side Inscription, Rakhine Welfare Association's 25th
Anniversary Magazine, pp. 48-53] 2. Dr. Than Tun, the rector of Mandalay
University and professor of history wrote, "The kings of Arakan had
Muslim titles. The Muslim kings mentioned in the Kyaukza (stone plates
or stones tablets inscriptions of 1442)[2] might be Rohingyas from the
Mayu valley of the eastern Naf River (and the western Kaladan River) who
claimed their existence of over thousand years. Their existence might
be from the time of 1202 C.E. when their coreligious Muslims conquered
Bengal, that is 800 years [ago]. It was written in the Kyaukza of 1442
that there were some Muslim kings of Arakan who were very friendly with
the kings of Ava.” [Dr. G.H. Luce, "K’yan (Chin)" Mru and K’umi (N.
Arakan)" Phases of Pre-Pagan Burma Languages and History, Oxford, SOAS,
1985-76-97; Dr. Than Tun, Kalya Magazine, pp. 27-28, 1994, August] 3.
The British-Burma Gazetteers of 1879 stated: “Many Arab ships wrecked
near Rambree Island of Arakan coast during the reign of Mahataing Sanda
(788-810) and the crews and the traders of those ships were Muslims and<br />
they
were sent to the Arakan proper and settled in villages, where the
married local women.. … According to history, Islam came through the sea
borne Sufis and merchants. These were testified by the darghas
(shrines) which are dotted at the long coast of Arakan and Burma." [p.
16] 4. The historian U Kyi wrote: “The superior morality of those devout
Muslims attracted large number of people towards Islam who embraced it
en masse.” [The Essential History of Burma by U Kyi, p. 160] 5. Zaya
Kyaw Tin U Ba Shin wrote, “From 1430 A.D. Arakan was ruled by the
Muslims.” [The Arrival of Islam in Burma, p. 5] 6. Francis Buchanan was a
surgeon in 1795 to the British Embassy in Ava, the then capital of
Burma. He wrote, "I shall now add three dialects, spoken in the Burma
Empire. The first is that spoken by the Mohammedans, who have long been
settled in Arakan and who call themselves Roanigya or native of Arakan."
[The Languages of Burma, Asiatic Researches (Calcutta), vol. 5, 1801]
7. The Time Atlas of the World History says, “Muslim kingdom of Arakan
was independent in the 14th and 15th centuries.” [Time Atlas of the
World History, edited in 1979 by Geoffrey Barraclough, p. 33] 8. The
SLORC /SPDC Publication 'Thasana Yongwa Htoonkazepo’ stated, "Muslims
arrived and settled since last 1000 to 1200 years in Burma.” [The SLORC
Publication 'Thasana Yongwa Htoonkazepo’ p. 65] 9. According to the 1947
Constitution of the Union of Burma, based on Aung San-Atlee agreement,
"Every person who was born in any of the territories which at the time
of his birth was included within His Britannic Majesty’s dominions and
who has resided in any of the territories included within the Union for a
period of not less than eight years in the ten years immediately
preceding the date of the commencement of this Constitution or
immediately preceding the 1st January 1942 and who intends to reside
permanently there in and who signifies his election of citizenship of
the Union in the manner and within the time prescribed by law, shall be a
citizen of the Union. (Section 11, iv) Furthermore, the Constitution’s
Citizenship Section 10 says, “There shall be but one citizenship
throughout the Union.”[3] 10. The Union Citizenship Act, 1948 says: "Any
person descended from ancestors who for two generations at least have
all made any of the territories included within the Union their
permanent home and whose parents and himself were born in any of such
territories shall be deemed to be a citizen of the Union." (Article
4.2)[4] 11. The First President of the Union of Burma U Sao Shwe Thaik
acknowledged and announced that Rohingyas are an indigenous race and
citizens of Burma, same as Shan, Kachin, Mon, Karen, and Rakhine. 12.
Under the 1949 Residents of Burma Registration Act and the 1951
Residents of Burma Registration Rules, Rohingyas were issued Burmese NRC
(National Registration Cards), which itself is a proof of their
bona-fide citizenship and nationality since foreigners were excluded
from the issuance of such cards. [The issuance of the NRC to Rohingyas
was stopped by Ne Win military regime after 1962.] 13. The Registration
of Foreigners Act (Burma Act VII, 1940)[5] did not require Rohingyas to
be registered as foreigners, since they were regarded as Burmese
nationals.[6] 14. The former Prime Minister U Nu made categorical
statements concerning the Rohingya status. On September 25, 1954 at 8:00
p.m., U Nu made speech from the Burmese national Radio BBS (Burmese
Broadcasting Services) stating, "The Rakhine State is situated towards
the south-west of the Union. The Buthidaung and Maung Daw townships are
included in the Sittwe Division of the Rakhine state. These two
townships are bordering East<br />
Pakistan (now Bangladesh). The
majority of the people in these two townships are Rohingyas who profess
the Islamic faith.” 15. The former Burmese Defence Minister and Prime
Minister U Ba Swe said at mass rallies at Buthidaung and Maung Daw on
the 3rd and 4th of November, 1959 that "The Rohingyas are equal in every
way with other minority races like the Shan, Chin, Kachin, Kayin,
Kayah, Mon and Rakhine. They have lived in Myanmar Niang Ngan for ages,
according to historical facts. They are of the Islamic faith. There is
historical evidence that they have lived faithfully and harmoniously
with other races of the Union." 16. In his speech, Brigadier U Aung Gyi,
Vice Chief of Staff at Maung Daw on July 4, 1961 at the ceremony of the
resistance group who were fighting in the name of revolution since the
independence of Burma stated that “Rohingyas are an indigenous race in
Burma same as other ethnic groups such as Shan, Kachin, Karen, Mon and
Rakhine.” 17. In recognition of the Rohingya as an indigenous ethnic
minority, the Dean of Student Affairs, University of Rangoon, granted
permission to organize and operate under the name of "University
Rohingya Students Association" in 1959-61. [Note: foreign students could
not organize under the Burmese Universities Act.] 18. The Parliamentary
Democratic Government of U Nu allowed the broadcast of the Rohingya
language program from May 15, 1961 to October 1, 1965 as per indigenous
citizen’s program of BBS. 19. U Nu’s democratic government granted local
autonomy to the Rohingyas and declared establishment of the Mayu
Frontier Administration (MFA), a special frontier district ruled
directly by the central government in the year 1961, May 30, which was
abolished in 1964, on February 1, by Gen. Ne Win. [It is worth
mentioning here that initially, General Ne Win recognized the Rohingyas
as an indigenous race and citizen of Burma. (Dr. Shwe Lu Maung, The
Price of Silence)] 20. The Encyclopedia Burmanica, published by the
government in its Vol. 9, No. 4, pp. 89-90, publication mentioned
“Rohingya as an indigenous ethnic group living in northern Arakan.” 21.
Rohingya Minister, MPs, Secretaries were given due honor and appropriate
posts in the both the Houses of the Parliamentary Democratic Government
in Burma from 1948 to 1962. 22. Rohingyas were recruited in army, navy
and police forces as loyal Burmese citizens to defend the country and
people of Burma from 1948 to 1962. 23. Rohingya political, social,
educational, cultural organizations were duly recognized and approved by
the proper Authorities for registration. 24. Rohingya ethnic cultural
show was exhibited on the occasion of national parade of the National
and Independence days. 25. The high school textbook on geography (1978)
published by the Ministry of Education, Government of Burma, showed
minority settlements in North Arakan where Rohingya people lived. 26. As
Bona-fide citizens of Burma, the Rohingyas exercised their citizenship
rights of votes and contested in all parliamentary general elections,
held in Burma since 1936, including those in 1939, 1947, 1952, 1956,
1961, 1974, 1978 and 1990, and wining elections in their region. The
participation in those elections, along with the assignment of the post
of Health Minister in U Nu’s Cabinet further consolidate the indigenous
status of Rohingyas and their citizenship or Burmese nationality.<br />
27.
The conspiracy to rob the Rohingyas of their inalienable fundamental
rights of citizenship or Burmese nationality rights was initiated by the
Ne Win’s Revolutionary Council at the persuasion of some Rakhaing
ultranationalist and elite groups. [Dr. Aye Kyaw (now a US citizen) was
one of the leaders of this group. He has written anti-Rohingya literary
materials to misguide the Burmese people and military officers.] In site
of such conspiratorial and xenophobic 1974 and 1982 citizenship laws –
that were formulated by the BSPP/SLORC/SPDC rulers, they did not dare to
bar the Rohingyas from exercising their rights to vote in Burma in the
1990 general election. 28. Burma Election commission and Immigration
Departments recognized the Rohingyas as Bona-fide citizens by preparing
the voter lists and granting and approving nominations of Rohingya
candidates in the Multi-Party Democracy General Election of 1990. [In
that election, the National Democratic Party for Human Rights (NDPHR) of
the Rohingya ethnic people contested in 6 townships - Maungdaw,
Buthidaung, Akyab (Sittwe), Mrauk U (formerly Mro-haung), Minbya and
Kyauktaw in 9 constituencies and won 4 MP seats. The elected MPs were - U
Kyaw Min (aka) Mohammad Shamsul Anwarul Hoque from Buthidaung
Constituency (1), U Tin Maung (aka) Nur Ahmed from Buthidaung
Constituency (2), U Ebrahim (aka) U Chit Lwin from Maungdaw Constituency
(1) and U Fazal Ahmed from Maungdaw Constituency (2).] The approval of 9
electoral nominations from the NDPHR and other Rohingya candidates from
other parties (e.g., Mayu Development Student Youth Organization
(Arakan), led by U Kyaw Soe Aung and U Emtiyaz; National Ethnic
Reformation Party led by U Khin Maung and U Shwe Bung Win, Amyothar
(National) Party led by Rtd. Major-General (air) U Tun Kyaw Oo and
Rohingyas, Indigenous Cooperation Party led by U Hussain Ahamed and U
Fazal Kabir (alias) U Kyaw Thein in Arakan by the Burma Election
Commission clearly shows that Rohingyas are not foreigners – they are
neither guest citizens nor associate citizens. Otherwise those
nominations would have been rejected on the basis of 1982 citizenship
law. 29. The historian Moshe Yegar writes, "The Rohingyas preserved
their own heritages from the impact of the Buddhist environment not only
as far as their religion is concerned but also in some aspects of their
culture." [The Muslims of Burma: A Study of a Minority Group, p. 25]<br />
It
should be pointed out that in spite of their religious ties with
Bengali Muslims, especially in the neighboring Chittagong area
(Bangladesh), Rohingyas maintained certain distinctness from them. 1.
Anthony Irwin writes, "The Musulman Arakanese, generally known as
Bengalis or Chittagonians, quite incorrectly…. To look at, they are
quite unlike any other product of India or Burma that I have seen. They
resemble the Arabs in name, in dress and in habit. The women and more
particularly the young girls have distinctive Arab touch about them…. As
a race they have been here over two hundred years." [Burmese Outpost,
pub. Collins (London), 1945, p. 22] 2. The historian Moshe Yegar writes,
"There is after all very little common – except common religion –
between the Rohingyas of Arakan and the Indian Muslims of Rangoon or
Burmese Muslims of the Shwebo district. These are different groups that
do not identify with each other, do not share the same goal and
aspiration." [The Muslims of Burma: A Study of a Minority Group, p. 111]
3. U Thein Pei Myint, one of the most popular Burmese authors, writes,
"Almost all Bengalis grow moustaches, Rohingyas do not keep moustaches.
Wedding programs, marriage arrangements, feeding customs, foods and
drinks are all different. Instrumental music, musical instruments and
music, etc. are different. Hereditary festivities of boat-racing, paddy
transplant competition, wrestling, riddles, bull-fight, buffalo-fight,
etc., are held as Rohingya's own traditional festivities. The culture of
'collective labour volunteering' exists among the Rohingya till today.
Difference is more vivid in trade and profession. Haircutting,
blacksmith, goldsmith, silversmith, laundry<br />
and shoe-making are
very rare among the Rohingya as they conceive these are lowly and
inglorious professions." [From Myohaung to Paletwa, 1978 Ahte'tan Pinjin
Zagabjei Le'jwei:zin (A high school Burmese textbook) An oft-repeated
argument by the Burmese chauvinists and Rakhine ultra-nationalists is
that Muslims of Northern Arakan state participated, voted and became MPs
in all general elections from 1937 to 1990 as Muslims and not as a
Rohingyas.[7] I say: so, what? Are we not the same people? The British
government recorded us along the religious line as Muslims. The Burmese
government did not accept registration of political party bearing the
name Rohingya during the political party registration process in 1989.
Such government branding did not change what we are. We are the same
people. One must understand that ethnicity, indigenous or tribal status
is not a factor or obstacle in the way of citizenship and nationality of
Burma. One should be reminded here by the statement of General Aung
San, the Father of our nation. Sixty years ago, during Panglong Meeting,
in 11 February 1947, he said: “We have in Burma many indigenous
peoples: the Karen, the Kachin, the Shan, the Chin, the Burmans and
others… In other countries too there are many indigenous peoples, many
“races.”… Thus “races” do not have rigid boundaries. Religion is no
barrier either, for it is a matter of individual conscience… If we want
the nation to prosper, we must pool our resources, manpower, wealth,
skills and work together. … If we are divided, the Karen, the Shan, the
Kachin, the Chin, the Burman, the Mon and the Arakanese, each pulling in
a different direction, the Union will be torn, and we will come to
grief. Let us unite and work together.” When asked about the Rohingyas
and human rights, the Democracy icon Daw Aung San Suu Kyi replied in
recent BBC interview: “Democracy does mean pluralism and democracy means
equal basic human rights for everybody. I am confident that we can
build up a really strong and united Burma. The signs are all here. In
some ways, the sufferings we have undergone together have built up a
tremendous feeling of trust among each other. Our sufferings have united
us. I think the world has opened up in such a way that different
cultures are able to reach across to each other. We all live in the same
country - we have lived in the same country for centuries and because
we have lived together so closely, we have had our problems. You have
more problems with your neighbours than with people who live very far
away from you - that's only natural. But I think we can also learn to be
very, very good neighbours in the same way because we all live in this
country we can learn to be very good and loving towards each other. We
can learn to trust each other, we can learn to work together, we can
learn to live together and I think that learning process has already
begun.” (Daw Aung San Suu Kyi on Rohingyas in BBC interview) From the
speeches of Burma’s Founding Father General Aung San to his daughter,
hope of future Burma, Democracy icon Daw Aung San Suu Kyi all members of
national races and democrats from Burma should understand that there is
no place for racism and ethnic prejudice in a future democratic Burma.
Identification of an ethnicity is the right of a group of people who
share common heritage, language, culture and history, living in a
defined territory as a compact community for a countable period of time.
No one or authority can impose their criteria, their Litmus test upon
them by force or decree. The Muslim population of Arakan who believe
they are native people of Rohang /Mrohang (Rohingya name of
Rakhapura/Rakhaing Prey) identify themselves today as the Rohingyas per
their free will and aspiration. They want to be known by this name by
others with due respect.. It is their natural and basic right to live in
peace and harmony with sister communities of Burma as loyal and worthy
citizens of the soil of Arakan. There is nothing to interfere about or
to discredit the Rohingyas with other names that they disapprove of by
any third party or other national races including the Rakhaings. The
name should not and cannot be a factor at all when determining the
nationality or citizenship status.<br />
Further evidences to Rohingya’s
ancestry in Arakan are documented in the writings of famous historians
like Hall, Harvey and Professor Desai who mentioned that the population
of Arakan before the 10th century CE was of Indian stock, i.e., similar
to Bengalis in Bangladesh today. As we know, over the last millennium,
many of these Bengalis became Muslims. Similarly, many of the original
inhabitants of Arakan that looked like their neighbors in today’s
Bangladesh also became Muslims. They identify themselves as the
Rohingyas. It is also known that foreign trade of Arakan before the
Portuguese arrival in the late 15th century was solely in the hands of
Arabs and that there were many Arab colonies in Kyauk-La-Ga and Mrauk-U,
the then capitals of Arakan. Due to the presence of these colonies and
the ensuing intercourse of Arabs, many natives Arakanese became Muslims
(The Muslims of Burma: A Study of a Minority Group by Moshe Yegar). The
most shining dynasty of Arakan was the Mrauk-U dynasty. It was founded
by Naramikla (alias) Sulaiman (1403—1433 CE), who had lived in exile for
more than two decades. He took military help from the Bengal Muslim
King to restore his kingdom. From King Naramikla to Sandathudama in 1652
CE more than 15 Arakanese kings adopted Muslim titles and used coins
bearing Muslim inscription. Even their judicial system was based along
Muslim line. Many ministers, high-ranking officials, members of army
were Muslims. Descendents of these Muslims commingled with former native
people comprising today’s Rohingyas. (The History of Chittagong, Vol. 1
by Dr. S. B. Kunango, University of Chittagong) There were thousand of
captive Muslim settlements in Arakan during Mrauk-U dynasty. Magh
(Atrakanese Buddhist) pirates and Portuguese slave hunters brought these
captives to Arakan on a regular basis. According to Arthur Phayre, this
population consisted of 15% of total population of Arakan.. (Travelogue
of Father Manrique) Arakan history is replete with the fact that during
the dispute between Moghul Prince Shah Shuja, who took asylum in Arakan
and Arakan king Sandathudama, in the early 1660s, Prince Shuja found a
considerable number of Muslims to take side with him. The British
Official Mr. Paton’s Report in 1825 categorized the population of Arakan
as 6:3:1, i.e., 60,000 Arakanese Buddhists, 30,000Arakanese Muslims,
and 10,000 Burmans. This report shows that when the Great Britain
occupied Arakan, there was 1 Muslim living there for every two Arakanese
Buddhists. (A. C. Banarjee, The Eastern Frontier of British India,
Calcutta, 1964, p. 351) Towards our ancestral origin to Arakan, let me
now submit some historic edifices of Rohingyas: (a) The Sandi Khan
Mosque in Minthaya Bying Village (Kawalong), Mrauk-U, was built by the
Muslim Army that restored Narameikhla to the throne of Arakan in 1433.
This mosque was partially destroyed by the SLORC (current the SPDC). (b)
The Musa Mosque, popularly known as the Maiz-zya Pal-lee, with its big
pond in the eastern Mrauk-U in 151315. (c) The Rakhine Ja-may Mosque at
Shwe Daung village in Moulmein was built by the Muslim Army of Arakan
during Arakanese King Min Raza Gri's time (1593-1612). (d) The Alam
Lashkar Mosque with its ten ponds around it in Pan Myaung Village in
Minbya township of Arakan. (e) The Shwe Dah Kazi Mosque, which was built
by Shwe Dah Kazi before 1780. [Note: Kazi died in Calcutta Jail after
arrest during the First Anglo-Burma War, fighting against the British
Occupation Forces in Minbra Township of Arakan.] The Kazi Mosque in Paik
Thay Village is in Kyauktaw township of Arakan.<br />
(f) The Bodor
Mokam Mosque -- built in the 18th century.. This is presently occupied
as a military Cantonment. (g) The Musa Dewan Mosque at Nazirpara, near
the Muslim graveyard in Akyab. (h) There was another mosque known as
Nan-Oo Pal-lee in front of the old Palace in Mrauk-U, which was totally
demolished by the SLORC, all in defiance of the 1972 UNESCO Convention.]
(i) All the settlements of Rohingyas in Arakan are located along the
most important and fertile rivers of Arakan such as Meyu, Kaladan, Lae
Myo, which testify to the fact that Rohingya settlements in Arakan are
as old as history; hence, as one of the first settlers to the land, they
could occupy the fertile areas of Arakan. (j) There are many other
proofs and evidences of Rohingyas' ancestry and settlement in Arakan
that I could have cited. However these are beyond the scope of
discussion here.<br />
As has been amply demonstrated above, Rohingyas
are indigenous to Arakan. The anti-Rohingya campaign to deny their
birthrights to the land of Arakan is wrong – both factually and morally.
It is deceitful, malicious and hostile to the core. It must be stressed
further that the 1974 and 1982 Burma Citizenship Laws are products of
unelected, usurping, dictatorial military junta that had neither the
mandate to pass any law on the citizenship of Burmese multi-ethnic
people nor the legitimacy to hold national convention to draw a new
constitution for the legalization of the rule of the military
dictatorship. These laws are illegal and unacceptable to the people of
Burma including the affected Rohingyas of Arakan. Above all, these
discriminatory laws are at odds with scores of charters and laws
governing citizenship around the world. They vehemently undermine the
human rights of the Rohingyas and at the same time have been posing a
big impediment in the promotion of democracy not just within Arakan but
in the entire Union of Burma. Apart from such exclusionary racial and
religious prejudices against minorities, factors that contribute to
unease, suspicion, tension and hatred in a reminiscent of the Belfast
scenario of the yesteryears, there is a plethora of factors that are
also challenging to the democratic development in Burma. There are many
inside Burma, from the SPDC military junta to selfish pro-junta business
tycoons, who fear to lose power and fortune if democracy were to be
established in Burma. Then, there are outside powers like China, India
and Russia that benefit from trade and commerce with the military-run
Burma. Shamelessly, they care less about genuine aspirations of the
people inside Burma. Democracy is about equality and rights, respect for
dignity and sovereignty of people. Double standard is antithesis to
democracy; playing racial or religious favoritism with a dominant group
and oppressing a minority is not democracy. The human rights violations
faced by the Rohingyas include not only the denial of citizenship, but
also forced labor, extortion by the members of law enforcing agencies
(Nasaka), rape, abduction, severe restrictions on job, education, health
and human services, movement and marriage, and practice of religion and
culture – all signifying a total, abysmal absence of basic human
rights. By any account, the Rohingya community is the worst victim of
targeted harassment, torture and persecution. If democracy movement
leaders of Burma fail to face the challenges of inter-ethnic conflicts,
human rights violation, xenophobia, intolerance, extremism, racism and
increasing inequalities, such problems will continue to pose significant
threats to peace and stability of Burma. They will not foster
democracy, but secession or rebellion<br />
with every national/ethnic
community trying to walk out of the Federation. They can also be, as has
already been proven in the last century through the influx of Rohingya
refugees to Bangladesh, destabilizing forces in South and South-east
Asia. The word ‘democracy’ cannot remain confined within slogans only.
Understandably, if democracy awareness campaign is not undertaken during
the course of democratic movement in Burma today, and if we do not
bring these important but neglected issues to the attention of the
fellow countrymen and the leading democrats, and fail to come up with
honorable solutions that unite us all (from Rohingya to Rakhine, Shan to
Mon to Burman to Karen, etc.) on an equal basis, I am afraid, even if
today’s SPDC were to leave letting Burma celebrate democracy, our
victory will be superficial and very short-lived. It won’t be too long
that Burma became a failed democracy with a revisit of the brutal
military rule. Burmese democrats and educationists must, therefore, play
a very progressive role in combating intolerance and racism. They must
promote dialogue, understanding and respect of various communities that
make up today’s Burma to bring about the much-needed changes in thought
and actions within multi-ethnic institutional framework. In this
endeavor, the present democratic leadership can exchange information,
and discuss areas of concern, and, most importantly, initiate
reconciliation at all levels of policy- and decision- making within and
between rank and file of all groups and parties. The road to a future
stable, peaceful and progressive Burma lies in mutual trust and respect
between leaders and their followers and constituents. In accordance with
the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, all members of the
progressive Burmese democratic forces need to agree and accept that all
individuals of Burma – born there (including those born of refugee
parents outside), regardless of their ethnic or social background,
religion or state of residence - are bona fide Citizens of Burma and
must have the same basic human and democratic rights. They must demand a
cessation of all hostilities and human rights violations against all
minorities.. They cannot afford to be unmindful of the sufferings of all
the communities that make the fabric of today’s Burma. This type of
thinking will energize all minorities fostering a united movement for
democracy inside Burma. It will aid in conflict management and
resolution of the critical issues dealing with the Rohingyas and other
minorities in Burma. It will also be a stabilizing force to sustain
democracy. Let’s all work for that goal. For further information Please
contact:Mohiuddin (aka)Maung Sein, Tel: President Rohingya Concern
International (RCI) PO Box-567,NY-14213,USA 1-646-625-9407<br />
[About
the Author: Mr. Maung Sein (alias) Mohiuddin Yusof is a human-rights
activist. He served as the President of NDPHR (exile) USA from 2005 to
2008. He was also the Diplomatic Representative of ALD - exile-(Arakan
League for Democracy) and ex-Coordinator of ALD-Liaison Office
(Malaysia), one of the founding members and Chief Coordinator of Arakan
Democratic Forces (ADF - Malaysia) under the leadership of Dr. Shwe Lu
Maung (alias) Shahnawaz Khan (1997-1999), ex-Chairman and a founding
member of the Organization of Displaced Rohingya Muslims (ODRM –
Malaysia) in 1993-1999, Convener and ex- president of Arakan Peoples’
Freedom Party (APFP) in 1990, Ex-President of Rohingya Human Rights
Organization (RHRO) in 1988, Ex-Vice President of<br />
Rohingya Muslim
Welfare Association (RMWA) in 1987, former Secretary and EC member of
Muslim Salvation Party (Tanzeem Khuddamul Musleemin) in 1973 - 1978. Mr.
Mohiuddin was also the chief Coordinator of the Organizing Committee of
the First International Conference in Japan on the Problems of
Democratic Development in Burma and the Rohingya people. He now lives in
New York City, USA. Mr. Mohiuddin is originally from Mrauk-Oo (formerly
known as Mro-haung). He is the grand-son of U Shormuluk from Mrauk-U
Township, where his family lived for hundreds of years in Mrauk-U until
moving recently to Akyab (Sittwe). His lineage is from the aristocratic
family of U Shormuluk in Mrauk–U who were the custodians of the ancient
Sindi Khan Mosque (built in 1433) for more than 200 years. The
historical mosque was demolished by extremist and ultra-nationalist
Rakhaings under the aegis of SLORC/SPDC brutal military forces. His
grand-father was also the Custodian of Nenn Oo Palli (Palace Mosque) of
Alay-zay (Mrauk-U, ancient capital city of Arakan Kingdom), which was
also demolished by anti-Muslim forces.]<br />
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------[1]
For more details, see the article: “Rohingyas are not British Era
Settlers: Summary of the Facts – From the Rohingyas of Arakan” by A.F.K.
Jilani, 6 October 2006 ,
http://www.rohingya.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=53&Itemid=61.
[2] Stone Plate Inscription” serial No. 963/20-23-804 [3] For details,
see The Price of Silence by Dr. Shwe Lu Maung, DewDrop, USA (2005), p.
228-231;
http://www.blc-burma.org/html/Constitution/1947..html#CITIZENSHIP. [4]
http://www..ibiblio.org/obl/docs/UNION_CITIZENSHIP_ACT-1948.htm [5]
http://www..blc-burma.org/html/Burma%20Code/lr_e_bc01_11.html [6] It is
worth noting that the Immigration Department of Arakan State keeps a
diligent record of foreigners within the state. According to a report
issued by Arakan Security and Administration Committee, only 1037
individuals were registered as foreigners in 1974. The Rohingyas did not
belong in the list. [7] The practice of registering Muslim population
along the religious line rather than ethnic or racial line owes it to
the British administrative policy, something that can also be seen in
Sri Lanka , when registering the Tamil Muslim minority as only
"Muslims." The same practice was adopted by the British when recording
the Rohingya Muslim population in Burma .<br />
</div>Rowannyahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11315383992304973275noreply@blogger.com0